Après l'agriculture, l'industrie textile a engendré un important problème de pollution de l'eau car la plupart des produits chimiques provenant de ces industries sont hautement toxiques et affectent directement ou indirectement la santé humaine. La pollution électromagnétique (EM) est un autre problème important qui détériore les performances et la durée de vie des objets électroniques et nuit également à la santé humaine. Dans ce contexte, la nature fibreuse inhérente des nanomatériaux cellulosiques et leurs propriétés mécaniques remarquables, associées à une biocompatibilité et à une ressource durable, offrent un potentiel énorme en tant que composant dans les membranes de filtration de l'eau et les atténuateurs de micro-ondes verts. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de fabriquer des objets fonctionnels à base de nanofibres de cellulose pour la filtration de l'eau et la suppression des micro-ondes. La méthode présentée dans ce manuscrit décrit un nouveau matériau absorbant à partir de nanofibres de cellulose par l'intermédiaire d'une méthode non solvatée utilisant l'acide de Meldrum comme agent d'estérification pour l'absorption de colorants toxiques. Cette innovation offre une nouvelle plate-forme pour le traitement de surface des nanofibres de cellulose utilisant une technologie verte sans solvant. Classiquement, les métaux ont été utilisés pour protéger les ondes électromagnétiques, mais sont fortement indésirables en raison de leurs inconvénients tels que des poids plus élevés, une nature corrosive et une difficulté de traitement en formes complexes. Les nano- papiers, à base de cellulose conductrice, peuvent offrir une solution verte à ce problème. La cellulose rendue conductrice présente une efficacité de blindage totale de plus de 20 B. Il s’agit d’une plate-forme efficace pour développer des atténuateurs verts respectueux de l'environnement. / After agriculture, the textile dyeing and finishing industry has generated a large water pollution problem as most of the chemicals coming from these industries are highly toxic and directly or indirectly affect human health. Another important issue is the Electro Magnetic (EM) pollution which deteriorates the performance and life of electronic gadgets and also adversely affects the human health. In this context, cellulose nanomaterial’s inherent fibrous nature and remarkable mechanical properties combined with low cost, biocompatibility and sustainable source, suggest huge potential as a component in water filtration membranes and green microwave attenuators in future. The main objective of this thesis is to fabricate cellulose nanofibers based functional constructs for clean water and microwave suppression. The presented unique method to produce novel absorbent material from cellulose nanofibers via non-solvent assisted method using Meldrum’s acid as an esterification agent for absorption of toxic dyes from water has not been addressed till date. This finding offers a new platform for the surface treatment of cellulose nanofibers using solvent free green technology. Conventionally, metals were used to shield EM waves but are highly undesirable due to their inherent drawbacks such as higher weights, corrosive nature and difficulty of processing into intricate shapes. Conductive cellulose nanopapers can offer a potential green feasible solution to this problem. The presented conductive cellulose nanopapers with an effective total shielding effectiveness of > 20 B will be a promising candidate for commercial device applications and will be an effective platform for developing eco-friendly green based attenuators.

La miniaturisation est un paramètre important lors de la fabrication d’un dispositif. Les films minces de polymère, qui sont des composants essentiels de beaucoup d’entre eux, montrent des propriétés anormales quand leur épaisseur est réduite jusqu’à produire un film confiné. Ce travail est dédié à la compréhension des effets de confinements et des propriétés des films ultra-minces de polymère. Dans un premier temps, nous avons observé l’évolution de la densité des films de polymère en fonction de leur épaisseur au moyen de nanoparticules d’oxyde de cérium adsorbées sur les surfaces polymères. La deuxième étude a mis en évidence les domaines de stabilité/instabilité de tels films, ce qui a conduit à une méthode pour fabriquer des films stables de moins de 7 nm d’épaisseur grâce au rinçage avec un solvant adéquat. Dans l’étude suivante, il a été montré qu’il y avait une influence significative du solvant utilisé pour le rinçage sur les caractéristiques de la couche résiduelle de polymère. Pour finir, la température de transition vitreuse de la couche résiduelle de polymère a été étudiée, montrant l’existence de deux températures de transition vitreuse, indiquant deux états physiques de la couche de polymère résiduelle. Au final, ce travail contribue à une meilleure compréhension de la densité, stabilité et des propriétés de transition vitreuse des films minces de polymère confinés par leur épaisseur. / Size reduction is one of the very important factors considered during the device fabrication. Polymer thin films, which is a crucial component of many devices, shows numerous anomalous behaviors when they are confined by their thickness. This work is dedicated to understand the confinement effects and properties of ultrathin polymer films. At the very outset we observed the density evolution of polymer films with the film thickness by means of adsorbing ceria nanoparticles onto the polymer surfaces. The second study threw light on the stability/instability domains of such films, which led to a method for fabricating stable films which are less than 7nm, by means of rinsing with a good solvent. In the following study, it was found that there is a significant influence of solvent used rinsing on the characteristics of the polymer residual layer. Finally the glass transition behavior of the polymer residual layer was analyzed, which showed multiple glass transition temperatures, that points to the existence of two physical states in the polymer residual layer. Altogether, this work contributes towards a better understanding of the density, stability and glass transition properties of polymer films confined by their thickness.

