Poly (Ethylene Oxide) (PEO, with a general formula (CH₂-CH₂-O)[subscript pi] ) is completely soluble in water at room temperature over an extremely wide molecular weight range and has been widely studied by experiment and theory. The objective of our work is to study the solubility behavior by the method of Monte Carlo simulation. The insertion factor lnB, which is equivalent to the infinite dilute Henry's Law Constant, is used to represent the solubility of various molecules in water. Our research started with simple fluid and aqueous solutions of small molecules including hard spheres, inert gases, hydrocarbons and dimethyl ether (DME, as a precursor for PEO). Solubility consists of a favorable energy term and an unfavorable entropy term. Against the common belief of entropy-dominating-hydrophobicity effect, it is actually the ability of the solute to interact with solvent (or the energetic factor) that dominates solubility. The solubility minimum appearing for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes along the water coexistence curve is the result of competition between the favorable energy contribution and the unfavorable entropy contribution. Normal alkanes with carbon number from 1 to 20 have been modeled by LJ chains to study the solubility of non-polar polymer chains in water. Various constraints have been put on the LJ model to evaluate their effect on solubility. No significant difference was observed for LJ chain with or without fixed bond angles, but torsional interaction changed the chain solubility dramatically. The temperature and chain-length effect on chain solubility has been examined and it can be explained by the balancing between the intra-chain interaction and entropy penalty. By choosing the right torsional interaction parameters we may be able to reproduce by simulations the solubility minimum of normal alkanes at C₁₁. PEO was modeled by united atom chains with length up to 30. The most probable distance between two nearest ether oxygens in both vacuum and aqueous solutions matches the hydrogen bond length in bulk water. Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in the unique water solubility behavior of PEO since the water-PEO interaction effectively increases the total number of hydrogen bonds and results in a favorable change in energy. A trans-gauche-trans conformation along the O-C-C-O bonds does enable hydrogen bond formation between one water molecule and two nearest or next nearest ether oxygens. A helix structure is not required for the PEO to have favorable interactions with water. Two polymers with similar structure as PEO but are insoluble in water: Poly (methylene oxide) (PMO) and Poly (propylene oxide) (PPO) have been studied to compare with PEO. Their difference in structure from PEO, though slight, reduces the chance of hydrogen bond forming between water and chains so as to decrease the solubility. / text

A series of pyrene end-labeled monodisperse poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEO(X)-Py2 where X represents the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the PEOs and equals 2, 5, 10 and 16.5 K) and one pyrene mono-labeled PEO (PEO(2K)-Py1) were synthesized and characterized in solution using fluorescence. First, the end-to-end cyclization (EEC) of PEO(X)-Py2 was investigated in seven organic solvents with viscosities (η) ranging from 0.32 to 1.92 mPa•s. The classical Birks scheme was used to globally fit the pyrene monomer and excimer fluorescence decays. The fraction of pyrenes that did not form excimer (ffree) was found to increase with increasing η and Mn. This result was contrary to the assumptions made by Birks’ scheme. To account for this, ffree was assumed to represent the fraction of PEO chains other than the monolabeled polymer impurities that cannot accomplish EEC. A fluorescence blob model (FBM) was applied to handle this assumption in the process of excimer formation for the PEO(X)-Py2 samples in solution. The radius of a blob, Rblob, in organic solvents was determined according to the results retrieved from the FBM. To quantitatively account for the existence of pyrene impurity in pyrene-labeled macromolecules, known amounts of PEO(2K)-Py1 were added into a PEO(2K)-Py2 solution and the fluorescence decays were fitted globally according to the Birks scheme and “model free” (MF) analysis to verify the validation of the MF analysis. The MF analysis was then applied to determine the amounts of 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PyBA) that had been added to a solution of pyrene end-labeled fourth generation dendritic hybrid (Py16-G4-PS). The results demonstrated that the contribution from unwanted fluorescent species could be isolated and quantitatively accounted for by fitting the fluorescence decays of the pyrene monomer and excimer globally with the MF analysis. Since the PEO(X)-Py2 samples form hydrophobic pyrene aggregates in aqueous solution, a sequential model (SM) was proposed to characterize the pyrene excimer formation of PEO(X)-Py2 in water at different polymer concentration (CP). The capture distance over which the pyrenyl end-groups experience hydrophobic forces in water was determined by assuming that the end-to-end distances of the PEO(X)-Py2 samples adopt a Gaussian distribution and that the fraction of pyrenes that are aggregated (fE0) determined by the sequential model corresponds to the fraction of PEO(X)-Py2 chains whose end-to-end distance is smaller than the hydrophobic capture distance. Since a surfactant can interact with a hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer in aqueous solution, the interactions taking place between PEO(X)-Py2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were investigated at a low PEO(X)-Py2 concentration. The pyrene monomer and excimer fluorescence decays of the PEO(X)-Py2 and SDS solutions were acquired at various SDS concentrations and globally fitted according to the MF analysis to retrieve the parameters that described the kinetics of pyrene excimer formation. At high SDS concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the pyrene end-groups of the short-chain samples (PEO(2K)-Py2 and PEO(5K)-Py2) were incorporated inside the same micelle and excimer was formed intramolecularly, while most pyrene groups of the long-chain samples (PEO(10K)-Py2 and PEO(16.5K)-Py2) were isolated into different micelles. Lastly, both the rheological properties and fluorescence behavior of a pyrene-labeled hydrophobically-modified alkali-swellable emulsion (Py-HASE) polymer in basic aqueous solution with SDS were studied. Furthermore, a joint experimental setup that combined a rheometer and a steady-state fluorometer was applied to investigate at the molecular level the effect that a shearing force had on the polymeric network. However, despite the dramatic decrease in solution viscosity with increasing shear rate, no change in the fluorescence spectra was detected, suggesting that changes in the polymeric network that affected the balance of intra- versus intermolecular pyrene associations did not impact the process of excimer formation. Together the experiments described in this thesis represent the broadest set of examples found in the scientific literature where information on the dynamics and level of association of pyrene-labeled polymers has been retrieved through the quantitative analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with pyrene-labeled polymers in solution.

