En France, aujourd’hui, cohabitent des protagonistes de l’histoire franco-algérienne qui ont pu occuper des positions antagonistes, ainsi que leurs descendants ; ils sont communément appelés « algérien », « harki » et « pied-noir ». Cette thèse présente l’étude croisée des processus de construction mémorielle après la guerre d’indépendance algérienne dans ces trois groupes socio-historiques. Les récits des histoires de famille ont été confrontés à l’Histoire écrite par les historiens. Le corpus se compose de personnes nées pendant la période coloniale, ayant vécu la guerre et la migration vers la France hexagonale, ainsi que des personnes de la génération de leurs enfants et de leurs petits-enfants.A partir de la constitution des familles, y compris dans leur dimension transnationale, nous proposons d’interroger les processus de transmission des souvenirs et leurs réappropriations par les individus de ces trois générations. A travers le croisement de ces mémoires, la pertinence de la catégorisation socio-historique est questionnée, qu’il s’agisse de constructions mémorielles ou d’appartenance. Ces mémoires, souvent opposées dans leur regard sur les événements, s’inscrivent sur un territoire au récit national commun, mais dans lequel elles ne se retrouvent pas toujours. Nous nous intéressons également aux représentations de soi et de l’Autre, construites à partir de cette histoire franco-algérienne et à leurs conséquences sur la cohésion sociale aujourd’hui. / Protagonists of the French-Algerian History, as well as their descendants, which occupied antagonistic positions during the independence war, cohabit in France nowadays. They are commonly called « Algerians », « Harkis » and « Black Feet people ». This thesis presents a cross-study of memorial construction processes after the Algerian Independence War within these three socio-historical groupes. Family history narratives have been confronted to History written by historians. The corpus is composed of persons born during the colonial period, having experienced the war and the migrations towards France, as well as their children and grandchildren.We examine the mechanisms of transmiting memories and their re-appropriation by individuals belonging to these three generations. We take into account families relationships and their transnational dimension. By crossing these memories, the relevance of the socio-historical categories is questioned, checking whether they reflect a memorial construction or a sense of belonging. These memories, often in opposition to each other, take part of a common national narrative into which people don’t completely identify themselves. We are also interested in the representations of oneself and otherness as an outcome of French-Algerian history and in their consequences on current social cohesion.

Entering the informal domain may be considered contrary to a formal understanding of architecture yet it is within this context that many architectural strategies are being resolved. Unbound by law and tradition, informal settlements allow for creative solutions that would otherwise not be explored. Such unconventional solutions speak to the discourse of architecture and planning, challenging ideas of public space and private ownership. The goal of this thesis is to investigate how public space is achieved in established informal houseboat communities using off-grid systems and salvaged material. An investigation of the houseboat community in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and the Narrow boats in London, England are case studies in this process. This thesis seeks to identify how the city of West Kelowna, the Westbank First Nation and the Central Okanagan Regional District of British Columbia can be agents of an informal intervention on the Okanagan Lake in British Columbia.

My dissertation focuses on an analysis of postmodern narrative strategies in Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being (ULB) and The Book of Laughter and Forgetting ( BLF) . By analysing the postmodern ab/use of narrative strategies, I argue that postmodern fiction marks a decided shift from both classical realism and modernism. My dissertation has predominantly been motivated through my contention that postmodern fiction is not elitist as it has been perceived to be. Rather, I suggest that postmodern fiction ab/uses narrative strategies to deconstruct the ontological boundaries between the political and private and fiction and 'fact'. Consequently, postmodern fiction interrogates the contrived intelligibility of History. A further argument that I raise is that postmodern fiction through its (re) appropriation, subversion and use of parodic structures creates.narrative space for the Other. In order not to canonize Kundera's texts, I situate both ULB and BLF as 'nodes' within a diffuse network of intertextual discourse. My analyses of the postmodern narrative strategies in ULB and BLF, attempt to interrogate the diffuse 'nature' of postmodern fiction which resists both authorative analysis and closure. In exploring the relationship between recuperation and postmodern narrative strategies in ULB and BLF and other works and/or texts of fiction, I argue that postmodern fiction does not revel in its narrativity, it constitutes, instead, a political strategy / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Theory of Literature)