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Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-07-04T14:04:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunamilheirosilva.pdf: 2055617 bytes, checksum: f59719fadde19d05ff30a3259dc4f7ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-07-04T14:30:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunamilheirosilva.pdf: 2055617 bytes, checksum: f59719fadde19d05ff30a3259dc4f7ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-04T14:30:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunamilheirosilva.pdf: 2055617 bytes, checksum: f59719fadde19d05ff30a3259dc4f7ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese pretende investigar a possível existência de uma força ética comum às religiões e grandes tradições filosóficas da humanidade, a partir do Weltethos (Projeto de ética mundial), como proposto pelo teólogo ecumênico Hans Küng e corroborado pelo Parlamento das Religiões Mundiais no ano de 1993. De acordo com o referido documento, essa base comum das religiões, teria sua essência em alguns aspectos importantes. Em primeiro lugar, o princípio milenar da regra de ouro: “Só faça aos outros o que gostaria que fizessem a você”, complementada pelos quatro preceitos inamovíveis: O primeiro um compromisso com uma cultura da não-violência e do temor diante da vida, o segundo o compromisso com uma cultura da solidariedade e uma ordem econômica justa, o terceiro com uma cultura da tolerância e com uma vida de veracidade e por fim o compromisso com uma cultura da igualdade de direitos e do companheirismo entre homens e mulheres. A partir dessas ideias, acredita-se ser possível abordar caminhos para o encontro entre as diferentes crenças através de uma cultura do respeito, da paz e da solidariedade. Partindo desses pressupostos teóricos e tendo como base interpretativa a abordagem acima proposta, defender-se-á ser possível provar a aplicabilidade de princípios éticos comuns na forma de vivências ético-religiosas na trajetória de dois personagens históricos oriundos de diferentes tradições religiosas: Mohandas Karanchand Gandhi, mais conhecido como Mahatma Gandhi, importante líder religioso da Índia durante o domínio britânico e Martin Luther King Jr., líder do movimento pelos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos na década de 1960. Mesmo as dissemelhanças inerentes a cada um deles, relacionada às suas diferentes experiências religiosas, não mostrou ser um empecilho na partilha de ideais éticos comuns e nem para a atuação política de ambos. / This thesis intends to investigate the possible existence of a common ethical force among religions and ancient philosophical traditions, as Weltethos (Global Ethic Project) proposes. This project was written by the ecumenical theologian Hans Küng and supported by the World Religions Parliament in 1993. According to this document, the common basis of religions lies in some important aspects. First of all, the ancestral principle of the golden rule: "Do unto others only what you would have them do unto you," complemented by the four immovable precepts: The first one is a commitment to a culture of non-violence and life protection, the second is the commitment to a culture of solidarity and a fairness in economic order, the third one is a culture of tolerance and a life of truth, and finally the commitment to a culture of equal rights and fellowship between men and women. Based on these ideas, the project supports that it is possible to address ways to meet different beliefs through a culture of respect, peace and solidarity. Taking these ideas into account and also the interpretation based on the approach proposed above, it is possible to prove the applicability of common ethical principles in the life of two historical characters from different religious traditions: Mohandas Karanchand Gandhi, known as Mahatma Gandhi, an important religious leader in India during the British domination and Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the civil rights movements of black people in the United States in the 1960s. Even the dissimilarities inherent in each of them so as their different religious experiences were not an obstacle in the way of sharing common ethical ideals nor for the political action of both.

