L'objet de cette thèse est d’examiner le degré de co-mouvements des principaux marchés boursiers (G7, BRICS et MENA) à court et à long terme durant les périodes calmes et celles de crise. A cette fin, plusieurs méthodes économétriques ont été proposées pour modéliser la dynamique des prix en tenant compte d’éventuels effets d’hétérogénéité et d’asymétrie dans les données. Cette thèse est structurée autour de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre est d’ordre théorique. Après avoir rappelé quelques faits stylisés importants, ce chapitre introduit les concepts de base (libéralisation, intégration, contagion, diversification, etc.). Les trois autres chapitres proposent trois essais empiriques sur les comouvements des prix. Dans le premier essai, des approches économétriques hybrides (cointégration linéaire, données de panel) sont utilisées pour spécifier la dynamique des prix. Le second essai contribue en appliquant l’approche de cointégration vectorielle à seuil à transition brutale de Hansen et Seo (2002) pour mieux capturer la non-linéarité dans la dynamique d’ajustement des prix. Le dernier essai, via l’approche des modèles de cointégration à seuil en panel à transition lisse de Gonzalez et al. (2005), modélise à la fois l’hétérogénéité et la non-linéarité dans la dynamique de comouvements. Nos principaux résultats spécifient les degrés d’intégration (resp. segmentation) des régions de G6 et du BRICS (resp. MENA) vis-à-vis du marché américain. Nous montrons également l’existence d’effets de seuil significatifs dont leur activation permet de distinguer pour un marché la phase de son intégration de sa phase de segmentation. Tandis que ces résultats confirment le rôle leader du marché américain, ils permettent de spécifier et de dater plus précisément la dynamique de ce leadership et de spécifier les zones de gains diversification. / This thesis aims at investigating the degree of comovements for main stock markets in the short and long term (G7, BRICS and MENA) during calm and turbulent periods. To this end, different econometric specifications are proposed to capture further heterogeneity and asymmetry in the data. This thesis is structured into four chapters. The first chapter is rather theoretical. After recalling some important stylized facts, it introduces some basic concepts including liberalization, integration, contagion, diversification, etc. The others chapters propose three different empirical essays on stock price comovements. In the first essay, we apply some hybrid econometric approaches (Linear Time Series, Panel Cointegration Tests) to capture further evidence of heterogeneous comovements for the markets under consideration. In the second essay, we contribute through the investigation of stock price comovements using the threshold multivariate cointegration approach of Hansen and Seo (2002) to model non-linearity in stock price adjustment. The third Essay proposes to model both nonlinearity and heterogeneity in price comovements through the application of the Panel Smooth Transition Error Correction Model (PSTECM) of Gonzalez et al. (2005). Overall, we specify the time varying degree of integration (resp. segmentation) for the G6 and the BRICS (resp. the MENA). We show that significant threshold effects characterize stock price comovements while their activation enables to distinguish for a given market the integrated from segmented zone. Finally, while our findings confirm the leader role for the US market, they specify and date the dynamic of this leadership and specify for each region further diversification benefits.

Hormis la préparation de l’acide salicylique et de l’urée, peu de tentatives ont été réalisées jusqu’à présent pour promouvoir la formation de liaisons C–C et C–N à partir du CO₂. Cette thèse présente de nouveaux procédés catalytiques permettant la formation de molécules organiques azotées grâce à la création de liaisons C–N et C–C par transformation catalytique du CO et du CO₂. Les cibles retenues sont les amides ainsi que les alkylamines qui sont essentiels en chimie organique fine et sont souvent d’origine pétrosourcés. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse d’amide par carbonylation formelle de la liaison C–N d'amine sera étudiée grâce à des catalyseurs à base de métaux carbonyles. Dans un second temps, des procédés d’homologation des amines seront décrits grâce à l’utilisation de catalyseurs métalliques. La première stratégie impliquera l’utilisation de catalyseur de cobalt, en présence de CO et de silanes et permettra l’homologation sélective des liaisons N-méthyle en N-éthyle sous de faible pression de CO (P = 8 bar) et jusqu’au N-pentyle sous de fortes pressions. Dans un second temps, l’utilisation d’un catalyseur de ruthénium en présence d’un gaz de synthèse (CO/H₂) nous permettra de démontrer la possibilité de l’homologation de la diphénylamine. Enfin, la compréhension de ce système nous permettra de transposer cette réaction à l’utilisation du CO₂ comme substitut du CO. / Apart from the preparation of salicylic acid and urea, few attempts have been made so far to promote the formation of C-C and C-N bonds from CO₂. This thesis describes new catalytic processes allowing the formation of nitrogen compounds through the creation of C-N and C-C bonds by catalytic transformations of CO and CO₂. The chosen targets are the amides and the alkylamines which are essential in fine organic chemistry and yet prepared from petrochemicals. In a first part, the amide synthesis by formal carbonylation of the C-N bond HAS been studied using catalysts based on first row transition metal carbonyl complexes. In a second part, methods enabling homologation of amines are described through the use of metal catalysts. The first strategy involved the use of cobalt catalysts in presence of CO and hydrosilanes which allow the selective homologation of N-methyl into N-ethyl derivatives under a low CO pressure (P= 8 bar). Also, the alkyl chain can be homologated under elevated CO pressures to reach N-pentyl derivatives. Finally, the use of a ruthenium catalyst in presence of a synthesis gas (CO / H₂) allowed us to demonstrate the possibility of the homologation of the diphenylamine. Understanding this system led to translate the amine homologation with syngas to the use of CO₂ as a substitute for CO.

