Tanzania is among the poorest countries in the world, with most of its population living in rural areas. Like most other developing countries, rural households' access to financial services is very limited. The government has adopted series of economic reform measures since mid-1980s that include financial liberalization. Liberalization of the financial sector facilitated participation of private financial institutions, restructuring of public financial institutions and privatization, elimination of interest rate controls, credit allocation and targeting. In addition, the role of the Bank of Tanzania in supervision and regulation of financial institutions was strengthened. Following the privatization of the financial sector, the number of financial service providers increased and diversified, which include commercial banks, development banks, insurance and social security funds, and capital markets. The role of the central bank was re-defined and strengthened in terms of price stability, supervision and regulation. Although there is an increase in financial sector service providers and products, rural households' access to financial services did not improve. To the contrary access to formal financial services is diminishing significantly, hence making poverty reduction initiatives more difficult. This study analyzed constraints to access to rural financial services, examined its impact on rural households' livelihoods, and recommended appropriate financial sector development strategies. The data for the study were collected from various sources - both primary and secondary. Primary data were collected from selected thirteen villages in Babati and government offices in the district through interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaire, and observation. Secondary information was gathered from documentary sources in the form of reports, records and review of literature. A combination of analytical tools was used - qualitative and quantitative. The study observed that history of rural finance in Tanzania is associated with colonialization of Tanganyika. The German colonial administration was the first to introduce establishment of modern commercial banking in the country in 1905 when the Deutsche Ostafrikanische bank opened a branch in Dar es Salaam. The British colonial administration, after the defeat of Germans in World War I, promoted establishment of commercial banks in Tanganyika in order to support commercialization of the economy. Consequently, German banks were replaced and commercial bank branches were established in other parts of the country. The independent government undertook massive re-organization of the financial sector and much attention was put on agricultural credit. Agricultural credit was organized through specialized agricultural credit organizations that corroborated with state owned commercial banks. However, the co-operative movement were assigned important role in credit administration on the ground as they are closer to the beneficiaries. The financial structure after independence up to the 1990s, when reforms were ushered in, is characterized by state owned financial institutions with pervasive interference. Credit was directed on the basis of the government priorities with little regard to credit worthiness analysis. The National Bank of Commerce (NBC) and Co-operative and Rural Development Bank (CRDB) were the dominant banks that implemented the government monetary policy. Emphasis was put on credit and savings mobilization was neglected. The CRDB operated mostly on managing donor funds meant for rural development. Liberalization of the financial sector was introduced through the Banking and Financial Institutions Act (BAFIA) of 1991 to address the weaknesses observed in the financial sector. It was envisaged to improve access to financial services through enhanced competition, increased and diversified financial products and providers, and improved integration of the financial system. However, assessment of the impact of the financial liberalization has mixed results. While there are distinct expansion in financial institutions, products and services; these are more concentrated in urban areas and accessed mostly by wealthy clients. Consequently, rural households' access to finance is diminishing. On the other hand, most financial institutions continue to employ traditional banking approaches - of insistence on collateral, preference for less risky category of clients, bias towards large loans, and bureaucratic procedures in providing loans. Besides, there are limited initiatives in product innovation, design of appropriate delivery mechanisms, and high interest rates spreads that discouraged potentials borrowers and depositors. As a result of poor access to financial services, most households have strengthened self-financing mechanisms through the informal arrangements. Although, the semi-formal - especially member based financial institutions and some Financial NGOs (FiNGOs) are attempting to correct the financial imbalances, their outreach, products and services are still limited. While there are improvement in supervision and regulation of the financial sector, it must be noted that prudential regulation and supervisions as part of the financial infrastructure if not carefully used, will undermine the efficiency of the financial market. The study concludes that rural households need a variety of financial products that include savings facilities, loans, insurance, leasing, and means of transfer payments. The degree of demand for these products is, however, determined by household's level of poverty, household size, level of education and skills, life cycle needs, and local market opportunities. However, financial sector reforms had little impact on households' livelihoods. Its implementation is associated with an increase in inequalities and poverty. Besides, there is a reduced funding as well as investment in agriculture, which forms the key sector of the economy. Consequently, the performance of the agricultural sector has been declining although its contribution to GDP is still significant. Assessing the supply and demand for rural financial services, it is concluded that rural areas are hardly served by banks hence limiting access to financial services. Prior to liberalization, government owned financial institutions provided limited financial services to rural areas organized through co-operatives and specialized credit agencies. CRDB was responsible for organization of credit for farm inputs, while NBC provided crop finance. In addition, CRDB also facilitated rural development programmes through donor funds. With the liberalization of the financial sector - co-operatives have collapsed, development banks are no longer active, and commercial banks have withdrawn from serving rural areas, thus creating a "supply gap" that is being replaced by informal finance. Furthermore, the study observed that demands for financial services is determined by age of the borrower, household size, and distance from a financial institution, the cost of borrowing that include loan transaction costs plus interest rate charged, bank procedures and conditions, policy and regulatory framework and institutional and infrastructural conditions. The study recommends the following: (i) Continued efforts for establishment of supportive macroeconomic and sectoral policies - financial, fiscal, monetary & rural development - and legal and regulatory framework that facilitates the growth of the rural financial markets, (ii) A facilitative intervention by the government in the development of the financial markets that addresses the national poverty reduction development objective through economic growth is required. The desired actions are those that focus on improvement in demand for financial services, reduced bureaucratic banking conditions, reduced transactions costs, improved infrastructure, and reduction of other structural bottlenecks limiting access to financial services, (iii) Development of appropriate financial institutions and products relevant for the rural sector requires government guidance through policy, development of appropriate financial infrastructure (legal, regulation and information), and incentive mechanisms. (iv) Intervention by the government in institutional and infrastructural development is required so as to facilitate the functioning of markets. There must be purposive investment strategy that supports development of the public infrastructure - such as transport and communication, electricity, security system, and research and development. Institutional development - judiciary machinery, credit bureaus, and property rights and business registry are required. Furthermore, training and capacity building so as to change peoples' mindsets concerning loans and savings mobilization, and (v) There is a need for building up a "New Role" for financial institutions. Financial institutions need to revisit their financial terms and conditions in favor of the development of RFMs, especially in terms of bank conditions, interest rate spreads, demand for collateral, and requirements for addressing the needs of the poor and rural population, Furthermore, financial institutions need to become more innovative in developing new products and services, improvement in organization of rural financial institutions, delivery mechanisms, and establishment of the institutional framework for integration of MFIs into the national financial system in the country. The following areas require further studies: (i) development of realistic rural development strategy that covers, among others, the development of the financial markets, (ii) institutionalization of the rural property ownership rights in order to establish how these can be used productively, through say mortgage, collateral, and/or sale for cash income, and (iii) Mechanisms for enforcement of loan repayments in rural areas - especially the lessons from informal operators. Experiences have shown that under informal credit arrangements, there are few default cases as opposed to formal commercial credit practices. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

