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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Biosorpcija jona teških metala iz vode izluženim rezancima šećerne repe / Biosorption of heavy metal ions from water by sugar beet shreds

Kukić Dragana 18 November 2016 (has links)
<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita mogućnost primene izluţenih rezanaca &scaron;ećerne repe i njihovih tretiranih oblika, nastalih u procesu proizvodnje bioetanola, kao biosorbenata za uklanjanje jona te&scaron;kih metala iz vode. U okviru eksperimenata, u laboratorijskim uslovima izvedeni su predtretman i hidroliza izluženih rezanaca kako bi se dobili tretirani oblici, a zatim je izvr&scaron;ena karakterizacija adsorbenata, ispitane njihove adsorpcione sposobnosti, utvrđeni najbolji uslovi za njihovu primenu i ispitana mogućnost njihove vi&scaron;estruke primene u obradi vode.<br />U okviru karakterizacije materijala određen je njihov sastav, specifiĉna povr&scaron;ina i poroznost, ispitana povr&scaron;ina primenom FTIR i EDS metode i kvantifikovana količina pojedinih funkcionalnih grupa prisutnih na povr&scaron;ini primenom Boehm-ove titracije. Na osnovu FTIR metode pre i posle adsoprcije utvrđeno je koje grupe učestvuju u vezivanju jona metala.<br />Ispitan je i uticaj razliĉitih parametara na adsorpciju (vreme kontakta adsorbenta i adsorbata, veličina čestice, pH, temperatura, primenjena doza adsorbenta, jonska jačina, su&scaron;enje) radi utvrđivanja najboljih uslova za maksimalnu efikasnost.<br />Kako bi se stekao bolji uvid u sam proces adsorpcije jona na povr&scaron;inu adsorbenata, na eksperimentalne podatke primenjeni su različiti modeli adsorpcionih izotermi, a mehanizam vezivanja je detaljnije razmotren primenom kinetiĉkih modela. Primenom termodinamičkih modela utvrđena je priroda procesa.<br />Radi vi&scaron;estruke primene ovih ekolo&scaron;kih biosorbenata ispitana je i mogućnost regeneracije materijala razliĉitim kiselinama kao desorbensima i utvrđeno optimalno vreme desorpcije. Ispitana je primena kroz vi&scaron;e uzastopnih ciklusa adsorpcija &ndash; desropcija. Rezultati su pokazali da ispitani materijali imaju zadovoljavajući adsorpcioni kapacitet, ali da se mogu primenjivati i vlažni, odmah nakon procesa ekstrakcije &scaron;ećera, depektinacije i hidrolize, bez utro&scaron;ka energije za su&scaron;enje. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da se mogu regenerisati i koristiti uspe&scaron;no vi&scaron;e puta, &scaron;to otvara mogućnost za njihovu primenu u praksi.</p> / <p>The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate the possibility of usage of sugar beet shreds and their treated forms from the bioethanol production for removal of heavy metal ions from water. In the context of experiments, pretreatment and hydrolysis of sugar beet shreds were performed in order to obtain treated forms. The characterization of biosorbents was conducted and their adsorption capacity was investigated. Also, the optimal conditions for their implementation and the possibility of their multiple applications for water treatment were determined.<br />Within the characterization of materials their composition, specific surface area and porosity were determined. The surface of biosorbents was investigated by using FTIR and EDS methods. The amount of the functional groups present on the surface was quantified by Boehm&#39;s titration. On the basis of the FTIR method before and after adsorption it was determined which functional groups participate in the binding process.<br />The influence of various parameters on the adsorption (contact time of the adsorbent and adsorbate, particle size, pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, ionic strength, drying process) were examined in order to determine the best conditions for maximum efficiency.<br />For better insight into the process of adsorption of ions on the surface of the adsorbents, different models of adsorption isotherms were applied to experimental data. Mechanism of adsorption was determined by applying different kinetic models. The nature of the process was investigated by determining thermodynamic parameters.<br />The multiple applications of these eco-friendly biosorbents was examined by regeneration investigation. The optimal time of desorption was determined and different acids were used for regeneration study. The multiple cycles adsorption &ndash; desorption was also conducted.<br />The results showed that the investigated materials have a satisfactory adsorption capacity. They can also be applied wet, immediately after the process of sugar extraction, depectination and hydrolysis, without the energy consumption for drying. In addition, it was found that they can be regenerated and successfully used several times. This opens up the possibility for their practical application.</p>
92

Iskorišćenje tropa borovnice i maline u formulaciji bezglutenskog keksa sa dodatom vrednošću / Valorisation of blueberry and raspberry pomace through the formulation of value-added gluten-free cookie

Šarić Bojana 29 October 2016 (has links)
<p>Sporedni proizvodi industrijske prerade voća, trop borovnice i maline, postupcima su&scaron;enja i mlevenja prevedeni su u oblik pogodan za aplikaciju u prehrambene proizvode. Ovako dobijeni sastojci imaju visok sadržaj prehrambenih vlakana, esencijalnih masnih kiselina poput linolne i &alpha;-linolenske, a karakteri&scaron;e ih i izbalansiran odnos PUFA/SFA. Od makronutrijenata, u najvećoj koncentraciji prisutni su K, Mg i Ca. Imajući u vidu da su glavne fitohemikalije bobičastog voća polifenolna jediinjenja, u proizvedenim funkcionalnim sastojcima određen je sadržaj ukupnih rastvorljivih polifenola, antocijana i flavonoida, kao i sastav i sadržaj odabranih polifenolnih jedinjenja primenom LC/MS-MS tehnike.<br />Primena osu&scaron;enih i samlevenih tropova kao sastojaka prehrambenih proizvoda ispitana je u formulaciji bezglutenskog keksa, sa ciljem njegovog funkcionalnog obogaćivanja. Za optimizaciju formulacije keksa kori&scaron;ćen je postupak odzivne povr&scaron;ine (RSM), a formulacija u kojoj je bezglutenska sme&scaron;a zamenjena sa 28,2% tropa borovnice i 1,8% tropa maline dobijena je kao optimalna, uzimajući u obzir sve zadate kriterijume. Dodatkom ova dva funkcionalana sastojka u gorenavedenom odnosu, postignuto je značajno pobolj&scaron;anje nutritivnih svojstava bezglutenskog keksa, a dobijeni proizvod po kvalitetu može da parira komercijalno dostupnim funkcionalno obogaćenim keksovima, namenjenim zdravoj populaciji.<br />Rezultati dijetetske interventne studije sprovedene na 20 zdravih, normalno uhranjenih ispitanika ženskog pola, ukazuju da se konzumiranjem kreiranog bezglutenskog keksa u količini od 32 g dnevno, postiže značajna redukcije LDL holesterola, i povećanje nivoa adiponektina u krvi, a budući da se ovaj adipocitni-sekretorni protein dovodi u vezu sa antiinflamatornim i antiaterogenim potencijalom u tretmanu metaboličkog sindroma i dijabetesa tipa 2, može se očekivati protektivno dejstvo kreiranog bezgutenskog keksa.</p> / <p>Blueberry and raspberry pomace, by-products from fruit juice industry, were processed into the new food ingredients by drying and grinding. The obtained functional ingredients are characterized by high content of dietary fibres and essential fatty acids (linoleic and &alpha;-linolenic acid), as well as by optimal ratio of PUFA/SFA. The main macronutrients in dried and ground pomace are K, Mg and Ca. The content of total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids were determined, as well as composition and content of individual phenolic compounds using LC/MS-MS in order to evaluate their antioxidant potential.<br />In the form of dried powder, blueberry and raspberry pomace were used as ingredients in formulation of gluten-free cookies. Response surface methodology (RSM) approach was applied to obtain optimal ingredients proportion. Formulation in which gluten-free flour mixture is substituted with 28.2% of the blueberry and 1.8% of the raspberry pomace was found to be optimal following the used optimization criteria. Addition of blueberry and raspberry pomace has led to a remarkable improvement in nutritional properties, and resulted in a product with similar nutritional profile with commercially available gluten containing cookies.<br />Dietary intervention study on a group of 20 healthy, normal weight female subjects was conducted to investigate the health effect of the created gluten-free cookies. The results showed a significant reduction in levels of LDL cholesterol, and an increase in plasma concentrations of adiponectin, suggesting a potential positive effect of the created product on human health.</p>
93

