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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Contribution à l’étude de la fonction de la protéine TIAR dans l’embryogenèse et la réponse innée

Kharraz, Yacine 14 October 2009 (has links)
Le TNF-α est une cytokine pro-inflammatoire du système immunitaire qui, lorsque sa production est déréglée, induit de nombreuses pathologies chez l’homme (cachexie, arthrite rhumatoïde, etc.) Outre une régulation transcriptionnelle de cette cytokine, il existe aussi une régulation post-transcriptionnelle permettant un contrôle affiné de sa production. Le laboratoire de Biologie du Gène étudie cette régulation post-transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir une séquence consensus dans l’ARNm appelée séquence AU-riche (ou ARE pour AU-rich element) et les protéines qui y sont impliquées. Généralement, les ARNm porteurs d’ARE codent pour des protéines dont l’expression est transitoire. Ces gènes requièrent un contrôle très précis de leur expression et c’est pourquoi, en plus d’être soumis à de nombreux contrôles transcriptionnels, la traduction et la stabilité de leurs ARNm sont très finement régulées. La réponse immune innée implique de nombreux ARNm de ce type. Jusqu’à présent, la fonction de la protéine TIAR dans la régulation de l’expression du TNF-α n’a pas été complètement élucidée. Outre le TNF-α, la participation à la réponse immune innée de nombreuses protéines encodées par des ARNm porteurs d’ARE pourrait conférer à la protéine TIAR un rôle de régulateur essentiel dans le contrôle de l’inflammation. Nous avons donc générés plusieurs lignées de macrophages RAW 264.7 surexprimant la protéine TIAR entière ou différents mutants de TIAR afin de déterminer, par une analyse globale par puces à ADN, les ARNm cibles de TIAR au cours de la réponse immune. Cette approche nous a permis de démontrer que la protéine TIAR exerce un contrôle sur le métabolisme de l’ARNm du TNF-α et de MKP-1 (MAP kinase phosphatase 1), une phosphatase majeure dans la voie de signalisation de la MAPK p38. Cette voie de signalisation joue un rôle essentiel dans la stabilisation et la traduction de nombreux ARNm porteurs d’ARE encodant des protéines de la réponse inflammatoire. D’autre part, nous avons voulu étudier in vivo la fonction de la protéine TIAR au cours de la réponse immune. Nous avons, dans ce but, généré des souris transgéniques surexprimant l’isoforme courte de la protéine TIAR. Si nous n’avons pas encore pu mesurer les effets d’une surexpression de TIAR sur la réponse inflammatoire chez ces souris, ces individus transgéniques ont révélé qu’une expression anormale de la protéine TIAR induit une létalité importante au cours du développement embryonnaire.
242

Development of highly enantioselective organocatalyzed transformations

Breistein, Palle January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
243

Studies of in vivo prostate amyloidosis and autoimmune responses towards amyloid structures in neurodegeneration / Studier av in vivo prostata amyloidos och autoimmunitet mot amyloida strukturer vid neurodegenerativa sjukdomar