My dissertation focuses on an analysis of postmodern narrative strategies in Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being (ULB) and The Book of Laughter and Forgetting ( BLF) . By analysing the postmodern ab/use of narrative strategies, I argue that postmodern fiction marks a decided shift from both classical realism and modernism. My dissertation has predominantly been motivated through my contention that postmodern fiction is not elitist as it has been perceived to be. Rather, I suggest that postmodern fiction ab/uses narrative strategies to deconstruct the ontological boundaries between the political and private and fiction and 'fact'. Consequently, postmodern fiction interrogates the contrived intelligibility of History. A further argument that I raise is that postmodern fiction through its (re) appropriation, subversion and use of parodic structures creates.narrative space for the Other. In order not to canonize Kundera's texts, I situate both ULB and BLF as 'nodes' within a diffuse network of intertextual discourse. My analyses of the postmodern narrative strategies in ULB and BLF, attempt to interrogate the diffuse 'nature' of postmodern fiction which resists both authorative analysis and closure. In exploring the relationship between recuperation and postmodern narrative strategies in ULB and BLF and other works and/or texts of fiction, I argue that postmodern fiction does not revel in its narrativity, it constitutes, instead, a political strategy / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Theory of Literature)

Esta tese se baseia na premissa de que as áreas naturais protegidas não resolvem completamente os problemas aos quais se destinam solucionar. Em que pese suas diferentes categorias e objetivos, muitas vezes acabam criando uma série de outros problemas, visto que na maioria dos casos suas políticas de planejamento e gestão prevêem uma série de restrições e até mesmo a retirada dos habitantes presentes na área. Além disso, as teorias que fundamentam a idéia de áreas protegidas estão alicerçadas em bases epistêmicas que pressupõem a dicotomia homem x meio, construindo um olhar disjuntivo das relações entre sociedade e natureza. A tese se propõe, então, a refletir sobre estratégias de apropriação da natureza fundamentadas em olhares menos cartesianos, que, ao mesmo tempo em que evoquem uma desconstrução do racionalismo cartesiano objetivo e disjuntivo, promovam uma participação ativa e direta da população, em uma ou em várias das esferas políticas reguladoras das áreas protegidas em que estão inseridas. Esta desconstrução (no campo teórico-conceitual), e a participação direta (no campo político-democrático), podem tomar forma com as idéias de autonomia e autogestão, analisadas a partir de olhares não puramente economicistas e tecnicistas, mas sim sob uma ótica política e territorial. A idéia de autogestão territorial, a ser construída e praticada pelos ocupantes de áreas protegidas, pretende ser uma proposta que englobe tanto a democracia direta na gestão territorial destas áreas, quanto uma alternativa ao conjunto epistêmico edificador da racionalidade ocidental modernocolonial. Com isso, abre caminho para uma re-apropriação da natureza, no sentido político-concreto de (re)tomar para si o controle sobre um território aglutinador de identidades e saberes, e também no sentido filosófico-epistêmico, ao vislumbrar uma desconstrução da ordem dicotômica e uniformizadora da tecno-ciência moderna. Para que a proposta da tese fosse aprimorada, foi necessário analisar diversas experiências em que estratégias parecidas com as que colocamos (de reapropriação e autogestão de áreas com algum tipo de restrição), foram ao menos tentadas, para não dizer as que ainda estão em prática. Estas análises se baseiam em um levantamento que envolve tanto os exemplos brasileiros como os que acontecem (ou aconteceram) em outros países. A partir daí, o objetivo central é fazer propostas específicas para a autogestão territorial de áreas protegidas, baseadas na autonomia dos povos ocupantes e na reconstrução e valorização de suas identidades e saberes. / This thesis is based on the premise that protected natural areas do not completely solve the problems which are intended to solve. Despite their different categories and aims, often they create a number of other problems, since in most cases their policies for planning and management provide a series of restrictions and even the removal of the inhabitants in the area. Moreover, the theories underlying the idea of protected areas are grounded in epistemic bases which require the dichotomy man versus environment, building a disjunction view in the relationships between society and nature. The thesis proposes to reflect strategies of appropriation of nature based in perspectives less Cartesian, at the same time it evokes a deconstruction of Cartesian rationalism disjunctive and objective, to promote an active and direct participation of the population, in one or in various spheres of the regulatory policies of protected areas in which they are inserted. This deconstruction (in the theoretical and conceptual field), and direct participation (in the political-democratic field), can take shape with the ideas of autonomy and self-management, analyzed from perspectives not purely economistic and technicist, but from a political perspective and territorial. The idea of territorial self-management, to be built and practiced by the occupiers of protected areas, is intended as a proposal covering both direct democracy in territorial management of these areas, as an alternative epistemic to the set builder of modern racionality of Western-colonial. With this, offers a way forward for a reappropriation of nature in the political sense-specific (re)take each other for control over a territory unifying identity and knowledge, and also in the philosophical and epistemic sense, to envision a deconstruction of the order dichotomous and standardizing the modern techno-science. In order to the improvement of these thesis proposal, it was necessary to analyze several experiments in which strategies similar to those put (re-appropriation and self-management of areas with some kind of restriction), have been at least attempted, not to mention those still into practice. These analyzes are based on a survey that involves the Brazilian examples like that happen (or happened) in other countries. Thereafter, the central objective is to make specific proposals for territorial self-management of protected areas, based on the autonomy of the occupants and people in the reconstruction and recovery of their identities and knowledge.]