Primena protein-polimer interakcije za formiranje mikrokapsula sa kontrolisanim otpuštanjem aktivne supstance / Application of the protein-polymer interaction for the formation of microcapsules with controlled release of the active substance

Fraj Jadranka 25 November 2016 (has links)
<p>Mikrokapsule, kao nosači aktivnih supstanci, imaju sve veću primenu u različitim granama industrije, naročito prehrambene i farmaceutske. Inkorporiranje biolo&scaron;ki aktivnih supstanci unutar mikrokapsula omogućava maskiranje neprijatnih mirisa i ukusa, za&scaron;titu osetljivih i lako isparljivih komponenata.<br />Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je dobijanje mikrokapsula za istovremeno inkorporiranje hidrosolubilnih i liposolubilnih aktivnih materija, radi njihove za&scaron;tite i kontrolisanog otpu&scaron;tanja. Mikrokapsule su formirane iz duplih emulzija tipa voda-ulje-voda (V/U/V) metodom koacervacije, odnosno deponovanjem koacervata, koji nastaje u sistemu dva suprotno naelektrisana proteina, želatina i natrijum kazeinata (NaKN), na granicu faza ulje/voda. Kao model supstance za hidrosolubilne i liposolubilne biolo&scaron;ki aktivne materije, kori&scaron;ćeni su vitamini C i E.<br />Najpre su detaljno ispitane interakcije u sistemu želatin/NaKN primenom različitih metoda (merenje zeta potencijala, tenziometrija, viskozimetrija, reolo&scaron;ka ispitivanja). Na osnovu ovih rezultata definisane su promene, kako na granici faza, tako i unutar rastvora, kao i mehanizama formiranja koacervata između ova dva suprotno naelektrisana proteina. Utvrđeno je da se pri masenom odnosu želatin:NaKN od 2:1 dolazi do formiranja nerastvornog koacervata. Ispitan je uticaj interakcija u ovom sistemu na osobine duplih, V/U/V emulzija dobijenih emulgovanjem primarnih voda/ulje (V/U) emulzija u sme&scaron;i želatin/NaKN, pri njihovim odabranim masenim odnosima i zaključeno je da interakcija između proteina u kontinualnoj fazi utiče na<br />osobine emulzija.<br />S obzirom da je prvi korak ka dobijanju stabilne V/U/V emulzije, dobijanje stabilne primarne V/U emulzije, ispitana je mogućnost primene lipofilnih emulgatora, poliglicerol poliricinoleata (PGPR) i poliglicerol estra jestivih masnih kiselina i njihovih sme&scaron;a, za dobijanje 20% V/U emulzija. Ispitivanjem uticaja sastava sme&scaron;e emulgatora i njegove koncentracije na formiranje adsorpcionog sloja na graničnoj povr&scaron;ini ulje/voda i osobine formiranih V/U emulzija odabran je najpogodniji sistem za stabilizaciju primarnih emulzija.<br />Nakon formulisanja stabilnih duplih V/U/V emulzija sa inkorporiranim vitaminima C i E, optimizovani su uslovi za dobijanje mikrokapsula umrežavanjem kompleksa proteina na kapima ulja pomoću genipina, a njihovo izdvajanje iz rastvora ostvareno je primenom Spray drying postupka. Karakterizacijom dobijenih mikrokapsula (ispitivanjem morfologije povr&scaron;ine, efikasnosti inkapsulacije vitamina C i E, kinetike otpu&scaron;tanja vitamina C u in vitro uslovima) zaključeno je da na osobine mikrokapsula utiče koncentracija umreživača, kao i interakcija između želatina i NaKN u kontinualnoj fazi emulzija V/U/V.</p> / <p>Microcapsules, as active substance carriers, have increasing application in different industries, especially in food and pharmaceutical industry. Incorporation of the biologically active substances inside the microcapsules allows masking of unpleasant taste and smell, protection od sensitive and volatile components.<br />The aim of this thesis is preparation of microcapsules for parallel incorporation of water and oil soluble active substances for their protection and controlled release. Microcapsules were formed from double water-oil-water emulsions (W/O/W) by coacervation method, depositing the coacervate formed in the system of two oppositely charged proteins, gelatin and sodium caseinate (NaCN), at the water/oil interface. As a model for water and oil soluble biological active substances, vitamins C and E were used.<br />First of all, interactions in the gelatin/NaCN system were investigated in detail, by using different methods (measuring of zeta potential, tensiometry, vicometry, rheological investigations). Based on these results, changes at the interface and in the bulk of the system, as well as mechanisms of coacervate formation were defined. It has been determined that at gelatin:NaCN mass ratio of 2:1 non soluble coacervate were formed.<br />Influence of the interactions in this system on properties of the W/O/W double emulsions, made by emulsification of primary water/oil (W/O) emulsions in gelatin/NaCN mixtures, at desired mass ratios of proteins, was investigated. It was concluded that interactions between proteins in continuous phase of emulsions have influence on their properties.<br />As the first step in formation of stable W/O/W emulsions is<br />obtaining stable primary W/O emulsion, possibility of using lipophilic emulsifiers, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and polyglycerol esters of edible fatty acids and their mixtures, for 20% W/O emulsions formation were investigated. Results of these investigations showed that composition of emulsifiers mixtures and their concentrations have an influence on adsorption layer, at the water/oil interface, formation, as well as on stability of W/O emulsion, and based on these results the most suitable system of emulsifiers were chosen.<br />After formulation of stable double W/O/W emulsions with incorporated vitamins C and E, conditions for microcapsules formation, by crosslinking of proteins complex at oil droplets with genipin, were optimized, and for their separation from dispersion spray drying method was applied. Characterization of obtained microcapsules (investigation of the surface morphology, efficiency of the vitamins C and E encapsulation, release kinetics of vitamin C under in vitro conditions) showed that concentration of crosslinking agent, as well as interaction between gelatin and NaCN, have an influence on microcapsules properties.</p>
94

Оптимизација савремених екстракционих поступака за изоловање апигенина из цвета камилице (Chamomilla recutita L.) и карактеризација биолошке активности добијених екстраката / Optimizacija savremenih ekstrakcionih postupaka za izolovanje apigenina iz cveta kamilice (Chamomilla recutita L.) i karakterizacija biološke aktivnosti dobijenih ekstrakata / Optimization of novel extraction techniques for apigenin isolation from chamomile flowers (Chamomilla recutita L.) and characterization of biological activity of obtained extracts