Yanamandra, Kiran January 2010 (has links)
By using multidisciplinary analysis of CA inclusions in prostate glands of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, we have revealed that their major components are the amyloid forms of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins associated with numerous inflammatory conditions and types of cancer. We have demonstrated that material closely resembling CA can be produced from S100A8/A9 in vitro and shows the characters of amyloids. This process is facilitated by calcium or zinc, both of which are abundant in ex vivo inclusions. These observations were supported by computational analysis of the S100A8/A9 calcium-dependent aggregation propensity profiles. We have found DNA and proteins from Escherichia coli in CA bodies, suggesting that their formation is likely to be associated with bacterial infection. CA inclusions were also accompanied by the activation of macrophages and by an increase in the concentration of S100A8/A9 in the surrounding tissues, indicating inflammatory reactions. These findings, taken together, suggest a link between bacterial infection, inflammation and amyloid deposition of pro-inflammatory proteins S100A8/A9 in the prostate gland, such that a self-perpetuating cycle can be triggered and may increase the risk of malignancy in the ageing prostate. We evaluated the autoimmune reactions to endocrine (insulin) and astrocytical (S100B) biomarkers in the blood sera of PD patients compared with healthy controls. Peripheral immune responses can be sensitive indicators of disease pathology. We found a statistically significant increase of the autoimmune responses to both antigens in patients compared with controls. Heterogeneity of the immune responses observed in patients may reflect the modulating effect of multiple variables associated with neurodegeneration and also changes in the basic mechanisms of individual autoimmune reactivity. We did not detect any pronounced immune reactions towards insulin amyloid fibrils and oligomers in patients, indicating that an amyloid-specific conformational epitope is not involved in immune recognition of this amyloid type. Immune reactions towards S100B and insulin may reflect the neurodegenerative brain damaging processes and impaired insulin homeostasis occurring in PD. Generated auto-antibodies towards the major amyloidogenic protein involved in PD Lewy bodies - a-synuclein and its amyloid oligomers and fibrils were measured in the blood sera of early and late PD patients and controls by using ELISA, Western blot and Biacore surface plasmon resonance analyses. We found significantly higher antibody levels towards monomeric a-synuclein in the blood sera of PD patients compared to controls, though the responses decreased with PD progression. There were no noticeable immune responses towards amyloid oligomers, but substantially increased levels of IgGs towards a-synuclein amyloid fibrils both in PD patients and controls, which subsided with the disease progression. Pooled IgGs from PD patients and controls interacted also with amyloid fibrils of Ab (1-40) and hen lysozyme, however the latter were recognized with lower affinity. This suggests that IgGs bind to amyloid conformational epitope, though displaying higher specificity towards human amyloid species associated with neurodegeneration. The findings suggest the protective role of autoimmunity in PD and therefore immune reactions towards PD major amyloid protein - a-synuclein can be used in treatment strategies and in diagnostics, especially in identifying early disease.
244

