Actualmente, los sistemas encastados están creciendo a un ritmo impresionante y proporcionan cada vez aplicaciones más sofisticadas. Un conjunto de creciente importancia son los sistemas multimedia portátiles de tiempo real y los sistemas de comunicación de procesado digital de señal: teléfonos móviles, PDAs, cámaras digitales, consolas portátiles de juegos, terminales multimedia, netbooks, etc. Estos sistemas requieren computación específica de alto rendimiento, generalmente con restricciones de tiempo real y calidad de servicio (Quality of Service - QoS), que han de ejecutarse con un nivel bajo de consumo para extender la vida de la batería y evitar el calentamiento del dispositivo. También se requiere una arquitectura flexible para satisfacer las restricciones del "time-to-market". En consecuencia, los sistemas encastados necesitan una solución programable, de bajo consumo y alta capacidad de computación para satisfacer todos los requerimientos.Las arquitecturas de tipo Very Long Instruction Word parecen una buena solución ya que proporcionan el suficiente rendimiento a bajo consumo con la programabilidad requerida. Estas arquitecturas se asientan sobre el esfuerzo del compilador para extraer el paralelismo disponible a nivel datos y de instrucciones para mantener las unidades computacionales ocupadas todo el rato. Con la densidad de los transistores doblando cada 18 meses, están emergiendo arquitecturas cada vez más complejas con un alto número de recursos computacionales ejecutándose en paralelo. Con esta, cada vez mayor, computación paralela, el acceso a los datos se está convirtiendo en el mayor impedimento que limita la posible extracción del paralelismo. Para aliviar este problema, en las actuales arquitecturas, una unidad especial trabaja en paralelo con los principales elementos computacionales para asegurar una eficiente transmisión de datos: la Unidad Generadora de Direcciones (Address Generator Unit), que puede implementarse de diferentes formas.El propósito de esta tesis es probar que optimizar el proceso de la generación de direcciones es una manera eficiente de solucionar el proceso de acceder a los datos al mismo tiempo que disminuye el tiempo de ejecución y el consumo de energía.Esta tesis evalúa la efectividad de los diferentes dispositivos que actualmente se usan en los sistemas encastados, argumenta el uso de procesadores de tipo "very long instruction word" y presenta la infraestructura de compilador y exploración arquitectural usada en los experimentos. Esta tesis también presenta una clasificación sistemática de los generadores de direcciones, un repaso de las diferentes técnicas de optimización actuales acorde con esta clasificación y una metodología, usando técnicas ya publicadas, sistemática y óptima que reduce gradualmente la energía necesitada. También se introduce el entorno de trabajo que permite una exploración arquitectural sistemática y los métodos usados para obtener una unidad de generación de direcciones. Los resultados de este unidad de generación de direcciones reconfigurable se muestran en diferentes aplicaciones de referencia (benchmarks) y la metodología sistemática se muestra en una aplicación completa real. / Nowadays Embedded Systems are growing at an impressive rate and provide more and more sophisticated applications. An increasingly important set of embedded systems are real-time portable multimedia and digital signal processing communication systems: cellular phones, PDAs, digital cameras, handheld gaming consoles, multimedia terminals, netbooks, etc. These systems require high performance specific computations, usually with real-time and Quality of Service (QoS) constraints, which should run at a low energy level to extend battery life and avoid heating. A flexible system architecture is also required to successfully meet short time-to-market restrictions. Hence, embedded systems need a programmable, low power and high performance solution in order to deal with these requirements.Very Long Instruction Word architectures seem a good solution for providing enough computational performance at low-power with the required programmability to speed the time-to-market. Those architectures rely on compiler effort to exploit the available instruction and data parallelism to keep the data path busy all the time. With the density of transistors doubling each 18 months, more and more complex architectures with a high number of computational resources running in parallel are emerging. With this increasing parallel computation, the access to data is becoming the main bottleneck that limits the available parallelism. To alleviate this problem, in current embedded architectures, a special unit works in parallel with the main computing elements to ensure efficient feed and storage of the data: the Address Generator Unit, which comes in many flavors. The purpose of this dissertation is to prove that optimizing the process of address generation is an effective way of solving the problem of accessing data while decreasing execution time and energy consumption.As a first step, this thesis evaluates the effectiveness of different state-of-the-art devices commonly used in the embedded domain, argues for the use of very long instruction word processors and presents the compiler and architecture framework used for our experiments. This thesis also presents a systematic classification of address generators, a review of literature according to the classification of the different optimizations on the address generation process and a step-wise methodology that gradually reduces energy reusing techniques that already have been published. The systematic architecture exploration framework and methods used to obtain a reconfigurable address generation unit are also introduced.Results of the reconfigurable address generator unit are shown on several benchmarks and applications, and the complete step-wise methodology is demonstrated on a real-life example.