Esta tese se baseia na premissa de que as áreas naturais protegidas não resolvem completamente os problemas aos quais se destinam solucionar. Em que pese suas diferentes categorias e objetivos, muitas vezes acabam criando uma série de outros problemas, visto que na maioria dos casos suas políticas de planejamento e gestão prevêem uma série de restrições e até mesmo a retirada dos habitantes presentes na área. Além disso, as teorias que fundamentam a idéia de áreas protegidas estão alicerçadas em bases epistêmicas que pressupõem a dicotomia homem x meio, construindo um olhar disjuntivo das relações entre sociedade e natureza. A tese se propõe, então, a refletir sobre estratégias de apropriação da natureza fundamentadas em olhares menos cartesianos, que, ao mesmo tempo em que evoquem uma desconstrução do racionalismo cartesiano objetivo e disjuntivo, promovam uma participação ativa e direta da população, em uma ou em várias das esferas políticas reguladoras das áreas protegidas em que estão inseridas. Esta desconstrução (no campo teórico-conceitual), e a participação direta (no campo político-democrático), podem tomar forma com as idéias de autonomia e autogestão, analisadas a partir de olhares não puramente economicistas e tecnicistas, mas sim sob uma ótica política e territorial. A idéia de autogestão territorial, a ser construída e praticada pelos ocupantes de áreas protegidas, pretende ser uma proposta que englobe tanto a democracia direta na gestão territorial destas áreas, quanto uma alternativa ao conjunto epistêmico edificador da racionalidade ocidental modernocolonial. Com isso, abre caminho para uma re-apropriação da natureza, no sentido político-concreto de (re)tomar para si o controle sobre um território aglutinador de identidades e saberes, e também no sentido filosófico-epistêmico, ao vislumbrar uma desconstrução da ordem dicotômica e uniformizadora da tecno-ciência moderna. Para que a proposta da tese fosse aprimorada, foi necessário analisar diversas experiências em que estratégias parecidas com as que colocamos (de reapropriação e autogestão de áreas com algum tipo de restrição), foram ao menos tentadas, para não dizer as que ainda estão em prática. Estas análises se baseiam em um levantamento que envolve tanto os exemplos brasileiros como os que acontecem (ou aconteceram) em outros países. A partir daí, o objetivo central é fazer propostas específicas para a autogestão territorial de áreas protegidas, baseadas na autonomia dos povos ocupantes e na reconstrução e valorização de suas identidades e saberes. / This thesis is based on the premise that protected natural areas do not completely solve the problems which are intended to solve. Despite their different categories and aims, often they create a number of other problems, since in most cases their policies for planning and management provide a series of restrictions and even the removal of the inhabitants in the area. Moreover, the theories underlying the idea of protected areas are grounded in epistemic bases which require the dichotomy man versus environment, building a disjunction view in the relationships between society and nature. The thesis proposes to reflect strategies of appropriation of nature based in perspectives less Cartesian, at the same time it evokes a deconstruction of Cartesian rationalism disjunctive and objective, to promote an active and direct participation of the population, in one or in various spheres of the regulatory policies of protected areas in which they are inserted. This deconstruction (in the theoretical and conceptual field), and direct participation (in the political-democratic field), can take shape with the ideas of autonomy and self-management, analyzed from perspectives not purely economistic and technicist, but from a political perspective and territorial. The idea of territorial self-management, to be built and practiced by the occupiers of protected areas, is intended as a proposal covering both direct democracy in territorial management of these areas, as an alternative epistemic to the set builder of modern racionality of Western-colonial. With this, offers a way forward for a reappropriation of nature in the political sense-specific (re)take each other for control over a territory unifying identity and knowledge, and also in the philosophical and epistemic sense, to envision a deconstruction of the order dichotomous and standardizing the modern techno-science. In order to the improvement of these thesis proposal, it was necessary to analyze several experiments in which strategies similar to those put (re-appropriation and self-management of areas with some kind of restriction), have been at least attempted, not to mention those still into practice. These analyzes are based on a survey that involves the Brazilian examples like that happen (or happened) in other countries. Thereafter, the central objective is to make specific proposals for territorial self-management of protected areas, based on the autonomy of the occupants and people in the reconstruction and recovery of their identities and knowledge.]