Cvetanović Aleksandra 02 December 2016 (has links)
<p>У оквиру ове докторске дисертације изведено је<br />испитивање различитих екстракционих поступака за<br />изоловање апигенина из цвета камилице, као и евалуација<br />биолошке активности добијених екстраката. Полазни<br />биљни материјал сачињавале су две групе латица<br />камилице: ферментисане и неферментисане (нативне).<br />Екстракција ферментисаних цветова је извођена применом<br />ултразвучне екстракције користећи етанол као екстрагенс,<br />а добијени екстракти су се одликовали изузетно високим<br />садржајем апигенина. Оптимизација екстракције је била<br />изведена применом методе одзивне површине. Применом<br />електрон-спин резонанце испитана је антирадикалска<br />активност екстраката. Додатно, фармаколошка вредност<br />добијених екстраката је потврђена и одређивањем њиховог<br />антимикробног и антипролиферативног потенцијала.<br />Нативни цветови камилице су екстраховани применом<br />различитих екстаркционих техника: микроталасне,<br />ултразвучне, Soxhlet екстракције као и екстракције<br />субкритичном водом. Eкстрaкција водом у субкритичном<br />стању се показала супериорнијом у односу на све остале<br />технике у погледу садржаја укупних фенола и флавоноида.<br />У циљу добијања екстраката са максималним садржајем<br />апигенина изведена је оптимизација овог екстракционог<br />процеса. Изоловање чистог апигенина је изведено из<br />екстракта добијеног под оптималним екстракцијом<br />условима (однос дрога:растварач 1:30, брзина мешања 3 Hz,<br />притисак 45 bar, температура 115&ordm;C, време 30 мин,<br />концентрација модификатора 0,001 М) применом поступка<br />колонске хроматографије на стубу полиамида. Хемијски<br />профил као и садржај појединачних полифенолних<br />компонената у екстрактима добијеним на различитим<br />притисцима, температурама и уз присуство модификатора<br />различитих концентрација одређен је применом UHPLCDAD-<br />HESI-MS/MS. У свим анализираним екстрактима<br />детектован је велики број полифенолних компонената, док<br />је апигенин у свима био доминантно једињење. Садржај<br />апигенина у екстракту добијеном под оптималним<br />екстракционим условима је износио 1.700,34 mg/kg.<br />Применом седам различитих тестова извршена је<br />евалуација антиоксидативног и антирадикалског<br />потенцијала екстраката. Антимикробни потенцијал<br />екстраката је одређен за осам различитих микробних<br />линија. in vitro тестовима испитана је способност<br />инхибиције &alpha;-амилазе, &alpha;-глукозидазе и тирозиназе.<br />Деловањем на раст три хистолошки различите ћелијске<br />линије, испитана је антипролиферативна активност<br />екстраката добијених субкритичном водом.<br />Антимотилитетна активност обе групе екстраката<br />(ферментисаних и неферментисаних цветова) одређена је у<br />in vitro условима.</p> / <p>U okviru ove doktorske disertacije izvedeno je<br />ispitivanje različitih ekstrakcionih postupaka za<br />izolovanje apigenina iz cveta kamilice, kao i evaluacija<br />biološke aktivnosti dobijenih ekstrakata. Polazni<br />biljni materijal sačinjavale su dve grupe latica<br />kamilice: fermentisane i nefermentisane (nativne).<br />Ekstrakcija fermentisanih cvetova je izvođena primenom<br />ultrazvučne ekstrakcije koristeći etanol kao ekstragens,<br />a dobijeni ekstrakti su se odlikovali izuzetno visokim<br />sadržajem apigenina. Optimizacija ekstrakcije je bila<br />izvedena primenom metode odzivne površine. Primenom<br />elektron-spin rezonance ispitana je antiradikalska<br />aktivnost ekstrakata. Dodatno, farmakološka vrednost<br />dobijenih ekstrakata je potvrđena i određivanjem njihovog<br />antimikrobnog i antiproliferativnog potencijala.<br />Nativni cvetovi kamilice su ekstrahovani primenom<br />različitih ekstarkcionih tehnika: mikrotalasne,<br />ultrazvučne, Soxhlet ekstrakcije kao i ekstrakcije<br />subkritičnom vodom. Ekstrakcija vodom u subkritičnom<br />stanju se pokazala superiornijom u odnosu na sve ostale<br />tehnike u pogledu sadržaja ukupnih fenola i flavonoida.<br />U cilju dobijanja ekstrakata sa maksimalnim sadržajem<br />apigenina izvedena je optimizacija ovog ekstrakcionog<br />procesa. Izolovanje čistog apigenina je izvedeno iz<br />ekstrakta dobijenog pod optimalnim ekstrakcijom<br />uslovima (odnos droga:rastvarač 1:30, brzina mešanja 3 Hz,<br />pritisak 45 bar, temperatura 115&ordm;C, vreme 30 min,<br />koncentracija modifikatora 0,001 M) primenom postupka<br />kolonske hromatografije na stubu poliamida. Hemijski<br />profil kao i sadržaj pojedinačnih polifenolnih<br />komponenata u ekstraktima dobijenim na različitim<br />pritiscima, temperaturama i uz prisustvo modifikatora<br />različitih koncentracija određen je primenom UHPLCDAD-<br />HESI-MS/MS. U svim analiziranim ekstraktima<br />detektovan je veliki broj polifenolnih komponenata, dok<br />je apigenin u svima bio dominantno jedinjenje. Sadržaj<br />apigenina u ekstraktu dobijenom pod optimalnim<br />ekstrakcionim uslovima je iznosio 1.700,34 mg/kg.<br />Primenom sedam različitih testova izvršena je<br />evaluacija antioksidativnog i antiradikalskog<br />potencijala ekstrakata. Antimikrobni potencijal<br />ekstrakata je određen za osam različitih mikrobnih<br />linija. in vitro testovima ispitana je sposobnost<br />inhibicije &alpha;-amilaze, &alpha;-glukozidaze i tirozinaze.<br />Delovanjem na rast tri histološki različite ćelijske<br />linije, ispitana je antiproliferativna aktivnost<br />ekstrakata dobijenih subkritičnom vodom.<br />Antimotilitetna aktivnost obe grupe ekstrakata<br />(fermentisanih i nefermentisanih cvetova) određena je u<br />in vitro uslovima.</p> / <p>In the frame of this thesis different extraction approaches for<br />apigenin isolation from chamomile ligulate flowers were<br />examined and biological activity of obtained extracts was<br />evaluated. Starting plant samples included fermented and<br />nonfermented (native) flowers.<br />Extraction of fermented flowers was performed by using<br />ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol. The concentration<br />of apigenin was high in obtained extracts. Optimization of the<br />extraction procedures was performed by response surface<br />methodology. Antiradical activity of observed extracts was<br />examined by electron-spin resonance spectroscopy.<br />Furthermore, pharmacological potential of obtained extracts<br />was confirmed by determining their antimicrobial and<br />antiproliferative activity.<br />Native chamomile flowers were extracted by different<br />extraction techniques: microwave, ultrasound, Soxhlet and<br />subcritical water extraction. Subcritical water extraction<br />showed to be superior in comparison to other applied techniques<br />in respect to total phenols and flavonoids content. Optimization<br />of the subcritical water extraction was directed to maximization<br />of apigenin content. Isolation of pure apigenin from extracts<br />obtained under optimal extraction conditions (sample-tosolvent<br />ratio 1:30, agitation rate 3 Hz, temperature 115&ordm;C,<br />pressure 45 bar, extraction time 30 min) was performed by<br />preparative chromatography. Chemical profiles and content of<br />individual polyphenolic components in extracts obtained at<br />different pressures, temperatures, and with different<br />concentrations of a modifier was determined by UHPLC-DADHESI-<br />MS/MS. In all analyzed extracts the great number of<br />polyphenolic components was detected while apigenin was the<br />dominant compound in all extracts. Content of apigenin in the<br />extract obtained under optimal extraction condition was<br />1,700.34 mg/kg. Antioxidant and antiradical potential of<br />extracts was evaluated according to different mechanisms.<br />Antimicrobial potential of extracts was determined against eight<br />different microbial strains. Ability of extracts to inhibit &alpha;-<br />amylase, &alpha;-glucosidase and tyrosinase was determined by in<br />vitro assays. Antiproliferative activity of subcritical water<br />extracts was defined by testing their influence on the growth of<br />three histologically different cell lines.<br />Anti-intestinal motility activity of both group of extracts (native<br />and fermented) was determined by in vivo experiments.</p>
95