Seminario virtual deportivo que trata de cómo conllevar estudios universitarios con la vida de un deportista de alto rendimiento.

<p>A majority of special education students—64%—spend 80% or more of their time in regular education classes. The primary method of delivering special education services is by creating co-taught classes. Despite its popularity, literature suggests that most co-teaching relationships never meet their full potential due to a number of factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of co-teaching in one high school. This included an exploration into teachers’ employed strategies, their perceptions, and the challenges related to their co-taught classes. Twenty-nine teachers from an urban, public high school, in a city in the Midwest participated in the one-time anonymous survey. Results from this study suggest that most teachers rely on “One Teach, One Drift” (also known as “One Teach, One Assist” and “One Teach, One Support”) as their primary mode of implementing co-teaching in their classes. Additionally, the results from this study suggest that most teachers believe that co-teaching is an effective way to provide special education services to students with special education needs. However, 59% of teachers reported that they have not received expectations of their role and their collaborators role (65%) in co-taught classes. Participants cited lack of common planning time as the most prominent challenge that hinders successful co-teaching (70%), and lack of content knowledge (56%). Additionally, perspectives and attitudes of collaborators and lack of access to adequate resources/training presented a challenge. </p>

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Educational Psychology at the UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, South Africa, 1998. / This study investigated the relationship between anxiety and co-operative behaviour, anxiety and gender, gender and co-operative behaviour and anxiety, cooperative behaviour and performance among students in tertiary institutions. The sample consisted of 137 males and 193 females. A standardized IPAT Anxiety Scale was used to achieve the objectives of the first and second aims of the study. The researcher constructed his own Co-operative Behaviour Scale to achieve the objectives of aim four. Research assistants helped with the construction of the Academic Performance Scale. The findings according to the first aim of the study, that is, the relationship between anxiety and co-operative behaviour revealed that there is a weak positive relationship between anxiety and cooperative behaviour. The findings based on aim number two, that is, the relationship between v gender and anxiety showed that while more men appear anxious, more women are willing to co-operate than men. The findings based on aim number three, that is, "the effect of induced anxiety among people, showed that increased anxiety level leads to more co-operative tendencies , up to an optimal point, after which cooperative behaviour decreases as long as anxiety increases. The findings according to the fourth aim of the study, that is, the relationship between anxiety and academic performance, show that poor performers as well as above average performers are less co-operative; whereas average performers are more cooperative. This is due to the effects of either low or high anxiety on academic performance, this is, low or high anxiety levels leads to poor academic performance.