Relationship between Na+/K+ -ATPase activity and α-subunit gene expression during the smoltification in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Bergqvist, Jonas January 2008 (has links)
During the smoltification the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) develop different adaptations to survive in oceanic environment. One of the most important adaptations is the ability to excrete the surplus of salt through the gills. The excretion is controlled by an enzyme called Na+/K+-ATPase which is produced in an α-subunit by two gene isoforms called α1a and α1b. Enzyme activity is increasing during the smoltification process and is a strong indicator for that the process is taking place. The aim of this study was to investigate a landlocked strain of Atlantic salmon and see how the enzyme activity is developing in comparison with the gene expression of the mRNA that is coded for the enzyme. The study was carried out between March and May in the hatchery in Brattfors, Värmland. Fish were sampled at four occasions. The enzyme activity was compared between two groups of salmon where one group had full ration of food, 100% and the other group had a 15% food ration. The enzyme activity for the 100% group was then compared with the gene expression from the same group. The hypothesis was that food availability should effect smoltification and that the 15% group would have a faster increase in activity compared with the 100% group. There should also be some correlation between enzyme activity and gene expression. Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity showed no major differences between the groups except for a significant difference at the last sampling. Both groups had a large increase in activity from the second to the third sampling with a peak on 3.16 µmol ADP/mg/h at most. This was followed by a drop in activity at the last sampling date. The gene expression showed a fast increase of the α1b gene over the study with drop in the last sampling and the α1a gene had a constant increase from the first to the last sampling. The comparison with enzyme activity and gene expression showed a weak correlation. Compared with studies done on anadromous salmon and the land locked salmon in this study had a different development in gene expression. This could be explained that the different life strategies play an important role how the genes are expressed. / Under smoltifieringen utvecklar atlantlaxen (Salmo salar) olika anpassningar för att överleva i havsmiljö. En av de vikigaste anpassningarna är att utsöndra överskott av salt via gällarna. Exkretionen är kontrollerad av ett enzym som heter Na+/K+-ATPas som produceras i en α-subenhet av två isoformer av gener som heter α1a och α1b. Enzym aktiviteten ökar under smoltifieringen och är en stark indikator på att processen sker. Målet med denna studie var att undersöka en sjövandrande stam av atlantlax och se hur enzymaktiviteten utvecklas i jämförelse med gen expressionen av mRNA som kodar för produktionen av enzymet. Studien genomfördes vid fiskodlingen i Brattfors, Värmland där prover togs vid fyra tillfällen. Enzymaktiviteten jämfördes mellan två grupper av lax där en grupp fick full matranson 100 % och en grupp fick 15 % matranson. Senare jämfördes enzymaktiviteten för 100 % gruppen med gen expressionen inom samma grupp. Hypotesen var att tillgängligheten på mat skulle påverka smoltifieringen och att 15 % gruppen skulle ha en snabbare ökning i jämförelse med 100 % gruppen. Det skulle också vara en viss korrelation mellan enzymaktivitet och gen expression. Na+/K+-ATPas enzym aktiviteten visade inga större skillnader mellan grupperna förutom vid sista provtagningen. Båda grupperna hade en stor ökning från den andra till den tredje provtagningen med den högsta aktiviteten på 3.16 µmol ADP/mg/h. Detta följdes av ett fall i aktivitet vid sista provtagningen. Gen expressionen visade en snabb ökning av α1b genen över studien med en nedgång vid sista provtagningen och α1a hade en konstant men mindre ökning från första till sista provtagningen. Jämförelsen mellan enzymaktivitet och gen expression visade på en svag korrelation. Det fanns en skillnad i gen expression mellan studier gjorda på anadrom lax och sjövandrande lax i denna studie. Detta kan förklaras av att de olika livsstrategierna spelar en betydande roll i hur generna uttrycks.
245

Gene Therapy with Interferon Alpha and the Angiogenic Inhibitor, Vasostatin, in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Digestive System

Liu, Minghui January 2007 (has links)
IFN-α has been applied in medical treatment of various neuroendocrine (NE) tumors, either alone or combination with somatostatin analogues. They can improve clinical symptoms in 50-70% of patients but a significant tumor reduction is only observed in 5-15% patients. Vasostatin (vaso) is believed to be an angiogenic inhibitor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility to use IFN-α and vasostatin gene therapy in NE tumors. We constructed plasmid vectors carrying human IFN-α2 (hIFN-α2) gene and human vasostatin gene, which were transfected into BON I cell to obtain stable gene-expressing cell lines. We found that in animal tumor model and cell experiments gene transfer of vasostatin caused a faster cell growth and tumor development via down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene and p27. Cell adhesion, spreading, migration and invasion ability were increased in vaso-expressing BON I cells. Transfecting chicken vinculin could reverse the malignant behavior and restored expression of tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, vinculin knockdown could result in a faster cell growth and an increased colony formation. Condition medium taken from hIFN-α2-expressing BON I cells showed significant antiproliferative effects both on the NE tumor cells, BON I and LCC18, and the endothelial cells, PAE. It also suppressed cell adhesion and cell invasion and inhibited angiogenesis on CAM assay. Mice implanted with a mixture of WT BON cells and hIFN-α2-expressing BON cells (1:1) demonstrated significantly lower tumor incidence and longer tumor doubling time. Furthermore, long-acting IFN-α2b (PEGIntron®) demonstrated a better anti-tumor effect in contrast with IFN-α2b (IntronA®). Intratumoral injection of hIFN-α2 plasmids significantly inhibited NE tumor growth and caused tumor regression. We concluded that gene transfer of vasostatin into BON I cells might cause an enhanced malignant tumor behavior. Therefore, vasostatin therapy can not be recommended for patients with NE tumors. Vinculin might play an important role in NE tumor development and growth regulation. Gene therapy by using plasmid DNA carrying hIFN-α2 gene is feasible and promising in NE tumors.
246

