The focus of this project was to synthesize and characterize metal sulfide nanoparticles /polymer nanocomposites. The work involved the synthesis of dithiocarbamato ligands and complexes derived from aniline. Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) dithiocarbamato complexes were used as single-molecule precursors for the synthesis of the ZnS, CdS and HgS nanoparticles and their optical and structural properties studied. The other focus of this work was to synthesize a combined functionality metal sulfide nanoparticles/polymer nanocomposites by dispersing as-synthesized ZnS, CdS and HgS nanoparticles in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix. The characterization of the ligands, complexes, nanoparticles and nanocomposites were investigated using relevant instrumental tools like UV-Vis, photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersion X-ray (EDX), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Natural products play a fundamental role in modern drug discovery as they continue providing diverse bioactive lead compounds for new drug formulation. However, isolation of these valued compounds is problematic. On the other hand, the morbidity and mortality rates caused by non-communicable diseases are increasing with improved longevity. Thus, the study herein focused on the isolation of plant-derived compounds from Syzygium aromaticum and evaluated their biological properties. Syzygium aromaticum is a well-known plant which belongs to family Myrtaceae. Dried flower buds of S. aromaticum were subjected to sequential solvent extraction. The ethyl acetate extract (15.535 g) was subjected to column chromatography using a silica gel (0.063-0.200 mm) for isolation. This has led to the isolation of three distinct compounds that were identified as eugenol, maslinic acid (MA) and oleanolic acid (OA). The structural elucidation of these valued compounds was done using NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS, FT-IR and Mp. Further semi-synthesis of the oleanolic acid afforded acetate and ester OA-derived compounds with better solubility properties. All these compounds were evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. All tested compounds were administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg to both Wistar rats and Swiss mice. Significant (p<0.01) analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are obtained for all compounds. The effects of eugenol in all experiment were better except in the thermal-induced pain or tail flick test. In the case of modified compounds, the formalin induced pain test disclosed that oleanane derived compounds confessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects better than OA, whereas, in tale flick test oleanolic acid proved superior analgesic effects compared to all its derivatives with the exception of the acetyl-derivative. Acute anti-inflammatory test showed that acetyl-derivatives were more active than other compounds. In conclusion, chromatographic techniques and semi-synthesise of oleanolic acid have resulted to several plant-derived compounds with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The semi-synthesized compounds may serve as alternative drug candidates for new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug formulation

Zea mays stem and its activated carbon were prepared through chemical activation method using four different activating reagents (NaOH, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, KOH) and were used as adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II), Cu(II), Hg(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solution. The results shows that activated carbon has high surface area and pore volume compared to the powdered raw Zea mays stem. Prepared activated carbon was characterized using physico-chemical properties such as carbon yield, iodine number, moisture content, percentage adsorption, and analytical instruments such as Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), powder X-ray Diffraction (pXRD). The adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) ions were pH, contact time, and concentration dependent. Based on the results obtained from the batch experiments, activated carbon prepared from Zea mays stem is not good enough for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution. Adsorption ability was calculated and found to be 66.67% for activated carbon obtained from H₂SO₄, 21.21% for activated carbon obtained from KOH, and 20% for activated carbons obtained from NaOH and H₃PO₄. The pH 5-6 was chosen for all experiments, contact time was 2 hours, and adsorbent dosage was 2 g, initial concentration range from 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm at room temperature. The metal ion removal trend was found in the order Pb(II)>Cu(II)>Cr(III)>>Hg(II). The Langmuir model fitted well in most of the cases with > 0.99. Consequently, the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) followed Langmuir isotherm model while that of Cr(III) best fitted the Freundlich isotherm model. The results indicated that the adsorption process followed two possible mechanisms. (I) Metal ion – adsorbent complex model and (II) Metal ion – ion-exchange adsorbent complex model.

Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts.

In this study, a series of Ru(II) phenyl-3-indenylidene complexes with general formula of [RuCl2(NHC)(Ind)(L)] (where L= triphenylphosphine, pyridine and NHC = five different types of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands), have been synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, elementally analysis and melting/decomposition point. The N,N’-diarylimidazolinium chlorides have been used as N-heterocyclic carbene precursors and were synthesized from their corresponding N,N’-diarylformamidines and further characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR and melting point determination. The infrared spectra of the N,N’-diarylimidazolinium chlorides show a quaternary nature (R2N=C+) with broad vibration band in region 3300-3400 cm-1. The disappearance of this vibration band in the infrared spectra of the ruthenium(II) complexes was used to confirm the coordination of the ligand to the ruthenium ions. The percentage analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen obtained corresponded with the calculated percentages of these atoms in the complexes with the slight difference of less than 1%. The electronic spectra of the complexes show three distinct absorption bands. The two bands are due to intraligand charge transfers transition assigned to π→π*, n→π* and third band is due to d-d transition, signifying the presence of the metal ion. The synthesized Ru(II) complexes did not show any of melting, however a change in colour was observed signifying the decomposition of the complexes.

