This thesis examines the work of Marcel Broodthaers (1924-76). It analyses why and how he became an artist, and considers his witty and ironic strategy for success. It explores his relationship with his contemporaries and predecessors, in 19th century French poetry, Surrealism, Pop and Conceptual Art. By making a conscious decision to become an artist, Broodthaers responded to, and commented upon, dominant movements of the period. He constantly referred to other artists and poets, for example Mallarmé, Baudelaire and Magritte, thereby bringing 19th century themes into the 20th century. In drawing upon his own background as a poet, he developed word-image and word-object concepts initiated by Magritte. In turn, these related to a use of language in what later became known as Conceptual Art. This thesis provides a broad analysis of Broodthaers' work as a whole. It examines his questioning approach, and his rejection of conventional definitions to demonstrate their instability. By discussing his poetry and early writings, his objects, museum, and later retrospective exhibitions or Décors, I have aimed to show how the different areas of his practice both interrelated and combined the material with the poetic. I have examined Broodthaers' focus upon the relationship between objects (also central to Structuralist theories) and the importance of the context in which objects exist, whereby he questioned Duchamp's assertion of the power of the artist or museum to define objects as art. A focus upon the relationship between things also informs the artistic context, or dialogue, into which Broodthaers entered, as well as the geographical context he explored via maps, notions of the voyage, and a sense of place. The artist's political position and moral responsibilities in society are discussed by analysing the responses of Broodthaers, Buren, Beuys and Haacke to a series of events in the early 1970s.

Nesta dissertação, investimos na depreensão e no cotejo dos ethé das instâncias dos enunciadores e dos atores do enunciado de duas totalidades fílmicas: o subgênero drama político, O último rei da Escócia, dirigido pelo norte-americano, Kevin MacDonald, em 2006, e o documentário-verdade, General Idi Amin Dada: um autorretrato, dirigido pelo francês Barbet Schroeder, em 1974, na perspectiva da Semiótica francesa. Os enunciadores correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito dos cineastas, em conjunção com roteiristas, operadores de iluminação e de som; e os atores do enunciado correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito de Idi Amin Dada nos filmes. Entende-se o ethos na visada da Semiótica narrativa e discursiva, como um modo recorrente de fazer e ser, depreensível por meio de um percurso gerativo de sentido. As ações dos sujeitos ligadas ao fazer oscilam devido à influência das grandezas, intensidade e extensidade, que os aspectualizam, por meio do olhar do observador, representado pelos espectadores, cujas percepções são temporalizadas, controladas pelo andamento, princípios advindos da Semiótica tensiva. Os ethé dos enunciadores estão diretamente relacionados aos recursos fílmicos: tipos de plano, enquadramentos, tipos de ângulo, movimentos de câmara, iluminação, efeitos sonoros. Todos esses elementos também participam da composição dos ethé dos atores, acrescidos dos elementos corporais, como: gestos, expressão facial, olhar e forma de se mover no espaço. Pautando-nos nos trabalhos de Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas e Courtès (1979; 2008), Elizabeth Harkot-de-La-Taille (2004; 2008), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006) e Fiorin (2008), analisamos os recursos fílmicos e gestuais, cujas significações erigem da combinação do plano do conteúdo e do plano da expressão, submetidos à percepção dos espectadores. Para tanto, elencamos três cenas emblemáticas de cada filme. Primeiramente, nós as cotejamos separadamente em cada obra, a fim de verificar a possibilidade de convergência ou divergência entre o ethos do enunciador e o do ator do enunciado. Em seguida, cotejamos os dois filmes, a fim de verificar o grau de convergência ou divergência entre os ethé dos enunciadores e entre atores com os estilos dos subgêneros. / In this dissertation, we observe and compare the ethos of the enunciators and the actors of enunciation of two movie subgenres: the political drama The last king of Scotland, directed by the North American filmmaker Kevin McDonald (2006), and the documentary General Idi Amin Dada: a selfportrait (1974), directed by the French filmmaker Barbet Schroeder, from the perspective of French Semiotics. The enunciators correspond to the simulacrum of the subjects responsible for the movie: filmmakers, screen players, sound editor, photography etc; and the actors of the enunciation correspond to the subject Idi Amin Dada. Ethos in the perspective of narrative and discursive semiotics is understood as resulting from repetitive ways of doing and being, which are recognized in the generative process of meaning. The actions of the actors, which are related to the way of doing, vary according to the influence of two valencies: intensity and extensity, which aspectualize them through the viewers gaze, represented by the spectators, whose perceptions are time-measured and controlled by the pacing, principle derived from tensive Semiotics. The ethos of the enunciators is apprehended from the filmic elements: types of plan, framing, angle, camera movements, lighting, sound effects and body elements: gestures, facial expression, gaze and movement in space. Based on the works of Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas and Courtès (1979), Elizabeth Harkot de-La-Taille (2004), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006), Fiorin (2004; 2008), we perform an analysis of filmic and gestural features of three emblematic scenes in each movie, whose meanings come from the combination of the content and the expression plan submitted to the perception of viewers. Firstly, we compare them separately in order to verify the possibility of convergence or divergence between the ethos of the enunciator and the actor. Then we compare both films in order to verify the degree of convergence or divergence between the ethos of enunciators and the style of each subgenre.