The diploma thesis deals with the area of data mining applied to large collections of textual data. Specifically the thesis is focused on sentiment analysis based on the user's subjective verbal assessment in natural language. The first part of the diploma thesis introduces the reader to basic terms of machine learning and data mining applied particularly to large textual data collections. Following is the description of textual data preprocessing methods and principles of machine learning algorithms. In the practical part of this thesis there are experiments designed and subsequently executed using the SPSS Modeler tool. The experimental part is focused especially on identification of significant attributes and recongnition of relationships between them. The emphasis is put especially on thorough interpretation of the results obtained.

ŠEBKOVÁ, L. Factors that influence the amount of the collection of income tax individuals and legal entities in the Czech Republic. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel university in Brno, 2015. The diploma thesis identifies factors that influence the amount of the collection of income tax individuals and legal entities in the Czech republic through multiple regression model. The thesis is also concerned to the topic of tax evasion and additionally as-sessed tax individuals and legal entities. In the last part are quantified impacts of legal possibilities that lower the tax base and tax liability in the Czech Republic. Based on the analysis, this thesis proposed recommendations for tax policy.

The thesis deals with issues of legalization of proceeds of crime in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is focused on defining terms and analysis of the general characteristics of organized crime, including its development since the late 20th century to the present. Further detail is aimed at analysis of the crime of money laundering focusing on stages of the process of money laundering. The practical part describes the recover the proceeds of crime and compares previous and amended legal provisions concerning this issue. Further analyzes the statistical data of economic crime in the Czech Republic between 2008 and 2015, with a forecast of the years 2016 to 2018 and describes the analysis of actual cases of money laundering. At the end of the work deals with a summary findings and compare the characteristic features of the process of money laundering with the real practices recorded on specific cases.

The objective of this work was to analyze the career skills of students of the Faculty of Economics of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice in relation to the subsequent career of graduates in selected work positions. The thesis works with the database of personality test results of students and with the database of graduate students. The work is examining whether there are statistical differences between the students of different study programs. Results of soft skills of graduates are compared to soft skills established by NSP.

In this thesis presents the results obtained in the treatment of the topic The Creation of an Internal Control System in the select company. The Internal Control System is examined from the perspective of the COSO model which evaluates the quality of the internal control at various levels in the company. On the survey of the disertation are valorized risk areas of the company. There are also proposed individuals suggestions for the solutions of the risk areas including the draft internal regulation. The company was also investigated using Altman's Z-Score model that evaluated its financial health.