Esta tese se baseia na premissa de que as áreas naturais protegidas não resolvem completamente os problemas aos quais se destinam solucionar. Em que pese suas diferentes categorias e objetivos, muitas vezes acabam criando uma série de outros problemas, visto que na maioria dos casos suas políticas de planejamento e gestão prevêem uma série de restrições e até mesmo a retirada dos habitantes presentes na área. Além disso, as teorias que fundamentam a idéia de áreas protegidas estão alicerçadas em bases epistêmicas que pressupõem a dicotomia homem x meio, construindo um olhar disjuntivo das relações entre sociedade e natureza. A tese se propõe, então, a refletir sobre estratégias de apropriação da natureza fundamentadas em olhares menos cartesianos, que, ao mesmo tempo em que evoquem uma desconstrução do racionalismo cartesiano objetivo e disjuntivo, promovam uma participação ativa e direta da população, em uma ou em várias das esferas políticas reguladoras das áreas protegidas em que estão inseridas. Esta desconstrução (no campo teórico-conceitual), e a participação direta (no campo político-democrático), podem tomar forma com as idéias de autonomia e autogestão, analisadas a partir de olhares não puramente economicistas e tecnicistas, mas sim sob uma ótica política e territorial. A idéia de autogestão territorial, a ser construída e praticada pelos ocupantes de áreas protegidas, pretende ser uma proposta que englobe tanto a democracia direta na gestão territorial destas áreas, quanto uma alternativa ao conjunto epistêmico edificador da racionalidade ocidental modernocolonial. Com isso, abre caminho para uma re-apropriação da natureza, no sentido político-concreto de (re)tomar para si o controle sobre um território aglutinador de identidades e saberes, e também no sentido filosófico-epistêmico, ao vislumbrar uma desconstrução da ordem dicotômica e uniformizadora da tecno-ciência moderna. Para que a proposta da tese fosse aprimorada, foi necessário analisar diversas experiências em que estratégias parecidas com as que colocamos (de reapropriação e autogestão de áreas com algum tipo de restrição), foram ao menos tentadas, para não dizer as que ainda estão em prática. Estas análises se baseiam em um levantamento que envolve tanto os exemplos brasileiros como os que acontecem (ou aconteceram) em outros países. A partir daí, o objetivo central é fazer propostas específicas para a autogestão territorial de áreas protegidas, baseadas na autonomia dos povos ocupantes e na reconstrução e valorização de suas identidades e saberes. / This thesis is based on the premise that protected natural areas do not completely solve the problems which are intended to solve. Despite their different categories and aims, often they create a number of other problems, since in most cases their policies for planning and management provide a series of restrictions and even the removal of the inhabitants in the area. Moreover, the theories underlying the idea of protected areas are grounded in epistemic bases which require the dichotomy man versus environment, building a disjunction view in the relationships between society and nature. The thesis proposes to reflect strategies of appropriation of nature based in perspectives less Cartesian, at the same time it evokes a deconstruction of Cartesian rationalism disjunctive and objective, to promote an active and direct participation of the population, in one or in various spheres of the regulatory policies of protected areas in which they are inserted. This deconstruction (in the theoretical and conceptual field), and direct participation (in the political-democratic field), can take shape with the ideas of autonomy and self-management, analyzed from perspectives not purely economistic and technicist, but from a political perspective and territorial. The idea of territorial self-management, to be built and practiced by the occupiers of protected areas, is intended as a proposal covering both direct democracy in territorial management of these areas, as an alternative epistemic to the set builder of modern racionality of Western-colonial. With this, offers a way forward for a reappropriation of nature in the political sense-specific (re)take each other for control over a territory unifying identity and knowledge, and also in the philosophical and epistemic sense, to envision a deconstruction of the order dichotomous and standardizing the modern techno-science. In order to the improvement of these thesis proposal, it was necessary to analyze several experiments in which strategies similar to those put (re-appropriation and self-management of areas with some kind of restriction), have been at least attempted, not to mention those still into practice. These analyzes are based on a survey that involves the Brazilian examples like that happen (or happened) in other countries. Thereafter, the central objective is to make specific proposals for territorial self-management of protected areas, based on the autonomy of the occupants and people in the reconstruction and recovery of their identities and knowledge.]