Nesta dissertação, investimos na depreensão e no cotejo dos ethé das instâncias dos enunciadores e dos atores do enunciado de duas totalidades fílmicas: o subgênero drama político, O último rei da Escócia, dirigido pelo norte-americano, Kevin MacDonald, em 2006, e o documentário-verdade, General Idi Amin Dada: um autorretrato, dirigido pelo francês Barbet Schroeder, em 1974, na perspectiva da Semiótica francesa. Os enunciadores correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito dos cineastas, em conjunção com roteiristas, operadores de iluminação e de som; e os atores do enunciado correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito de Idi Amin Dada nos filmes. Entende-se o ethos na visada da Semiótica narrativa e discursiva, como um modo recorrente de fazer e ser, depreensível por meio de um percurso gerativo de sentido. As ações dos sujeitos ligadas ao fazer oscilam devido à influência das grandezas, intensidade e extensidade, que os aspectualizam, por meio do olhar do observador, representado pelos espectadores, cujas percepções são temporalizadas, controladas pelo andamento, princípios advindos da Semiótica tensiva. Os ethé dos enunciadores estão diretamente relacionados aos recursos fílmicos: tipos de plano, enquadramentos, tipos de ângulo, movimentos de câmara, iluminação, efeitos sonoros. Todos esses elementos também participam da composição dos ethé dos atores, acrescidos dos elementos corporais, como: gestos, expressão facial, olhar e forma de se mover no espaço. Pautando-nos nos trabalhos de Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas e Courtès (1979; 2008), Elizabeth Harkot-de-La-Taille (2004; 2008), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006) e Fiorin (2008), analisamos os recursos fílmicos e gestuais, cujas significações erigem da combinação do plano do conteúdo e do plano da expressão, submetidos à percepção dos espectadores. Para tanto, elencamos três cenas emblemáticas de cada filme. Primeiramente, nós as cotejamos separadamente em cada obra, a fim de verificar a possibilidade de convergência ou divergência entre o ethos do enunciador e o do ator do enunciado. Em seguida, cotejamos os dois filmes, a fim de verificar o grau de convergência ou divergência entre os ethé dos enunciadores e entre atores com os estilos dos subgêneros. / In this dissertation, we observe and compare the ethos of the enunciators and the actors of enunciation of two movie subgenres: the political drama The last king of Scotland, directed by the North American filmmaker Kevin McDonald (2006), and the documentary General Idi Amin Dada: a selfportrait (1974), directed by the French filmmaker Barbet Schroeder, from the perspective of French Semiotics. The enunciators correspond to the simulacrum of the subjects responsible for the movie: filmmakers, screen players, sound editor, photography etc; and the actors of the enunciation correspond to the subject Idi Amin Dada. Ethos in the perspective of narrative and discursive semiotics is understood as resulting from repetitive ways of doing and being, which are recognized in the generative process of meaning. The actions of the actors, which are related to the way of doing, vary according to the influence of two valencies: intensity and extensity, which aspectualize them through the viewers gaze, represented by the spectators, whose perceptions are time-measured and controlled by the pacing, principle derived from tensive Semiotics. The ethos of the enunciators is apprehended from the filmic elements: types of plan, framing, angle, camera movements, lighting, sound effects and body elements: gestures, facial expression, gaze and movement in space. Based on the works of Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas and Courtès (1979), Elizabeth Harkot de-La-Taille (2004), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006), Fiorin (2004; 2008), we perform an analysis of filmic and gestural features of three emblematic scenes in each movie, whose meanings come from the combination of the content and the expression plan submitted to the perception of viewers. Firstly, we compare them separately in order to verify the possibility of convergence or divergence between the ethos of the enunciator and the actor. Then we compare both films in order to verify the degree of convergence or divergence between the ethos of enunciators and the style of each subgenre.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Literatura.