Samo-rotirajući impeleri u airlift reaktoru sa spoljašnjom recirkulacijom / Self-agitated impellers in an external-loop airliftreactor

Lukić Nataša 18 February 2017 (has links)
<p>Cilj doktorske disertacije je pobolj&scaron;anje hidrodinamičkih i<br />masenoprenosnih karakteristika airlift reaktora sa<br />spolja&scaron;njom recirkulacijom umetanjem samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera u uzlaznu cev. Uticaj ugradnje samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera na osnovne hidrodinamičke i masenoprenosne<br />osobine ispitivan je pri radu sa različitim tečnostima i<br />distributorima gasa. Rezultati su tumačeni poređenjem<br />vrednosti za sadržaj gasa u uzlaznoj cevi, za brzinu<br />tečnosti u silaznoj cevi, i za zapreminski koeficijent<br />prenosa mase, dobijenih za dve konfiguracije reaktora (sa<br />i bez impelera).<br />Rezultati disertacije ukazuju da ugradnja samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera dovodi do znatnog razbijanja mehurova i<br />smanjenja srednjeg prečnika mehurova gasa, naročito u<br />viskoznim rastvorima karboksimetilceluloze. Prividna<br />brzina gasa, vrsta tečne faze i tip distributora gasa u<br />velikoj meri utiču na efikasnost samo-rotirajućih impelera.<br />Dobijene vrednosti sadržaja gasa u uzlaznoj cevi su do<br />47% veće u konfiguraciji sa impelerima u odnosu na<br />konfiguraciju bez impelera. Iako samo-rotirajući impeleri<br />predstavljaju dodatni otpor proticanju tečnosti, njihovom<br />ugradnjom je u svim ispitivanim sistemima postignuto<br />relativno malo smanjenje brzine tečnosti (oko 10%).<br />Zahvaljujući impelerima, zapreminski koeficijent prenosa<br />mase uvećan je do 82% pri manjim protocima gasa. Pri<br />većim protocima, koji odgovaraju uslovima rada koji se<br />sreću u većini fermentacionih procesa, postignute su oko<br />20-30% veće vrednosti zapreminskog koeficijenta prenosa<br />mase.<br />Pored empirijskih modela, u ovom radu uspe&scaron;no su<br />razvijeni i modeli ve&scaron;tačkih neuronskih mreža kojim se<br />predviđaju sadržaj gasa u uzlaznoj cevi, brzina tečnosti i<br />zapreminski koeficijent prenosa mase za obe konfiguracije<br />airlift reaktora sa spolja&scaron;njom recirkulacijom.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was intensification of<br />hydrodynamic and mass transfer properties of<br />external-loop airlift reactor by means of self-agitated<br />impellers mounted in the riser section. The influence<br />of impellers&rsquo; insertion on the main hydrodynamic<br />and mass transfer characteristics was investigated for<br />various liquid phases and sparger types. The values<br />of riser gas holdup, downcomer liquid velocity and<br />volumetric mass transfer coefficient obtained in<br />configurations with and without impellers were<br />compared.<br />Results showed that the installment of self-agitated<br />impellers led to a significant bubble breakage and<br />decrease of bubble size, especially in viscous<br />carboxymethylcellulose solutions. The efficiency of<br />self-agitated impellers was immensely influenced by<br />superficial gas velocity, liquid phase, and distributor<br />type. Obtained riser gas holdup values were up to<br />47% higher in the configuration with impellers, in<br />comparison to the configuration wthout impellers.<br />Despite the fact that self-agitated impellers<br />represented an obstacle to liquid flow, relatively low<br />reduction of downcomer liquid velocity was attained<br />(about 10%). Furthermore, the insertion of impellers<br />induced up to 82% higher values of volumetric mass<br />transfer coefficient at lower superficial gas velocities.<br />At higher superficial gas velocities, i.e. conditions<br />mainly operated in various fermentation processes,<br />about 20-30% higher values of volumetric mass<br />transfer coefficient were achieved with impellers.<br />In addition to empirical correlations, artificial neural<br />network models were sucessfully developed to<br />predict riser gas holdup, downcomer liquid velocity<br />and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in both<br />external-loop airlift configurations.</p>
96

Uticaj termičke obrade na nutritivnu vrednost i oksidativnu stabilnost ulja semena uljane tikve golice Cucurbita pepoL. / Influence of thermal treatment of pumkin seed Cucurbita pepo L. on nutritive value and oxidative stability of oil

Vujasinović Vesna 27 September 2011 (has links)
<p>Jedno od specijalnih jestivih ulja koje se proizvodi isključivo mehaničkim postupkom i koje se može uvrstiti u grupu funkcionalnih prehrambenih proizvoda je ulje semena tikve. Ovo ulje je veoma atraktivno za potro&scaron;ace, pre svega zbog svoje karakteristične arome, visoke nutritivne vrednosti i dokazanog blagotvornog delovanja na zdravlje. Cilj istraživanja u okviru ove teze je bio da se izvr&scaron;i karakterizacija senzorsko nutritivnog kvaliteta i oksidativne stabilnosti hladno presovanih i devičanskih ulja tikve sa trži&scaron;ta, ispita uticaj termičke obrade semena na kvalitet, nutritivnu vrednost i održivost devičanskog tikvinog ulja i da se defini&scaron;u senzorska svojstva i održivost hladno presovanog ulja semena tikve. U cilju karakterizacije ulja ispitivanja su sprovedena na većem broju uzoraka hladno presovanih i devičanskih ulja semena<br />tikve nabavljenih neposredno, slučajnim izborom sa domaćeg i inostranog trži&scaron;ta. Definisana su osnovna svojstva i najbitnije kvalitativne razlike između ove dve kategorije ulja proizvedenih različitom tehnologijom. Iako se proizvode iz iste sirovine tikvina ulja se međusobno bitno razlikuju po brojnim kvalitativnim, a naročito senzorskim svojstvima (ukus, miris, aroma i boja) &scaron;to može da stvori zabune kod<br />potro&scaron;aca. Ispitivanjima uticaja različite termičke obrade semena utvrđeno je da proces pečenja mlevenog materijala neposredno pre presovanja bitno utiče na kvalitativna svojstva i održivost devičanskog ulja. Termička obrada mlevenog semena pri temperaturi u interval od 90 do 130 <sup>o</sup>C i vremenu od 30 do 70 min pokazala je različit uticaj na senzorski kvalitet, sadržaj bioaktivnih komponenata i oksidativnu stabilnost ulja ispoljavajući kako negativan, tako i pozitivan efekat. U delu istraživanja vezanih za definisanje senzorskih svojstava i određivanje održivosti ulja izdvojenog postupkom hladnog presovanja osu&scaron;enog semena tikve na pužnoj presi, ustanovljeno je da se najkvalitetnije ulje dobije pri prvom presovanju, buduci da je aroma ulja najbolja, pri tom su kiselinski i peroksidni broj najmanji, a indukcioni period najduži. Ovo se potvrdilo, kako pri presovanju samo semena golice, tako i pri presovanju golice sa dodatkom semena sa ljuskom. Promene najbitnijih pokazatelja u cilju odredivanja održivosti ulja praćene su periodično u trajanju od 2 godine. U<br />tom periodu do&scaron;lo je do izvesnog pogor&scaron;anja senzorskog kvaliteta ulja, određenog porasta kiselinskog i peroksidnog broja, kao i do smanjenja indukcionog perioda. Medutim, bez obzira na intenzitet nastalih promena, ulja su odgovarala svim zakonskim normama kvaliteta i nakon dve godine čuvanja. Ipak, radi obezbeđenja vrhunskog kvaliteta za rok trajanja hladno presovanih ulja semena tikve golice može se preporuciti period najvi&scaron;e do godinu dana.</p> / <p> Pumpkin seed oil is one of the specialty oils produced only by mechanical procedure and can be classified in the group of functional food products. This oil is very attractive (interesting) for the consumers first of all for its characteristic flavour, high nutritive value and proved beneficial effect on health. The aim of the investigations in the scope of this thesis was to characterize the sensoric-nutritive quality and oxidative<br /> stability of cold pressed and virgin pumpkin seed oils from the market, to investigate the effect (influence) of heat treatment of seed on quality, nutritive value and stability of virgin pumpkin seed oil and to define the sensory characteristics and stability of cold pressed pumpkin seed oil. Aiming to characterize the oil, a number of cold pressed and virgin pumpkin seed oil samples, randomly taken from the domestic and foreign market, were investigated (analyzed). The basic characteristics and most important qualitative differences between these two categories of oils produced applying different technologies were defined. Both types of pumpkin seed oils are produced from the same raw material, however, they differ significantly regarding a number of<br /> quality, and expecially sensory proterties (taste, odour, flavour and colour), so the consumers may become embarrassed. Investigating the influence of different heat treatment of seed, it was found that the roasting of ground material before the pressing affects significantly the quality characteristics and stability of virgin oil. The heat treatment of ground seed at temperatures 90 to 130 &deg;C, for 30 to 70 min, showed different influence on sensory quality, content of bioactive components and oxidative stability of oil, exhibiting both negative and positive effect. In the part dealing with the defining of sensory characteristics and stability determination of oil obtained by cold pressure of dried pumpkin seed on screw press, it was found that most quality oil was obtained by the first pressing process, the oil flavur is the best, with lowest acid and peroxide value, and the induction period is the longest. This was confirmed by pressing both hull-less pumpkin and hull-less with the addition<br /> of pumpkin seed with hull. The most important characteristics for oil stability were<br /> followed for two years. In this period a certain deterioration of sensory quality was found, the acid and peroxide value increased, and the induction period decreased. However, disregarding the intensity of changes, the oil samples are in accordance with all legal quality normatives even after two years from the production date. However, in order to maintain the high (first-class) quality of cold pressed oil of hull-less pumpkin seed, the recomended period for the shelf-life of oil is one year.</p>
97