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR / Para a avaliação da toxicidade aguda através do método respirométrico, foram empregados quatro compostos intoxicantes: Cu2+, fenol, surfactante e antibiótico, em distintas concentrações, os quais foram mantidos em contato durante 15 minutos com quatro tipos de lodo ativado: um oriundo de uma indústria farmacêutica, dois provenientes de indústria alimentícia e o outro aclimatado com efluente produzido sinteticamente. O reator biológico experimental foi montado e operado de modo contínuo para simular as condições encontradas nas indústrias. Os testes consistiram da medição da taxa de consumo de oxigênio pelos micro-organismos durante 5 minutos. Os valores obtidos pelos ensaios eram comparados de modo a entender o comportamento dos microorganismos entre os contaminantes e os diferentes lodos ativados utilizados. O lodo da indústria farmacêutica, por conter diversos compostos tóxicos, possui uma maior adaptabilidade dos micro-organismos, apresentando maior resistência aos compostos tóxicos introduzidos no teste; já o lodo ativado de uma indústria alimentícia, por conter concentrações significativas de óleos e graxas, sugere que haja bloqueio das células, apresentando comportamento similar ao da indústria farmacêutica, indicando que compostos tóxicos e óleos e graxas atuam da mesma forma na respiração do lodo ativado. O método respirométrico é eficaz para a determinação de toxicidade em processos de lodos ativados; foi verificado, também, que quando há descarga de compostos tóxicos e/ou óleos e graxas nas ETEs, os micro-organismos tornam-se mais resistentes, dificultando a detecção da presença do elemento intoxicante. / The main aim of this work was to investigate the behaviour of industrial wastewater activated sludges exposed to sudden contamination by copper ions, phenol, surfactant and amoxicillin, in various concentrations, in order to attempt to obtain a better understanding of the respiration changes of the sludge. Four sets of assays were carried out with samples of sludge from: pharmaceutical industry; two types of food industries; an, a synthetic effluent fed with microorganisms. The contact period between the wastewater and microorganisms was about 15 minutes and the respiration time was 5 minutes. The experiments were conducted and operated continuously in order to simulate real conditions found in industry. All the samples were taken for respiration rate measuring. The values obtained from the assays were used to study the microorganisms behavior by comparing intoxicating compounds and all types of activated sludge tested. The sludge from the pharmaceutical industry has higher adaptability to sudden contact with toxic compounds, as the microorganisms in this type of sludge have normally acquired resistance to many toxic compounds that are commonly present in this type of effluent. However, the activated sludge from food industry, that has high concentrations of oil and grease, presented a similar respiration behavior in comparison to pharmaceutical industry sludge, leading to the conclusion that the oil and grease promote cell blockage, preventing contact between food and microorganisms, and causing respiration interferences. The respirometric method was significantly tested and the result is that this technique promotes efficient determination of activated sludge even under adapted activated sludge to toxic compounds, by which measure become slightly rugged.

En la presente tesis nos concentraremos en cuatro autores: Locke, Thoreau, Gandhi y Rawls. La razón por la cual nos enfocamos en ellos es porque cada uno representa un aspecto diferente de la propuesta de desobediencia civil. Es posible a través de la posición de Locke, junto con la de Thoreau y Gandhi, hacer un contraste entre una propuesta violenta de resistencia y el planteamiento de desobediencia civil que comienza a surgir con los dos últimos autores mencionados. Con ello, lo que pretendemos es diferenciar y esclarecer la desobediencia civil de otros tipos de crítica y resistencia al gobierno ―como la objeción de consciencia o la insurgencia―, y a su vez hallar tanto debilidades como fortalezas en la argumentación de cada uno de ellos. Cabe resaltar que en el presente trabajo no pretendemos elaborar toda una teoría de la desobediencia civil o fundamentar con ello una teoría completa de estructuración de la sociedad, sino que, una vez encontrados los principales problemas del planteamiento de desobediencia civil, tanto teórica como procesalmente, propondremos posibles soluciones a los mismos. Teniendo estos objetivos en cuenta, nuestra hipótesis es que la desobediencia civil, por encontrarse entre lo teórico y lo práctico, tiene como problema principal la posibilidad de que se caiga en un autoritarismo moral y que, en segundo lugar, ello pueda ser llevado a través de la violencia; de modo que mediante una base política objetiva centrada en la concepción y los principios de justicia rawlsianos y la formación de conceptos éticos a través del diálogo intercultural planteado por Mohandas K. Gandhi, puedan reducirse al mínimo los posibles conflictos sociales que buscan protestar contra una acción del Estado juzgada como injusta.