My project examines the legacy of the Gettysburg Address from 1863 to 1965. After an introduction and a chapter setting the stage, each succeeding chapter surveys the meaning of the Gettysburg Address at key moments: the initial reception of the speech in 1863; its status during the semi-centennial in 1913 and during the construction of the Lincoln Memorial; the place it held during the world wars; and the transformation of the Address in the late 1950s and early 1960s marked by the confluence of the Cold War, Civil Rights Movement, Lincoln Birth Sesquicentennial, and Civil War Centennial. My final chapter considers how interpretations of the Address changed in textbooks from 1900 to 1965, and provides the entire trajectory of the evolving meanings of the speech in one medium and in one chapter. For each time period I have analyzed what the Address meant to people living in four cities: Gettysburg, Richmond, New York, and London. My argument is twofold. First, rather than operating as a national document the Gettysburg Address has always held different meanings in the North and South. Given that the speech addressed questions central to the United States (equality and democracy), this lack of a common interpretation illustrates that there was no singular collective memory or national identity regarding core values. Second, as the nation and world shifted, so did the meaning of the Gettysburg Address. Well into the twentieth-century the essence of the speech was proclaimed to be its support of the democratic form of government as opposed to monarchies or other institutions. But in the middle twentieth-century that interpretation began to shift, with many both abroad and at home beginning to see the speech’s assertion of human equality as its focal point and most important contribution.

There are two critical issues involved as a mobile node moving across two different network sub-domains. One of them is to minimize the possible packet loss and the other is to shorten the handover time. Fast handover is a remedy to these problems. It minimizes the packet loss by making use of buffers, and speed up the handover procedure by L2 triggering. There are two components contributing to the handover delay, namely L2 handover delay and L3 handover delay. The L3 handover delay consists of movement detection delay, duplicate address detection delay, as well as registration delay. With fast handover, the movement detection delay can be lowered by using L2 trigger, and the registration delay can be decreased by buffering and tunneling. However, the problem of out-of-order packets is still in its existence. A novel handover scheme incorporating the anycast technology is developed and presented in this thesis. With refined buffer control scheme and the switching between unicast and anycast addressing, the handover performance can be greatly improved by the proposed approach.

The purpose of this essay is to examine Judith Butler’s approach to the problem of ethics, and the ways in which she attempts to reformulate notions of morality and responsibility based on an understanding of the subject as inherently bound to others within a context of normative structures that exceed its own influence. For Butler, this bond implies that the subject’s constitution is structured within what she calls a ”scene of address,” where it emerges into a social field by being appealed to by others, and replying to that appeal by giving an account of itself. By setting out to examine the way in which she puts two influential thinkers—namely Foucault and Levinas—to work, I will examine her notion of scenes of address more closely, and try to show how it enables her to pose the problems of ethics and morality in novel ways. I will argue that her ethics should be understood as one of relationality, since it moves away from the self-sufficient, autonomous subject as the outset for ethics, towards an understanding our very being as dependent on the being of others. This, I propose, puts it in contrast with many established ways of thinking about ethics, both within the Western philosophical tradition, and in views of ethics more generally. Thus, I hope to show that Butler’s ethics constitutes a valuable resource with regard to the question of ethical responsibility. Finally, I will propose that it carries significant implications that point towards ethical nonviolence, and that these are of increasing importance to us today.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2005. / Adviser: Jeanne P. Goldberg. Submitted to the School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis--Catholic University of America. / Bibliography: p. 74-81.