Primena sistema hitozan-jonska površinski aktivna materija za dobijanje mikrokapsula uljnog sadržaja / Application of chitosan-ionic surfactant system for the preparation of microcapsules with oil content

Milinković Budinčić Jelena 05 July 2019 (has links)
<p style="text-align: justify;">Mikrokapsulacija je tehnika kojom se nestabilne, međusobno inkompatibilne i biolo&scaron;ki aktivne supstance prevode u stabilniji oblik, ili se omogućuje njihovo kontrolisano i ciljano oslobađanje. Osobine formiranih mikrokapsula, kinetika i mesto otpu&scaron;tanja inkapsuliranih materija zavise, pre svega, od njihovog omotača. Savremene tendencije razvoja prehrambenih proizvoda i proizvoda farmaceutske i kozmetičke industrije, su sve vi&scaron;e usmerene ka upotrebi prirodnih i biorazgradivih polimernih materija za formiranje omotača mikrokapsula.<br />Cilj ove disertacije je mogućnost primene hitozana, netoksičnog, biorazgradivog derivata hitina, kao materije omotača mikrokapsula sa uljnim sadržajem. S obzirom na njegovu slabu povr&scaron;insku aktivnost, istraživanja su usmerena na primenu interakcija hitozana sa suprotno naelektrisanim jonskim povr&scaron;inski aktivnim materijama (PAM) u vodenim rastvorima, kao mehanizmu za njegovo deponovanje na graničnoj povr&scaron;ini ulje/voda.<br />Primenom različitih metoda (tenziometrija, viskozimetrija, turbidimetrija, merenje elektroforetske pokretljivosti) interakcije hitozana sa natrijum-dodecil-sulfatom (SDS) i natrijum-lauriletar-sulfatom (SLES) su detaljno ispitane. Definisane su promene kako na granici faza, tako i unutar rastvora, a mehanizam formiranja kompleksa hitozan/PAM različitih osobina je u potpunosti razja&scaron;njen. Utvrđeno je da do formiranja stabilnog koacervata dolazi pri masenom odnosu hitozan:SLES 1:2 i hitozan:SDS 1:2.<br />Ispitivanje uticaja interakcije hitozan-PAM na osobine emulzionih sistema tipa ulje u vodi (veličina i raspodela veličina kapi, stabilnost) omogućilo je odabir hitozan-SLES sistema kao omotača pogodnog za dobijanje mikrokapsula uljnog sadržaja. Na osnovu ovih rezulatata kao uljna faza odabrani su trigliceridi srednje dužine ugljovodoničnih lanca (TSDL). Su&scaron;enjem emulzija primenom spray drying postupka dobijene se mikrokapsule uljnog sadržaja sa vitaminom E i ispitan je uticaj umreživača na njihove osobine. Karakterizacijom dobijenih mikrokapsula (određivanje sadržaja vlage, ispitivanje morfologije povr&scaron;ine, efiksanost inkapsulacije vitamina E, kinetika otpu&scaron;tanja vitamina E u in vitro uslovima) zaključeno je da na osobine mikrokapsula utiče vrsta i koncentracija umreživača. Mikrokapsule čiji omotač nije umrežen pokazale su najbolje karakteristike.</p> / <p>Microencapsulation is a technique that unstable, incompatible and biologically active substances converted to a more stable form, or allow their controlled and targeted release. The properties of formed microcapsules, kinetics and the place of release of encapsulated substances, primarly depend on their shell characteristic. Modern trends in the development of food products and products of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are increasingly focused on the use of natural and biodegradable polymeric materials for coatings.<br />The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the possibility of using chitosan, non-toxic and biodegradable chitin derivative, as a shell material of microcapsules with oil content. Due to its low surface activity, the research is focused on the utilization of chitosan interactions with opositly charged ionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)) in aqueous solutions as mechanisms for its depositing at the oil/water interface.<br />Based on detailed investigation of interactions in the chitosan-ionic surfactant systems using different methods (tensiometry, viscometry, turbidimetry, measurement of electrophoretic mobility), changes have been defined both at the interface and within the bulk, as well as the mechanism of formation of the coacervate phase. It has been determined that at chitosan:SLES and chitosan:SDS mass ratio of 1:2 stabile coacervate were formed.<br />An investigation of the influence of interaction on the properties of oil-in-water emulsion systems (size and distribution of droplet size, stability) enabled the chitosan-SLES system to be selected as a shell suitable for obtaining microcapsules of the oil content. Also, based on these results, medium-chain triglycerides were selected as the oil phase of the emulsion.<br />Microcapsules with vitamin E were obtained by spray drying of emulsions stabilized with chitosan/SLES complex. The influence of the crosslinker on the properties of microcapsules was investigated. Characterization of obtained microcapsules (moisture content determination, investigation of the surface morphology, efficiency of the vitamin E encapsulation, release in vitro kinetics of vitamin E) showed that type and concentration of crosslinking agents had influences the properties of microcapsules. Microcapsules without crosslinking agents have the most suitable characteristics.</p>
98

Uticaj parametara osmotske dehidratacije na kinetiku, funkcionalne i antioksidativne karakteristike lista koprive (Urtica dioica) / The effects of osmotic dehydration parameterson the kinetics, functional and antioxidantcharacteristics of nettle leaf (Urtica dioica)