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During the early 1920s, the German artist and poet, Kurt Schwitters, developed a method of creating models of architecture using found objects based upon his Merz approach to art. While many leading architects joined the Arbeitsrat für Kunst and Bruno Taut's Gläserne Kette at the end of World War I to speculate upon what to build for the new post-war German architecture, Schwitters challenged the predominant views by probing how it could be designed through models. Compared to the normative practice of molding clay and casting plaster into scale models after completed designs, Schwitters assembled found objects into two models, Haus Merz during 1920 and Schloss und Kathedrale mit Hoffbrunnen in 1922, to imagine new combinations and transformations of material, form and space in building designs. Schwitters' Merz interpretation of found objects as models of architecture held that all materials have an ineffable transitory content that contributes to their identities as natural or man-made utilitarian things. In the Christian medieval exegesis of religious objects, the interpretation of materials as a dichotomy of visible form and invisible content was described as "anagogy." However, unlike this Christian conception of the invisible that was transcendental and a priori, the anagogical Merz interpretation seeks to find the invisible within the visible through the active imagination of found materials assembled as a model of architecture. This dissertation examines Schwitters' proposed use of found objects to construct architectural models as an anagogical approach to the material imagination of architecture. / Ph. D.

Ce travail a pour objet l'histoire du surréalisme pendant l'entre-deux guerres (1921-1941 ). À travers l'étude de nombreuses revues d'époque et des écrits d'André Breton, de Georges Hugnet, de David Gascoyne, il s'agit de mettre en lumière la façon dont les surréalistes se sont faits les acteurs de leur propre histoire. Cette construction mémorielle, parfois critiquée par certains surréalistes (notamment René Crevel), explique sans nul doute les tensions et les conflits qui agitent le groupe. Durant les années 1930, nombreux sont les historiens de l'art et écrivains à assister et à commenter la formation du groupe surréaliste. Le rôle de Christian Zervos, celui de René Huyghe et de Marcel Raymond est évoqué, tout comme les apports plus marginaux de Carl Einstein, de Benjamin Fondane et de Walter Benjamin. Ce processus de réification d'un mouvement qui entend écrire sa propre histoire n'a pas pour seul théâtre la France et l'Europe. Plusieurs historiens de l'art, marchands et galeristes américains ont joué un rôle capital dans la reconnaissance du surréalisme. Les écrits de James Thrall Soby, de James Johnson Sweeney tout comme les initiatives d'Alfred Barr ou de Julien Levy ont été sondés et interrogés pour bien montrer la dimension planétaire du mouvement. / This work is dedicated to the history of surrealism du ring the inter-war period (1921-1944). Through the study of many periodicals and the writings of André Breton, Georges Hugnet, David Gascoyne, it highlights how surrealists have made themselves the actors of their own history. This memorial construction, sometimes criticized by some surrealists (especially René Crevel), undoubtedly explains the tensions and conflicts that shake the group. Du ring the 1930s, many art historians and writers attended and commented on the formation of the surrealist group. The role of Christian Zervos, René Huyghe and Marcel Raymond is evoked, as are the more marginal contributions of Carl Einstein, Benjamin Fondane and Walter Benjamin. This process of commodification of a movement that intends to write its own story does not only take place in France and in Europe. Many American art historians, merchants and galleries have played a major role in recognizing surrealism. The writings of James Thrall Soby, James Johnson Sweeney, as well as Alfred Barr or Julien Levy's initiatives show the planetary dimension of the movement.