Modes of address between speakers in Sweden and the U.K differ from each other, yet both countries are influenced by similar mass media and aspects of globalization that otherwise generally lean towards linguistic convergence. Survey data from students and teachers in UK and Sweden has revealed some noteworthy differences. Even though these are two Western European countries with rather similar cultures and conventions, their address systems have developed in relatively diverse ways. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the sociolinguistic aspects in the chosen languages, and how they play a role in the usage of address modes and referential terms in the two countries, primarily in schools, but other contexts are also considered. The purpose of the study is to establish how conventions regarding modes of address and referential terms vary between the two countries studied, and whether claims made following previous research satisfactorily account for such differences that might exists. Following a review of existing studies, primary qualitative research was conducted which involved interviewing students and teachers in Sweden, and this revealed which expectations and preferences are similar, and which differ, between the countries.  This study concluded that less formal modes of addressing in schools and other institutions are favoured in Sweden, whereas the UK generally adopts stricter forms of address, with hierarchial differences evident within the same institutions. This reveals one aspect of how discourse norms and sociocultural climates in the UK differ from those in Sweden. Swedish discourse norms appear to have been more influenced by globalization and mass media than the UK, and national culture and values appear to have a greater influence on the discourse norms in the UK.

abstract: Advertisements intend to persuade the reader to invest money or time in a product or service. Newspapers contain advertisements that are space-limited, thus necessitating a concise and convincing message that will influence readers. Nord (2008) analyzed conative function (Jakobson 1960) as a persuasive tool in a corpus of Spanish, English, and German advertising texts. A portion of Nord's study focused on sender attitude indicators directed at addressees as a key element of conative function, and analyzed address forms among several attitude indicators found in print advertisements. The current study analyzed 604 Spanish newspaper advertisements in Arizona and Florida, focusing on possible independent factors related to the probability of the occurrence of various address forms. These factors included: the type of product being advertized and its cost, the nature of the advertisement, the location of the advertisement in the newspaper (main section, sports, etc.), intended audience (including age and sex), geographic region of the newspaper, and each newspaper as compared to others. These variables were categorized and statistically analyzed using a quantitative design. The study provided results indicating a strong statistical relationship between the presence of address forms and product type, a moderate relationship with audience age, and a mild relationship with product cost. Various similarities and differences were also found when comparing the data geographically. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Spanish 2012

While the United States was founded upon the premise of religious freedom, religious rhetoric has pervaded presidential addresses since the Founding. While such addresses were rare at the Founding because constitutional interpretation restricted presidents’ ability to campaign and communicate directly with the American people, the inaugural address is one speech that has existed since George Washington’s inauguration in 1789. During presidential inaugurations, presidents introduce themselves as presidents and establish their policy directions for their presidencies. In this context, according to the role of the rhetorical presidency, early presidents used religious rhetoric in order to unite the nation under a unitary God, connecting the nation under common values and orienting the democracy as pre-destined by God for success. As distance increased from the American Revolution, presidents began to use religion in more personal ways, using religious rhetoric and even Scripture to support their policies, while continuing to use religion in unifying ways. By the beginning of the twentieth century, presidents began to appeal to the people more publicly, actively campaigning for their policies. In this context, religion began to be used as a tool of persuasion to advance presidents’ policies. This trend continued into the Cold War, when presidents invoked religion in order to establish America’s identity in a religious framework against an anti-religious, anti-democratic enemy, while simultaneously using specific religious allusions on the domestic front to further their policies in sometimes divisive ways. As the Cold War concluded, presidents continued to use religion to advance their own policies, appealing to certain audiences through religious rhetoric and making pleas for their policies through religious allegory.

Address allocation has been a limiting factor in the deployment of multicast solutions, and, as other multicast technologies advance, a general solution to this problem becomes more urgent. This study examines the current state of address allocation and finds impediments in many of the proposed solutions. A number of the weaknesses can be traced back to the rapidly ageing Internet Protocol version 4, and therefore it was decided that a new approach is required. A central part of this work relies on the newer Internet Protocol version 6, specifically the Unicast prefix based multicast address format. The primary aim of this study was to develop an architecture for secure distributed IPv6 multicast address allocation. The architecture should be usable by client applications to retrieve addresses which are globally unique. The product of this work was the Distributed Allocation Of Multicast Addresses Protocol, or DAOMAP. It is a system whichcan be deployed on nodes which wish to take part in multicast address allocation and an implementation was developed. Analysis and simulations determined that the devised model fitted the stated requirements, and security testing determinedthat DAOMAP was safe from a series of attacks. / Dissertation (MSc (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Computer Science / unrestricted