Knežević Violeta 21 May 2019 (has links)
<p>U ovoj disertaciji proučavana je osmotska<br />dehidratacija lista koprive u dva različita<br />osmotska rastvora: 1. vodenom rastvoru<br />saharoze i natrijum hlorida i 2. melasi &scaron;ećerne<br />repe. Ispitivan je uticaj temperature procesa<br />(20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i 50&deg;C) i vremena imerzije (30, 60<br />i 90 min) na gubitak vode, prira&scaron;taj suve<br />materije, sadržaj suve materije, vrednosti<br />aktivnosti vode, mikrobioo&scaron;ke promene,<br />promenu mineralnog sastava (Ca, Mg, Na, K,<br />Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co) i promenu antioksidativne<br />aktivnosti, tokom osmotske dehidratacije lista koprive.<br />Dokazano je da se povećanjem temperature i<br />produženjem vremena trajanja procesa<br />pospe&scaron;uje prenos mase tj. migracija molekula<br />vode iz tretiranog biljnog materijala u okolni<br />rastvor, i prodiranje molekula rastvorene<br />supstance iz osmotskog rastvora u tretirano<br />biljno tkivo.<br />Snižene aw vrednosti u svim ispitivanim<br />uzorcima ukazuju na pozitivan uticaj osmotske<br />dehidratacije na mikrobiolo&scaron;ku stabilnost<br />tretiranog lista koprive. Dobijeni rezultati su<br />pokazali značajno pobolj&scaron;anje mineralnog<br />sastava lista koprive, dehidriranih u melasi<br />&scaron;ećerne repe, dok je kod uzoraka tretiranih u<br />rastvoru saharoze i natrijumhlorida uočeno<br />smanjenje sadržaja ispitivanih mineralnih<br />materija. Nasuprot rastvoru saharoze i natrijum<br />hlorida koji je uticao na opadanje ukupne<br />antioksidativnosti osmotski dehidriranih<br />uzoraka, melasa &scaron;ećerne repe, kao bogat izvor<br />prirodnih antioksidanasa, doprinosi povećanju<br />antioksidativnosti i pobolj&scaron;anju funkcionalnog<br />kvaliteta dehidriranog produkta.<br />Statističkom obradom rezultata, uočeno je da<br />su optimalni procesni parametri u pogledu<br />efikasnosti procesa, kao i mikrobiolo&scaron;kog,<br />nutritivnog i funkcionalnog kvaliteta osmotski<br />dehidriranog lista koprive, vreme trajanja<br />procesa od 60 min, na temperaturi od 50&deg;C, u<br />melasi &scaron;ećerne repe kao osmotskom rastvoru.</p> / <p>The osmotic dehydration of the nettle leaf into<br />two different osmotic media was studied in this<br />dissertation: 1. Aqueous solution of sucrose and<br />sodium chloride and 2. Sugar beet molasses.<br />The effects of the process temperature (20 &deg;C,<br />35 &deg;C and 50 &deg;C) and the immersion time (30,<br />60 and 90 min) on water loss, solid gain, dry<br />matter content, water activity, microbial<br />changes, mineral composition (Ca, Mg, Na, K,<br />Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co) and the change in the antioxidant activity during osmotic dehydration<br />of the nettle leaf were studied in this<br />investigation.<br />It has been proved that the increase in<br />temperature and the prolonging of process time,<br />accelerate the mass transfer, i. e., the migration<br />of the water molecules from the treated plant<br />material to the surrounding osmotic solution,<br />and also the penetration of the molecules from<br />the osmotic solution into the treated plant tissue.<br />The reduced aw values in all tested samples<br />indicate the positive effect of osmotic<br />dehydration on the microbiological stability of<br />the treated nettle leaf. The obtained results<br />showed a significant improvement in the<br />mineral composition of the nettle leaf<br />dehydrated in sugar beet molasses, while the<br />decrease in the mineral content was observed in<br />the samples treated with sucrose and sodium<br />chloride solution. Contrary to the sucrose and<br />sodium chloride solution, which negatively<br />affected the overall antioxidative effect of<br />osmotically dehydrated samples, sugar beet<br />molasses contributed to an increase in<br />antioxidantity, being a rich source of natural<br />antioxidants, and it also improves the functional<br />quality of the dehydrated product.<br />Statistical analysis of the obtained experimental<br />results showed that optimal process parameters<br />in terms of process efficiency, as well as<br />microbiological, nutritive and functional quality<br />of the osmotically dehydrated leaf net, could be<br />reached after 60 min of osmotic treatment, at a<br />temperature of 50 &deg;C, using sugar beet molasses<br />as an osmotic solution.</p>
99

Modelovanje i optimizacija kontinualne biosorpcije jona teških metala iz vode / Modelling and optimization of continuousbiosorption of heavy metal ions from water

Blagojev Nevena 12 June 2019 (has links)
<p>U disertaciji je ispitana mogucnost kori&scaron;cenja<br />izluženih rezanaca &scaron;ecerne repe za adsorpciju<br />jona bakra u koloni sa nepokretnim<br />slojem. Eksperimenti su izvedeni primenom<br />Boks-Benkenovog eksperimentalnog dizajna<br />na tri nivoa sa tri promenljive: koncentracija<br />napojnog rastvora (50-150 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), masa<br />adsorbenta (8-12 g) i pH napojnog rastvora<br />(4,0-5,0). Dobijene prevojne krive su<br />fitovane uobicajenim empirijskim modelima,<br />Boart-Adamsovim i modelom doza-odziv.<br />Na osnovu uocene asimetrije prevojne<br />krive, predložen je novi matematicki model.<br />Novi model predlaže prevojnu krivu koja<br />se sastoji od dva dela, koji u zbiru daju<br />kumulativnu krivu koja dosledno pokriva<br />uocenu asimetriju. Uzimajuci u obzir najnižu<br />prosecnu sumu kvadrata odstupanja, SSer<br />(3,610<sup>-3</sup>) i najvi&scaron;u prosecnu vrednost<br />koeficijenta determinacije, R<sup>2</sup> (0,9989),<br />novi model je pokazao najbolje fitovanje<br />eksperimentalnih podataka, u poreenju sa<br />uobicajeno kori&scaron;cenim modelima adsorpcije<br />u koloni. RSM i ANN modelovanje je dalje<br />kori&scaron;ceno za evaluaciju procesnih parametara<br />i optimizaciju procesa. Najznacajnija<br />nezavisno promenljiva velicina, koja ispoljava<br />negativan uticaj na odabrani odziv (kriticno<br />vreme), bila je koncentracija napojnog<br />rastvora, dok je masa adsorbenta ispoljila<br />slabiji i pozitivan uticaj na odziv. Optimizacijom procesa metodom ANN je<br />utvreno da se najveca vrednost kriticnog<br />vremena (341,4 min) postiže pri sledecim<br />uslovima: C0=50 mgL<sup>-1</sup>, ma=12 g and pH<br />4,53, dok metoda RSM smatra pH vrednost<br />faktorom koji nema znacaja po odziv u<br />ispitivanom opsegu, i postiže maksimalno<br />kriticno vreme od 314,8 min, pri istim ostalim<br />uslovima kao i ANN.<br />Iskori&scaron;ceni adsorbent, zasicen jonima bakra,<br />je zatim spaljen i dobijeni pepeo je iskori&scaron;cen<br />kao punilo u proizvodnji gume. Proizvedena<br />su cetiri uzorka gume sa razlicitim sadržajem<br />pepela. Pracen je proces vulkanizacije<br />gume, odreena su mehanicka svojstva<br />gotovog proizvoda i izvreno je poreenje<br />dobijenih rezultata izmeu uzoraka sa i<br />bez dodatka pepela. Rezultati su pokazali<br />da dodatak pepela u strukturu gume ne<br />utice znacajno na njene mehanicke osobine.<br />Meutim, povecanje sadržaja pepela u gumi<br />dovodi do povecanja energije aktivacije<br />procesa vulkanizacije, &scaron;to se može smatrati<br />unapreenjem procesa proizvodnje gume u<br />slucaju proizvoda velikih dimenzija. Na<br />kraju, ispitano je izluživanje bakra iz gotovih<br />proizvoda od gume. Rezultti su pokazali da je<br />kolicina bakra izluženog u vodu veoma niska,<br />reda velicine 0,001%, &scaron;to se može smatrati<br />zanemarljivim.</p> / <p>The potential use of sugar beet shreds for<br />copper ions removal from aqueous solution<br />in a fixed-bed column was investigated.<br />Experiments were performed using<br />Box-Behnken experimental design on three<br />levels and three variables: concentration of<br />the inlet solution (50-150 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), adsorbent<br />dosage (8-12 g) and pH of the inlet solution<br />(4.0-5.0). The obtained breakthrough curves<br />were fitted with two common empirical<br />models, Bohart-Adams and dose-response.<br />Observing the asymmetric shape of the<br />breakthrough curves, the new mathematical<br />model was proposed. The new model<br />proposes the breakthrough curve composed<br />of two parts, sum of which gives the<br />asymmetrical S-shaped curve, accurately<br />matching experimental data. Regarding the<br />lowest average SSer (3.610<sup>-3</sup>) and highest<br />average R<sup>2</sup> (0.9989), new model exhibited<br />the best fit comparing to the commonly used<br />models. RSM and ANN modelling were<br />employed for process variables evaluation and<br />optimization. The most influential parameter<br />exhibiting negative influence on target<br />response (critical time) was concentration of<br />the inlet solution, while the adsorbent dosage<br />exhibited positive influence. Optimization procedure revealed that the<br />highest critical time (341.4 min) was achieved<br />at following conditions: C0=50 mgL<sup>-1</sup>,<br />ma=12 g and pH 4.53 by ANN, while<br />RSM considered pH as insignificant factor<br />and obtained 314.8 min as the highest<br />response. Discarded adsorbent, saturated<br />with copper ions, was then incinerated and<br />the obtained ash was used as a rubber filler.<br />Four rubber samples containing different<br />amounts of added ash were produced. The<br />vulcanization process was monitored and<br />mechanical properties was measured and<br />compared with the samples with no ash<br />added. The results revealed that addition of<br />ash has no significant effect on the rubber<br />mechanical properties. However, as the<br />ash content increases, the activation energy<br />of the vulcanization process increases too,<br />which can be considered as an improvement<br />in the cases of large-dimensioned rubber<br />products production. Finally, the leaching<br />of the copper from rubber products was<br />investigated. Results showed that very small<br />amount of copper, order of magnitude 0,001%,<br />were leached from the rubber into the water,<br />which can be considered as insignificant.</p>
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Uticaj dodatka etarskih ulja na kvalitet fino usitnjenih barenih i fermentisanih suvih kobasica / Effect of essential oils addition on quality of finely comminuted cooked and dry fermented sausages