Dans une démarche de co-création et d’innovation ouverte, les entreprises utilisent des plateformes de crowdsourcing d’idées pour collecter les idées des consommateurs. Ce travail doctoral porte sur un nouveau modèle de plateforme, qui s’appuie simultanément sur la compétition et la coopération pour mobiliser la foule (le modèle de « co-opétition »). Son usage pose la question de son efficacité pour susciter des idées nombreuses et innovantes, par rapport aux modèles classiques basés uniquement sur la compétition ou la coopération. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons mis en place deux expérimentations qui nous permettent de comparer quantitativement l’effet de la co-opétition, de la compétition et de la coopération sur la créativité des participants.Nos résultats indiquent que la co-opétition et la compétition renforcent la créativité des individus, contrairement à la coopération. Ils montrent un effet d’interaction positif entre la coopération et la compétition, qui traduit une influence plus importante de la co-opétition sur la créativité que celle de la seule compétition. Ces effets s’expliquent par le rôle médiateur de l’ambivalence motivationnelle, et non par celui de l’ambivalence émotionnelle. L’attitude envers l’indépendance modère l’effet direct des modèles d’interdépendance sur la qualité des idées, tandis que l’attitude envers la compétition et l’attitude envers la coopération n’ont pas d’influence significative. Cette recherche contribue à la littérature sur la créativité et le crowdsourcing d’idées, ainsi qu’à la littérature émergente sur la co-opétition entre individus. / In order to open their innovation process and co-create value with consumers, companies use idea crowdsourcing platforms, allowing them to gather innovative ideas from the crowd. This doctoral thesis studies a new platform model mixing competition with cooperation, called the « co-opetition » model. Our research question is : does the co-opetition model enhance consumer’s creative performance, comparing with classical models based on competition or cooperation ?To answer this question, we have conducted two experiments aiming at quantitatively comparing co-opetition, competition and cooperation effects on participant’s creative performance.Results show that co-opetition and competition enhance creativity, while the hypothesized positive effect of cooperation is not supported. There is a significant interaction effect between competition and cooperation : co-opetition increases creativity more than competition alone. We find also a significant mediating effect of motivational ambivalence, while the hypothesized mediation effect of emotional ambivalence is not supported. Attitude towards independance moderates the direct effects of co-opetition and competition on idea quality, while attitudes towards cooperation and competition do not. Our work contributes to the creativity and innovation literature, as well as the emerging interindividual co-opetition reseach stream.

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<p> The purpose of this research paper is to examine the factors that are involved in providing a sense of community to the members of co-operative housing. Also, this investigation attempts to determine which factors influence the successful development of a sense of community within cooperative homes. The research hypothesis for this paper is to show that co-operative housing projects do provide its residents with a sense of community. The study was conducted by using data collected from two co-operative housing units in Hamilton: Apple Garth and Corktown Co-operative Homes. Information on residents' attitudes was collected by using a questionnaire through personal interviews. In order to test the hypothesis two statistical methods were utilized: chi-square and frequency tables. The results showed that co-op as a place to live' and neighbour' factors are most significant when investigating the attitudes' of residents in terms of a sense of community. Therefore, the conclusion is that the residents of Apple Garth and Corktown Co-operative Homes do experience a sense of community. The results have practical significance because researchers are encouraged to conduct studies of small groups (ie. the household) within cooperative housing. This is critical since little is known about the motivations, expectations, likes and dislikes of the members of non-profit housing.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

Joint-nesting species experience complex and diverse social environments which can influence individual reproductive success. When social groups are formed by non- relatives, competition for representation in incubated clutches can be intense and result in substantial reproductive losses. Because conflicts of this nature have direct impli- cations on fitness, resolutions and outcomes of such are of particular interest to evolu- tionary research. For this reason, I explored patterns of reproductive competition and skew in joint-nesting Smooth-billed Anis (Crotophaga ani). In chapter I, I show marked differences in multivariate bill and body size between sexes of Smooth-billed Anis (Cro- tophaga ani) despite reportedly reduced sexual dimorphism in co-operative breeders. I also show that multivariate bill size in males correlates with annual reproductive success and individual contribution to clutches from multiple parents. A similar trend is not observed in females, suggesting potential for sexual selection on male bill size. Together, these data provide evidence for morphological influences on reproductive fitness in joint- nesting species. In chapter II, I show that relative parental effort is positively correlated with reproductive fitness in social groups of Smooth-billed Anis. Nocturnal incubation is risky and is biased toward a single male - akin to Groove-billed (Crotophaga sulcirostris) and Greater Ani (Crotophaga major). I report heightened reproductive contribution by nocturnally incubating males when compared to other males within social groups. In chapter III, I tested whether social group size is correlated with endocrine markers of stress in adult male and female Anis. Using a novel enzyme linked immunosorbent as- say, I show that corticosterone (the primary glucocorticoid in birds) deposited in feathers is highest in birds from atypically large social groups. While the direct consequences of elevated corticosterone on reproductive fitness in Anis is yet unknown, these results suggest that breeding in large social settings is likely to be physiologically expensive. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)