Resiliency is a critical factor in educational success; the gap exists in the research regarding the effect of resiliency in the educational success of African American female students. The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological research (IPR) study was to explore and describe the lived experience of single-gender education through African American female student alumnae to capture and distill their shared experience of educational resilience and competence. Framework drew on gender-relevant education, social capital, racial identity and socialization. Research perspective that participants were viewed consisted of critical race feminism theory and competency versus deficit or risk perspective. Research questions focused on how African American female student alumnae of single-gender educational settings described their experiences in and out of school as they relate to resiliency and competence. The IPR design consisted of 3 interviews per participant; 1 focused on the past, 1 focused on the present, 1 integrated past and present experiences. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to analyze data. Results showed the components that factor into the African American Academic Achieving Female (A4F) include racial identity and socialization, gender relevant education, support systems within cultural and social capital, Guts, Resilience, Initiative, Tenacity (GRIT), Cultural (Re)Appropriation Unity (CRU), personal spiritual relationship. Recommendation for the A4F framework to be used as a foundation to foster growth of the A4F. Social change implication is understanding how African American female alumnae of single-gender schools describe their shared experience of A4F on their lives to foster social change for the African American students.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte principalement sur la question de la réappropriation historique et musicale des Tziganes dans le docu-fiction Latcho Drom (1993) de Tony Gatlif. Dans un premier chapitre, il s’agit de comparer l’histoire écrite sur les Tziganes avec leur mise en image afin de déterminer comment le cinéaste apporte dans le langage audiovisuel de Latcho Drom un total renouveau dans le discours dominant. Dans cette perspective, l’appareil cinématographique se révèle être un médium de revendication et de réappropriation de l’être tzigane et de son histoire. Dans un deuxième chapitre, il est question de démontrer avec des études basées sur l’ethnomusicologie comment les musiques tziganes, sont rapidement assimilées au patrimoine culturel des sociétés européennes. Latcho Drom qui traduit avec justesse des expressions musicales très encrées de la vie de ces communautés, s’inscrit en contradiction avec la conception territorialiste de musicologues et ethnomusicologues qui refusent d’accorder à la musique tzigane légitimité et autonomie. Dans un troisième chapitre, il s’agit de déterminer comment le cinéaste cherche à faire entrer son spectateur dans un rapport de proximité avec les communautés de Latcho Drom afin de susciter en lui reconnaissance et empathie. / The main focus of this Masters thesis is the historical and musical re-appropriation of gypsies in the docudrama, Latcho Drom (1993) by Tony Gatlif. In the first chapter, the literary history of gypsies will be compared to their representation in Latcho Drom, in order to demonstrate how Gatlif challenges the dominant discourse with a totally new perspective through his unique use of audio-visual language. In this way, the camera is rendered a medium of empowerment for the gypsy community through a re-appropriation of their people and history. In the second chapter, a series of studies in ethnomusicology will be used to demonstrate how gypsy music (mainly because it is nomadic and not transcribed) is rapidly assimilated into the cultural heritage of European societies. Latcho Drom accurately reflects the musical expression inherent in the life of these communities while being at odds with certain methods of preserving oral music traditions (the “urgency of ethnomusicology”) and the territorial notion espoused by musicologists, who refuse to recognize gypsy music as legitimate and autonomous. The third chapter will discuss how the filmmaker invites the spectator into intimate rapport with the musical communities of Latcho Drom, arousing in him/her a sentiment of gratitude and empathy.