In this work, we investigated the nonlinear optical properties of five types of Ionic Liquids (ILs): BMI.NTf−2, HMI.NTf−2, OMI.NTf−2, DMI.NTf−2 and dodMI.NTf−2 . Using the technique of Z-scan was unable to determine the values of the thermal contributions n2 the refractive index of nonlinear ionic liquids. The experiment used a laser to the Titanium Sapphire operating in modelocked regiment, tuned to 820 nm, emitting pulses of 200 fs duration, with a repetition rate of 76 MHz and tune to 410 nm was used a crystal BBO for the second harmonic generation. All ILs had not self-desfocalizadora linearity. We observed that with the change of anion BF−4 and PF−6 by anion NTf−2 was a decrease in the amount of n2 to heat the home at a wavelength of 820 nm. The increase in chains of carbons with the anion NTf−2 in order to observe an increase in the contribution of n2 heat was not as significant for wave-length at 820 nm. For the wavelength at 410 nm we can observe an increase in the amount of n2. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação, investigamos as propriedades ópticas não-lineares de cinco tipos de líquidos Iônicos (LIs): BMI.NTf−2 , HMI.NTf−2 , OMI.NTf−2 , DMI.NTf−2 e dodMI.NTf−2 , utilizando a técnica de varredura Z (Z-scan). Estes materiais são sais orgânicos, apresentam uma baixa temperatura de fusão e pressão de vapor desprezível. Nós utilizamos para o experimento de varredura Z um laser de Titânio de Safira operando no regime modelocked, sintonizado em 820 nm, emitindo pulsos de 200 fs de duração, com taxa de repetição de 76 MHz. Também utilizamos o segundo harmônico produzido através de um cristal de BBO, para gerar comprimento de onda sintonizado em 410 nm. Todos os LIs apresentaram não linearidade auto-desfocalizadora. Observamos que com a mudança do ânion BF−4 e PF−6 pelo ânion NTf−2 houve uma diminuição no valor de n2 de origem térmica para comprimento de onda em 820 nm. O aumento das cadeias de carbonos com o ânion NTf−2 com objetivo de observar um aumento na contribuição térmica de n2 não foi tão expressiva para comprimento de onda em 820 nm. Para o comprimento de onda em 410 nm podemos observar um aumento no valor de n2 de origem térmica.

Submitted by Deise Marques (dls_marques@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-09T20:28:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final depositada na biblioteca.pdf: 1633759 bytes, checksum: 50f136b379cf41961621cedd7b35ee71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-03-12T18:56:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final depositada na biblioteca.pdf: 1633759 bytes, checksum: 50f136b379cf41961621cedd7b35ee71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T16:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final depositada na biblioteca.pdf: 1633759 bytes, checksum: 50f136b379cf41961621cedd7b35ee71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / A geração Z, também conhecida como nativos digitais, é atribuída uma aptidão natural e elevado nível de habilidade para usar novas tecnologias. As pessoas das gerações anteriores são caracterizadas como “imigrantes” que são incapazes de alcançar a fluência natural que os integrantes da geração Z possuem com as tecnologias digitais. Essa geração chegou a universidade trazendo comportamentos, atitudes e expectativas que criam oportunidades, bem como desafios para o ensino superior. Essa nova situação desafia os docentes do ensino superior, pois como quase todos eles pertencem a gerações anteriores, se faz necessário um esforço adicional para compreender o aluno geração Z e, por meio dessa compreensão, garantir ambientes de aprendizagem, serviços e instalações necessárias para ajudar esses alunos a atingir seu potencial. Essa pesquisa buscou compreender quais competências docentes os professores, especificamente do curso de graduação em Administração, precisam desenvolver para tornar a relação ensino-aprendizagem com os alunos da geração Z mais fecunda.

The presented diploma thesis is dealing with the life of Katerina Hradecká of Montfort, noble foreigner, married to Adam II. of Hradec. The author is using older as well as more recent literature, written, tangible and iconographic sources to analyze, based on historical-anthropological methods, transformation of the inner world of the noblewoman. She is firstly introduced as a maid of honor in the hofstadt of archduchess Maria of Bavaria in Graz. Author also looks into her marriage to Adam II. of Hradec, investigating it within political and religious context of that period, as it was associated with the connections of the lords of Hradec to the House of Habsburg. Author also pays attention to the noblewoman as a wife, a mother, a Jesuit confidant, a widow and a strict catholic, that had a substantial influence on the social life of Hradec and its surroundings due to her religious views. Author does not omit the tangible cultural aspects connected with the activities of Katerina Hradecka of Montfort and her impact on the ecclesiastical and secular architecture in Jindřichův Hradec.

The Lucembourg court attracted several noble families that had a oportunity to get a good status by serving a king and also hold offices. For such a service were ideal loyal nobles of newly arrived noble families, who didn't own any property in Bohemia. Lords of Colditz and lords of Bergov also belonged to them. The king rewarded them for their loyal service by giving them fiefs (especially in north-west Bohemia: Krupka and Bílina). The Luxembourg dynasty enabled these noble families a social rise. Lords of Colditz were connected to royal court since their beginnings in Bohemia. On the other hand some of the lords of Bergov hold offices, but they didn't hesitate to leave the court at a convinient moment. More likely they participated in newly emerging estates. During the reign of Wenceslav IV. lords of Colditz remained faithful to him, on the other hand lords of Bergov belonged to the main figures of his opposition. At the same time they changed the royal fiefs (Bílina was bought by lords of Colditz) for allod (Trosky, Turnov, Chlumec upon Cidlina). During the Hussite wars lords of Colditz and lords of Bergov were the fundamental support of catholic party. The only exception was John of Bergov, who was captured after the battle of Lipany. Albrecht of Colditz, their son Thimo and nephew John were...