Savanović Jovo 21 March 2019 (has links)
<p>Osnovni zadatak ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita<br />uticaj dodatka odabranih etarskih ulja izolovanih iz začinskog<br />i lekovitog bilja (kima, kleke i žalfije) na kvalitet fino<br />usitnjenih barenih i fermentisanih suvih kobasica. Fino<br />usitnjene barene kobasice proizvedene su sa dodatkom<br />etarskih ulja kima, kleke i žalfije u količinama od 0,1, 0,5, 1,0,<br />2,0 i 5,0 &mu;l/g, kao i bez dodatka etarskih ulja (kontrola), dok<br />su fermentisane suve kobasice proizvedene sa dodatkom<br />etarskih ulja kima, kleke i žalfije u količinama od 0,01, 0,05 i<br />0,10 &mu;l/g, kao i bez dodatka etarskih ulja (kontrola). Dodatno,<br />odlučeno je da se ispita i mogućnost delimične ili potpune<br />zamene nitrita sa ovim uljima i to na fermentisanim suvim<br />kobasica koje su proizvedene sa tri različita sadržaja nitrita (0,<br />75 i 150 mg/kg) i dva različita sadržaja masti (15 i 25%) i čiji<br />je kvalitet i bezbednost praćen tokom 225 dana čuvanja.<br />Kvalitet fino usitnjenih barenih i fermentisanih suvih kobasica<br />ispitan je određivanjem i analizom fizičkih [vrednost pH, boja<br />&ndash; instrumentalno (L*, a* i b* vrednosti)], hemijskih [TBARS<br />vrednost, antiradikalska aktivnost prema DPPH radikalu (IC<sub>50</sub><br />vrednost), sadržaj ukupnih fenola (samo kod fino usitnjenih<br />barenih kobasica)], mikrobiolo&scaron;kih [ukupan broj aerobnih<br />mezofilnih bakterija, ukupan broj aerobnih mezofilnih<br />sporogenih bakterija, ukupan broj bakterija mlečne kiseline<br />(samo kod fermentisanih suvih kobasica), ukupan broj<br />lipolitičkih bakterija (samo kod fermentisanih suvih kobasica),<br />ukupan broj Enterobacteriaceae, ukupan broj Escherichia<br />coli, ukupan broj sulfitoredukujućih klostridija, Listeria spp.<br />(uključujući i Listeria monocytogenes) (samo kod<br />fermentisanih suvih kobasica), ukupan broj kvasaca i plesni] i<br />senzorskih [boja, miris (samo kod fermentisanih suvih<br />kobasica), ukusnosti] parametara kvaliteta.<br />Kod fino usitnjenih barenih kobasica koje su proizvedene sa<br />dodatkom etarskih ulja kima, kleke ili žalfije, u poređenju sa<br />fino usitnjenim barenim kobasicama koje su proizvedene bez<br />dodatka etarskog ulja, nezavisno od dodate koncentracije etarskih ulja, utvrđeno je sledeće: smanjenje svetloće (L*<br />vrednosti) &ndash; utvrđena je tamnija boja, povećanje udela crvene<br />boje (a* vrednosti), smanjenje udela žute boje (b* vrednosti),<br />smanjenje TBARS vrednosti, smanjenje IC<sub>50</sub> vrednosti,<br />povećanje sadržaja ukupnih fenola, smanjenje ukupnog broja<br />aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija, smanjenje ukupnog broja<br />aerobnih mezofilnih sporogenih bakterija, senzorski tamnija<br />boja i senzorski veći intenzitet ukusnosti, s tim da se sa<br />povećanjem koncentracija etarskih ulja efekat smanjenja<br />TBARS vrednosti, smanjenja IC<sub>50</sub> vrednosti, povećanja<br />sadržaja ukupnih fenola, smanjenja ukupnog broja aerobnih<br />mezofilnih bakterija, smanjenja ukupnog broja aerobnih<br />mezofilnih sporogenih bakterija i povećanja intenziteta<br />ukusnosti jo&scaron; vi&scaron;e ispoljava.<br />Kod fermentisanih suvih kobasica koje su proizvedene sa<br />dodatkom etarskih ulja kima, kleke ili žalfije, u poređenju sa<br />fermentisanim suvim kobasicama koje su proizvedene bez<br />dodatka etarskog ulja, nezavisno od dodate koncentracije<br />etarskih ulja, utvrđeno je sledeće: povećanje vrednosti pH,<br />smanjenje TBARS vrednosti, senzorski tamnija boja,<br />senzorski veći intenzitet mirisa i senzorski veći intenzitet<br />ukusnosti, s tim da se sa povećanjem koncentracija etarskih<br />ulja efekat smanjenja TBARS vrednosti, povećanja intenziteta<br />mirisa i povećanja intenziteta ukusnosti jo&scaron; vi&scaron;e ispoljava.<br />Kod fermentisanih suvih kobasica koje su proizvedene sa<br />dodatkom nitrita (75 i 150 mg/kg), u poređenju sa<br />fermentisanim suvim kobasicama koje su proizvedene bez<br />dodatka nitrita, utvrđeno je sledeće: veće vrednosti pH, manje<br />svetloće (L* vrednosti) &ndash; utvrđena je tamnija boja, &scaron;to je<br />potvrđeno i senzorski &ndash; rangiranjem, veći udeli žute boje (b*<br />vrednosti), manje TBARS vrednosti, veće IC<sub>50</sub> vrednosti,<br />manji ukupan broj bakterija mlečne kiseline (samo kod<br />fermentisanih suvih kobasica koje su proizvedene sa<br />dodatkom nitrita od 150 mg/kg), manje senzorske ocene za<br />razliku u boji i veće senzorske ocene za razliku u mirisu, s tim<br />da je kod fermentisanih suvih kobasica koje su proizvedene sa<br />dodatkom nitrita od 150 mg/kg, u poređenju sa fermentisanim<br />suvim kobasicama koje su proizvedene sa dodatkom nitrita od<br />75 mg/kg, utvrđeno sledeće: veći udeo žute boje (b* vrednost)<br />i manja senzorska ocena za razliku u boji.<br />Kod fermentisanih suvih kobasica koje su proizvedene sa<br />15% masti, u poređenju sa fermentisanim suvim kobasicama<br />koje su proizvedene sa 25% masti, utvrđeno je sledeće: veća vrednost pH, manja svetloća (L* vrednost) &ndash; utvrđena je<br />tamnija boja, veći udeo crvene boje (a* vrednost), veći udeo<br />žute boje (b* vrednost), manja IC<sub>50</sub> vrednost, veći ukupan broj<br />aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija i manja senzorska ocena za<br />razliku u boji.<br />U toku čuvanja fermentisanih suvih kobasica (od neposredno<br />nakon proizvodnje do 225 dana) utvrđeno je sledeće:<br />povećanje vrednosti pH, smanjenje svetloće (L* vrednosti) &ndash;<br />utvrđena je tamnija boja, povećanje udela crvene boje (a*<br />vrednosti), povećanje udela žute boje (b* vrednosti),<br />povećanje TBARS vrednosti, povećanje IC<sub>50</sub> vrednosti,<br />povećanje ukupnog broja aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija,<br />smanjenje ukupnog broja bakterija mlečne kiseline i<br />povećanje senzorskih ocena za razliku u boji, uz nekoliko<br />izuzetaka koji bitnije ne odstupaju od utvrđenog trenda.