The main aim of this thesis is concerned with dream as an inspirational source and as specific state of mind. Theoretical part describes dream from psychological point of view but also dream ramifications on the art in the first half of the 20th century. The thesis describes not only an introduction of surrealism as a new art style in French and Czech countries, but also birth of new art techniques. The work also maps dream reports of Jindřich Štyrský and their depictions as an author's primary source of imagination. Didactic part includes a survey aimed at sixth grader's dreams and didactic project consists of four painting tasks. Each task thematically follows specific parts of theoretical chapter. Practical part naturally results from dream-theme's ideas and is composed of two objects based on inspirations from dream. KEYWORDS Dream, dream diary, surrealism, Frottage, college, Jindřich Štyrský

Photomontage has more to do with film than with any other art form - they have in common the technique of montage. (Sergei Tretyakov) By considering that photomontage and film use the technique of cutting and gluing as dominant artistic device, and that montage, a technique unifying art and technology for the first time, emerged as a dominant artistic feature of the avantgarde, this thesis will explore the ideological and perceptual implications of its advent in avant-garde art and film. The technological advances of the beginning of the twentieth century, and particularly the advent of photography, allowed avantgarde artists to break free from traditional concepts of artistic production – they dispensed with the old criteria of uniqueness, originality, handicraft and personal style. At a time when many avant-garde artists abruptly ceased to paint, photomontage emerged as the privileged locus for a caesura with traditional art forms. Photomontage envisioned film aesthetics insofar as it combines and juxtaposes images of various perspectival planes and angles (Raoul Hausmann described his early photomontages as “motionless moving pictures”). A corresponding observation can be made on the use of montage in cinema, a technique which crucially underpins the illusion of movement created through the succession of photographic stills. The present thesis will investigate photomontage and film in order to examine the effect technological reproduction played in revolutionising artistic production, perception and ideology – where the technique and philosophy of montage was key.

The First World War had a definite impact on all of Europe, not to say the entire world. The domain of art was no exception. In Zürich, neutral Switzerland, a group of young creative intellectuals who shared a hostile approach towards the structure of the bourgeois society, with its non-democratic rulers and current nationalism which lead up to the war, united under the artistic movement we today call Dadaism. After the war Dadaism sprung up in several cities throughout Europe, among those Berlin. In Berlin Dadaism became a socialist weapon of propaganda, with its norm breaking artistic manifestations, against the camouflaged conservative government of the new Weimar republic. Their political and artistic struggle lasted until the mid-twenties, after that the gradually disintegrated. Reading the history of Dadaism some thoughts came to my mind. Dadaism emerged as a rebel against First World War and those responsible; still the movement lives on after the war had ended. What was the connection between Zürich-Dada and Berlin-Dada? Can you trace the First World War in Berlin-Dada expressions years after the end of the war? Examining three different works of art by major Berlin-Dadaists George Grosz, Hannah Höch and Raoul Hausmann, I hope to respond to those questions in a satisfactory manner and during the process draw some essential conclusions.