Etude de la réponse cellulaire aux interférons de type I : rôle de la cystéine protéase USP18

François-Newton, Véronique 18 June 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Les interférons (IFN) de type I et type III sont des cytokines induites par des pathogènes. L'IFN de type I (IFN α/β)se fixe à un récepteur constitué des chaînes IFNAR1 et IFNAR2. L'IFN de type III (3 λs) se fixe à un récepteur constitué des chaines IFNLR1 et IL-10R2. La liaison de ces IFNs à leur récepteur active la voie Jak/Stat, induit les mêmes gènes et des réponses cellulaires communes essentielles à la protection antivirale. L'IFN de type I joue un rôle pléiotropique et de ce fait la réponse cellulaire aux IFNs doit être contrôlée dans le temps et dans l'espace. Certains régulateurs négatifs tels que les SOCS ou les ubiquitine ligases ciblant la sous-unité IFNAR1 vont agir rapidement après la stimulation, alors que d'autres agissent à des temps plus tardifs, tels qu'USP18. USP18 est une cystéine protéase induite par l'IFN, elle clive ISG15, une molécule semblable à l'ubiquitine, à partir de protéines ISGylées. J'ai étudié comment une stimulation prolongée avec de l'IFN de type I ou III interfère avec la capacité de ces cellules à répondre à une re-stimulation par les IFN α, tout en maintenant leur sensibilité à l'IFN β et λ . Ce phénomène de désensibilisation différentielle n'est pas dû à une diminution des récepteurs à la surface des cellules mais à l'induction de la forme catalytiquement active d'USP18. Lors de traitements prolongés à l'IFN, l'accumulation d'USP18, dont l'expression est régulée par ISG15, inhibe progressivement la signalisation induite par l'IFN α. En conclusion, ces études montrent qu'USP18 fait partie intégrante des signaux transmis lors d'une stimulation par les IFN de type I et III et définit le seuil d'activité des différents sous-types α/β.
247

Régulation de la métalloprotéase ADAM10/Kuzbanian par les tétraspanines à 8 cystéines et conséquences sur l'activation de la voie Notch chez les mammifères et la Drosophile

Dornier, Emmanuel 11 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
L'importance des activités protéolytiques associées à la membrane plasmique dans divers processus biologiques fondamentaux est de mieux en mieux définie. Les protéases de la famille ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease), et ADAM10 en particulier, ont suscité un intérêt tout particulier du fait de l'importance de leurs substrats (récepteur de l'EGF, TNFα, Notch, APP...). Néanmoins, peu d'études se sont intéressées aux mécanismes régulant le trafic d'ADAM10.Les tétraspanines sont une super-famille de protéines de surface impliquées dans de nombreux processus biologiques fondamentaux parmi lesquels la migration, les interactions intercellulaires, la réponse immunitaire, la fusion des gamètes... L'une des caractéristiques majeure des tétraspanines est leur capacité à organiser un réseau d'interactions moléculaires appelé le " tetraspanin web ". De précédentes études menées dans le laboratoire ont montré qu'ADAM10 est associé au " tetraspanin web ". Néanmoins, la tétraspanine en interaction directe avec ADAM10 permettant son association au réseau n'est pas encore connue. Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés à la régulation d'ADAM10 par les tétraspanines. Nous avons ainsi pu identifier une sous-famille de tétraspanines à 8 cystéines, les TspanC8 (Tspan5, Tspan10, Tspan14, Tspan15, Tspan17 et Tspan33), comme étant capables d'interagir directement avec ADAM10 et de réguler sa sortie du réticulum endoplasmique. Nous avons montré que Tspan5, Tspan14, Tspan15 et Tspan33 sont capables de réguler l'expression de surface d'ADAM10 et que Tspan10 et Tspan17 entrainent l'accumulation d'ADAM10 dans un compartiment endosomal tardif. Les TspanC8 pourraient également contribuer à la régulation de la spécificité de substrat d'ADAM10 puisque nous avons montré que l'expression des TspanC8 humaines Tspan5 et Tspan14 augmente l'activation de la voie Notch alors que Tspan15 n'a pas d'effet. Par ailleurs, les TspanC8 de Drosophile sont capables d'interagir directement avec Kuzbanian (l'orthologue d'ADAM10), permettent son accumulation à la surface cellulaire et régulent l'activation de la voie Notch dans différents contextes développementaux. Nous proposons que les TspanC8 soient une nouvelle famille de protéines ayant une fonction très conservée dans la régulation de l'activité et du trafic d'ADAM10, capables de réguler l'activation de la voie Notch.
248