</p> / <p>The main aim of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the<br />influence of the addition of selected essential oils isolated<br />from spices and medicinal herbs (caraway, juniper, and sage)<br />on the quality of finely comminuted cooked and dry<br />fermented sausages. Finely comminuted cooked sausages<br />were produced with the addition of essential oils of caraway,<br />juniper, and sage in the respective amounts of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0,<br />2.0, and 5.0 &mu;l/g, as well as without the addition of essential<br />oils (control group), while dry fermented sausages were<br />produced with the addition of essential oils of caraway,<br />juniper, and sage in the respective amounts of 0.01, 0.05, and<br />0.10 &mu;l/g, as well as without the addition of essential oils<br />(control group). In addition, it was decided to examine the<br />possibility of partial or complete replacement of nitrite<br />contents with these oils on dry fermented sausages made with<br />three different levels of nitrite contents (0, 75, and 150 mg/kg)<br />and two different fat contents (15 and 25%), whose quality<br />and safety were monitored during 225 days of storage. The<br />quality of finely comminuted cooked and dry fermented<br />sausages was tested by determining and analysing physical<br />[pH value, colour &ndash; instrumental (L*, a*, and b* values)],<br />chemical [TBARS value, antiradical activity against the<br />DPPH radical (IC50 value), total phenolic content (only for<br />finely comminuted cooked sausages)], microbiological [the<br />total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, the total number<br />of aerobic mesophilic sporogenic bacteria, the total number of<br />lactic acid bacteria (only for dry fermented sausages), the<br />total number of lipolytic bacteria (only for dry fermented<br />sausages), the total number of Enterobacteriaceae, the total<br />number of Escherichia coli, the total number of sulphitereducing<br />clostridia, total number of Listeria spp. (including<br />Listeria monocytogenes) (only for dry fermented sausages),<br />the total number of yeasts and moulds] and sensory [colour,<br />odour (only for dry fermented sausages), flavour] quality<br />parametres. For finely comminuted cooked sausages produced with the<br />addition of essential oils of caraway, juniper, or sage, in<br />comparison with finely comminuted cooked sausages<br />produced without the addition of essential oils, independently<br />of the added concentrations of essential oils, the following<br />was determined: a decrease in lightness (L* values) &ndash; a darker<br />colour was determined, an increase in redness (a* values), the<br />decrease in yellowness (b* values), the reduction of TBARS<br />values, a reduction of the IC50 values, an increase of total<br />phenolic content, a reduction of the total number of aerobic<br />mesophilic bacteria, a reduction of the total number of aerobic<br />mesophilic sporogenic bacteria, a sensory darker colour, and a<br />sensory higher intensity of flavour, with an increase in the<br />concentrations of the essential oils resulting in the even more<br />pronounced effect of decreasing the TBARS values, of<br />decreasing the IC50 values, of increasing the total phenolic<br />content, of decreasing the total number of aerobic mesophilic<br />bacteria, of decreasing the total number of aerobic mesophilic<br />sporogenic bacteria, and of increasing the intensity of flavour.<br />In the case of dry fermented sausages produced with the<br />addition of essential oils of caraway, juniper, or sage, in<br />comparison with dry fermented sausages produced without<br />the addition of essential oil, independently of the added<br />concentrations of essential oils, the following was<br />determined: an increase in pH values, a reduction of TBARS<br />values, a sensory darker colour, a sensory higher intensity of<br />odour, and a sensory higher intensity of flavour, with an<br />increase in the concentrations of the essential oils resulting in<br />the even more pronounced effect of decreasing the TBARS<br />values, of increasing the intensity of odour, and of increasing<br />the intensity of flavour.<br />For dry fermented sausages produced with the addition of<br />nitrite (75 and 150 mg/kg), in comparison with dry fermented<br />sausages produced without the addition of nitrite, the<br />following was determined: higher values of pH, lower<br />lightness (L* values) &ndash; a darker colour was determined, which<br />was also confirmed by sensory analysis &ndash; by ranking, higher<br />yellowness (b* values), lower TBARS values, higher IC50<br />values, lower total number of lactic acid bacteria (only for dry<br />fermented sausages produced with the addition of nitrite in<br />the amount of 150 mg /kg), lower sensory scores for colour<br />difference and higher sensory scores for the difference in<br />odour, with a higher yellowness (b* value) and a lower sensory score for colour difference determined in dry<br />fermented sausages produced with the addition of nitrite in<br />the amount of 150 mg/kg, in comparison with dry fermented<br />sausages produced with the addition of nitrite in an amount of<br />75 mg/kg.<br />In the case of dry fermented sausages produced with 15% fat,<br />compared to dry fermented sausages produced with 25% fat,<br />the following was determined: a higher pH value, lower<br />lightness (L* value) &ndash; a darker colour was determined, a<br />higher redness (a* value), a higher yellowness (b* value), a<br />lower IC50 value, a higher total number of aerobic mesophilic<br />bacteria, and a lower sensory score for colour difference.<br />During storage of dry fermented sausages (from the moment<br />of production to 225 days), the following was determined: an<br />increase in pH values, a decrease in lightness (L* values) &ndash; a<br />darker colour was determined, an increase in redness (a*<br />values), an increase in yellowness (b* values), an increase in<br />TBARS values, an increase in IC50 values, an increase in total<br />number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, a decrease in total<br />number of lactic acid bacteria, and an increase of sensory<br />scores for colour difference, with several exceptions that do<br />not differ greatly from the established trend.</p>

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