Aboriginal Australian heritage forms a significant and celebrated part of Australian heritage. Set within the institutional frameworks of a predominantly ??white?? European Australian heritage practice, Aboriginal heritage has been promoted as the heritage of a people who belonged to the distant, pre-colonial past and who were an integral and sustainable part of the natural environment. These controlled and carefully packaged meanings of Aboriginal heritage have underwritten aspects of urban Aboriginal presence and history that prevail in the (previously) colonial city. In the midst of the city which seeks to cling to selected images of its colonial past urban Aboriginal heritage emerges as a significant challenge to a largely ??white??, (post)colonial Australian heritage practice. The distinctively Aboriginal sense of anti-colonialism that underlines claims to urban sites of Aboriginal significance unsettles the colonial stereotypes that are associated with Aboriginal heritage and disrupts the ??purity?? of the city by penetrating the stronghold of colonial heritage. However, despite the challenge to the colonising imperatives of heritage practice, the fact that urban Aboriginal heritage continues to be a deeply contested reality indicates that heritage practice has failed to move beyond its predominantly colonial legacy. It knowingly or unwittingly maintains the stronghold of colonial heritage in the city by selectively and often with reluctance, recognising a few sites of contested Aboriginal heritage such as the Old Swan Brewery and Bennett House in Perth. Furthermore, the listing of these sites according to very narrow and largely Eurocentric perceptions of Aboriginal heritage makes it quite difficult for other sites which fall outside these considerations to be included as part of the urban built environment. Importantly this thesis demonstrates that it is most often in the case of Aboriginal sites of political resistance such as The Block in Redfern, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra and Australian Hall in Sydney, that heritage practice tends to maintain its hegemony as these sites are a reminder of the continuing disenfranchised condition of Aboriginal peoples, in a nation which considers itself to be postcolonial.

Aboriginal Australian heritage forms a significant and celebrated part of Australian heritage. Set within the institutional frameworks of a predominantly ??white?? European Australian heritage practice, Aboriginal heritage has been promoted as the heritage of a people who belonged to the distant, pre-colonial past and who were an integral and sustainable part of the natural environment. These controlled and carefully packaged meanings of Aboriginal heritage have underwritten aspects of urban Aboriginal presence and history that prevail in the (previously) colonial city. In the midst of the city which seeks to cling to selected images of its colonial past urban Aboriginal heritage emerges as a significant challenge to a largely ??white??, (post)colonial Australian heritage practice. The distinctively Aboriginal sense of anti-colonialism that underlines claims to urban sites of Aboriginal significance unsettles the colonial stereotypes that are associated with Aboriginal heritage and disrupts the ??purity?? of the city by penetrating the stronghold of colonial heritage. However, despite the challenge to the colonising imperatives of heritage practice, the fact that urban Aboriginal heritage continues to be a deeply contested reality indicates that heritage practice has failed to move beyond its predominantly colonial legacy. It knowingly or unwittingly maintains the stronghold of colonial heritage in the city by selectively and often with reluctance, recognising a few sites of contested Aboriginal heritage such as the Old Swan Brewery and Bennett House in Perth. Furthermore, the listing of these sites according to very narrow and largely Eurocentric perceptions of Aboriginal heritage makes it quite difficult for other sites which fall outside these considerations to be included as part of the urban built environment. Importantly this thesis demonstrates that it is most often in the case of Aboriginal sites of political resistance such as The Block in Redfern, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra and Australian Hall in Sydney, that heritage practice tends to maintain its hegemony as these sites are a reminder of the continuing disenfranchised condition of Aboriginal peoples, in a nation which considers itself to be postcolonial.

Thesis (M.S.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2008. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. Thesis co- advisors: Farhan Gandhi, Timothy Miller.