The association of the C677T 5,10methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase variant with elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein and complications of pregnancy

Björklund, Natalie Kim 17 January 2006 (has links)
Statement of problem: We have shown that the C677T 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variant is associated with elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein (MSAFP), the most common screening test for neural tube defects (NTD). Therefore, past contradictory studies of NTDs and C677T MTHFR may have been biased because of changes in case populations after prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy. Further, an unexplained elevation of MSAFP is known to increase the risk for later pregnancy complications. Is the C677T MTHFR variant a predisposing genetic variant for both NTDs and later complications of pregnancy? Methods: A retrospective study of women with pregnancies resulting in NTD outcome and women with unexplained elevations of MSAFP was undertaken. Women and their partners were genotyped for the C677T MTHFR allele. Couples with a pregnancy resulting in a NTD outcome were compared to couples whose pregnancy outcome did not involve. Couples with unexplained elevations of MSAFP who did and did not have later complications of pregnancy were also compared. Allele frequencies for all groups were then compared against the previously established Manitoba population allele frequency (based on 977 consecutive newborn metabolic screening bloodspots). A review of all studies of NTDs and association with the C677T MTHFR variant was undertaken to determine if the association between the variant and MSAFP is a source of bias. NTD incidence was examined before and after folic acid food fortification introduced in Canada in 1999. Results: There is an increase in the allele frequency of the C677T MTHFR variant in parents with an unexplained elevated MSAFP followed by later complications of pregnancy. The C677T MTHFR variant is also a contributing genetic factor to NTDs worldwide. The incidence of NTDs in Manitoba has decreased by 37% since food fortification with folic acid was introduced. Conclusions: The C677T MTHFR variant is a contributing genetic factor to both later complications of pregnancy after an unexplained elevation of MSAFP and to NTDs. This variant is folate sensitive and folic acid fortification has reduced the incidence of NTDs. / February 2005
249

Nonlocal memory effects of the electromotive force by fluid motion with helicity and two-dimensional periodicity

Hori, Kumiko, Yoshida, Shigeo 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
250

Asymmetric Alkenylation of Enones and Other α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Derivatives Using Chiral 3,3′-Disubstituted Binaphthols and Boronates

Guobadia, Bobby 22 May 2009 (has links)
Various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and derivatives were explored in order to expand the range of substrates for the 1,4-addition of alkenylboronates using 3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols. Enones 2.60 were examined and found to be suitable for conjugate addition under our proposed reaction conditions. The asymmetric 1,4-additions of alkenylboronates to enones 2.60 using catalytic amounts of 3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols was shown to occur with moderate to good yields and high enantioselectivities. The chiral products could serve as enantioenriched substrates for further transformation such as asymmetric reduction, which was performed with good yield and selectivity. The absolute configuration for the alkenylation of enones was also confirmed to be the (R) enantiomer using (S)-3,3′-disubstituted binaphthols via X-ray crystallographic analysis. Investigations into selective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1,4-addition products of enones was also examined. Although the desire ester products were not obtained, intriguing informative findings were still obtained from the investigation.

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