No description available.

Ο κύριος στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η αποσαφήνιση του τρόπου εναπόθεσης και της τοπικής δομής των ειδών κοβαλτίου που σχηματίζονται στην διεπιφάνεια «τιτάνια / ηλεκτρολυτικό διάλυμα» κατά το στάδιο του εμποτισμού. Προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί ο στόχος αυτός προβήκαμε σε κατάλληλη θεωρητική και υπολογιστική επεξεργασία δεδομένων, που προέρχονται από την εφαρμογή ηλεκτροχημικών τεχνικών, την εκτέλεση πειραμάτων προσρόφησης και την εφαρμογή φασματοσκοπικών τεχνικών, καθώς επίσης και σε ab-initio υπολογισμούς για την εξακρίβωση του είδους των επιφανειακών οξυγόνων, των φορτίων τους και των συγκεντρώσεών τους. Συγκεκριμένα, εκτελέστηκαν πειράματα στα οποία μελετήθηκε η μεταβολή του pH κατά την εναπόθεση των ειδών του κοβαλτίου στην επιφάνεια της τιτάνιας, πειράματα τιτλοδοτήσεων Co-H+ σε σταθερό pH, καθώς και πειράματα “adsorption edges” προκειμένου να ληφθεί μια γενική εικόνα της έκτασης της προσρόφησης των ιόντων κοβαλτίου σε μια ευρεία περιοχή pH. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε η μεταβολή του σημείου μηδενικού φορτίου και του ισοηλεκτρικού σημείου της τιτάνιας, εκτελώντας πειράματα ποτενσιομετρικών τιτλοδοτήσεων μάζας και μικροηλεκτροφόρησης, αντιστοίχως, παρουσία των ιόντων αυτών. Όλα τα παραπάνω, σε συνδυασμό με την φασματοσκοπική τεχνική της διάχυτης ανάκλασης υπέδειξαν το σχηματισμό μονοπυρηνικών / ολιγοπυρηνικών συμπλόκων εσωτερικής σφαίρας κατά την εναπόθεση των ιόντων [Co(H2O)6]2+ στη διεπιφάνεια “τιτάνιας / ηλεκτρολυτικού διαλύματος”. Η αποσαφήνιση όμως της ακριβούς δομής των συμπλόκων αυτών καθώς και η εξακρίβωση της σχετικής τους συγκέντρωσης, σε διάφορες επιφανειακές συγκεντρώσεις Co(II) κατέστη δυνατή με την συνδυασμένη χρήση ημιεμπειρικών κβαντομηχανικών υπολογισμών, στερεοχημικών θεωρήσεων καθώς και προσομοίωσης των δεδομένων εναπόθεσης. Στο συμπαγές τμήμα της διεπιφάνειας “τιτάνιας / ηλεκτρολυτικού διαλύματος” και για χαμηλές καθώς και μεσαίες επιφανειακές συγκεντρώσεις Co(II) σχηματίζονται μονοπυρηνικά σύμπλοκα. Είναι πολύ πιθανός ο σχηματισμός μιας μονο-υδρολυμένης Ti2O-TiO διαμόρφωσης καθώς και μιας δι-υποκατεστημένης TiO-TiO, η οποία έχει υποστεί δυο υδρολύσεις. Στην πρώτη διαμόρφωση ένα υδατικός υποκαταστάτης αντικαθίσταται από ένα γεφυρωμένο επιφανειακό οξυγόνο ενώ ένας άλλος από ένα ακραίο επιφανειακό οξυγόνο. Στην δεύτερη διαμόρφωση δυο υδατικοί υποκαταστάτες αντικαθίσταται από δυο ακραία επιφανειακά οξυγόνα. Επίσης σε υψηλές επιφανειακές συγκεντρώσεις Co(II) παρατηρείται και ο σχηματισμός διπυρηνικών και τριπυρηνικών συμπλόκων εσωτερικής σφαίρας. / The interfacial chemistry of the impregnation step involved in the synthesis of cobalt catalysts supported on titania was investigated with regard to the mode of interfacial deposition of the aqua complex [Co(H2O)6]2+ on the “titania/electrolyte solution” interface, the structure of the inner-sphere complexes formed, and their relative interfacial concentrations. Several methodologies based on the application of deposition experiments and electrochemical techniques were used in conjunction with diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. These suggested the formation of mononuclear/ oligonuclear inner-sphere complexes on deposition of the [Co(H2O)6]2+ ions at the “titania/electrolyte solution” interface. The joint application of semiempirical quantum-mechanical calculations, stereochemical considerations and modeling of the deposition data revealed the exact structure of these complexes and allowed their relative concentrations at various Co(II) surface concentrations to be determined. It was found that the interface speciation depends on the Co(II) surface concentration. Mononuclear complexes are formed at the compact layer of the “titania/electrolyte solution” interface for low and medium Co(II) surface concentrations. Formation of mono-hydrolyzed Ti2O–TiO and the dihydrolyzed TiO–TiO disubstituted configurations is very probable. In the first configuration one water ligand of the [Co (H2O)6]2+ ion is substituted by a bridging surface oxygen atom and another by a terminal surface oxygen atom. In the second configuration two water ligands of the [Co(H2O)6]2+ ion are substituted by two terminal surface oxygen atoms. Binuclear and trinuclear inner-sphere complexes are formed, in addition to the mononuclear ones, at relatively high Co(II) surface concentrations

Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία μελετήθηκε το σύστημα αντίδρασης του βαναδίου, V, με τον υποκαταστάτη δι-2-πυρίδυλο κετόνη, (py)2CO. Πρόκειται για έναν εξαιρετικά δημοφιλή υποκαταστάτη τον οποίο πολλές ερευνητικές ομάδες, όπως και η δική μας, έχουν μελετήσει με πολλά μεταλλοϊόντα, εκτός του βαναδίου. Η χημεία της δι-2-πυρίδυλο κετόνης βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι η καρβονυλική της ομάδα μπορεί να υποστεί προσβολή από διάφορα πυρηνόφιλα (π.χ.H2O, ROH) και να σχηματίσει την ημικεταλική ή/και τη 1, 1-διολική μορφές της. Η μελέτη αυτού του συστήματος οδήγησε στη σύνθεση και το χαρακτηρισμό συμπλόκων του βαναδίου σε διάφορες οξειδωτικές βαθμίδες. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αποτελεί το μικτού σθένους εννεαπυρηνικό σύμπλοκο (Et3NH)2[VIIVV8O18{(py)2CO2}4]∙2MeCN, με τον υποκαταστάτη να βρίσκεται στην διπλά αποπρωτονιωμένη 1, 1-διολική μορφή του. Ακόμη από το γενικό σύστημα αντίδρασης απομονώθηκαν σύμπλοκα VIV2, VV2, VIV3, VV4, VV12 και VΙV2 VV8 με τον υποκαταστάτη να βρίσκεται σε διάφορες μορφές. Μελετήθηκαν οι μαγνητικές ιδιότητες των συμπλόκων του τετρασθενούς βαναδίου. Η συμμετοχή ωστόσο του μετάλλου και των ενώσεων του σε διάφορες βιολογικές διεργασίες, όπως στη ρύθμιση του μεταβολισμού, στα ενεργά κεντρά μεταλλοενζύμων καθώς και η ικανότητά του να ενισχύει τη δράση της ινσουλίνης, μας έδωσαν το ερέθισμα να μελετήσουμε συγκεκριμένα την αντικαρκινική συμπεριφορά επιλεγμένων συμπλόκων που παρασκευάσαμε σε διάφορες σειρές καρκινικών κυττάρων. / In the present Diploma Work we have studied reactions of vanadium, V, sources and di-2-pyridyl ketone, (py)2CO. This ligand is very popular and its reactions with several metal ions have been investigated by many groups, including our group. No V complexes of (py)2CO have been reported. The chemistry of di-2-pyridyl ketone is based on the fact that its carbonyl group can be attacked by various nucleophiles (e.g. π.χ.H2O, ROH) to give the hemiketal or/and 1,1-diol forms. The systematic investigation of the V/(py)2CO reaction system has led to the synthesis and characterization of V compounds with the metal in various oxidation states. A characteristic example is the mixed-valence, enneanuclear complex (Et3NH)2[VIIVV8O18{(py)2CO2}4]∙2MeCN, in which the ligand participates in the doubly deprotonated 1,1-diolate form. From this general reaction system, VIV2, VV2, VIV3, VV4, VV12 και VΙV2 VV8 species have also been isolated. The magnetic properties of the VΙV complexes have also been studied. The participation of V compounds in important biological processes gave us the stimulus to study the antiproliferative activity of selected complexes in various cancer cell lines.

Hlavním cílem diplomové práce je navrhnout netradiční didaktickou pomůcku pro učitele, která usnadní a snad i zefektivní jeho pedagogickou činnost. První část práce se zaměřuje na teoretické aspekty v souvislosti s rozvíjením klíčových kompetencí žáků. Zastávám názor, že efektivní využívání multimédií ve výuce vede k rozvíjení klíčových kompetencí. Druhá část teoreticky pojednává o vzniku a vývoji multimédií a jejich uplatnění a vlivu při rozvíjení klíčových kompetencí žáků. Třetí část obsahuje tvorbu multimediálního produktu a jeho praktické využití ve výuce chemie. Nedílnou součástí diplomové práce je DVD, obsahující multimediální prezentace a soubor digitalizovaných chemických experimentů z oblasti anorganické chemie. Tématicky jsou multimediální prezentace koncipovány pro výuku chemie v základním vzdělávání. V žádném případě se nejedná o profesionální produkt, ale spíše o návrh, jak by taková prezentace mohla vypadat. Snažil jsem se o přehlednost, komplexnost a jednoduchost. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:博士(工学) (論文) 学位授与年月日:平成9年7月7日