O desempenho de um processo de produção de óxido de etileno é normalmente avaliado através da seletividade da reação. Neste trabalho, uma unidade produtiva foi estudada com o objetivo de se maximizar a seletividade através da atuação sobre as principais variáveis de processo. Uma análise estatística de um conjunto de dados de processo mostrou que quatro variáveis (vazão de oxigênio, vazão de gás de reciclo, temperatura da reação e teor de clorados) são as de maior influência sobre a seletividade e explicam mais de 60% das variações ocorridas no processo produtivo. Com base nessa análise de dados, modelos de regressão multilinear foram desenvolvidos e testados com o objetivo de representar o comportamento do processo em função apenas do comportamento dessas quatro variáveis. O modelo matemático empírico proposto para representar esse processo foi validado estatisticamente e fenomenologicamente, demonstrando consistência com os dados obtidos em processo. O modelo também foi desdobrado em 24 submodelos que representam condições possíveis de operação da unidade e para os quais foram elaboradas superfícies de respostas que permitiram definir a melhor forma de gestão das 4 variáveis críticas conjuntamente, de modo a se obter a máxima seletividade possível para a reação em função desses cenários operacionais. / The performance of an ethylene oxide manufacturing process is normally measured by the selectivity reaction. In this work, a production unit was studied in order to maximize selectivity through the development of a strategic plan to main to manage the key process variables. A statistical analysis of a data set indicated that only four variables (oxygen flow, recycle gas flow, temperature reaction and chlorine content) are responsible for the greater influence over the selectivity and explain more than 60% of process variations. As consequence, regression models were developed and tested in order to represent the process behavior as a function of these four variables. The proposed mathematical model was statistically and phenomenologically validated, demonstrating consistency with the current process data. The model was rewritten in 24 sub-models, named deployed models which represent possible operational conditions of the unit. A set of surface responses was defined for each deployed model, providing to identify the best way for the management of these 4 critical variables. Furthermore, this analysis leads to a management tool for achieving the best results in selectivity, as function of the possible operational scenarios for this unit.

O principal propósito da enxertia óssea é estimular a osteogênese, mas é útil que o enxerto apresente outras propriedades tais como a resistência mecânica, possibilidade de estocagem e de ser usado em diferentes quantidades. Nesta pesquisa nós estudamos algumas propriedades mecânicas e o desempenho biológico de uma amostra de enxerto ósseo homógeno quimicamente processado e esterilizado em óxido de etileno. Primeiramente, amostras cilíndricas de tal enxerto, foram ensaiadas mecanicamente em compressão. Em uma segunda instância, o enxerto foi implantado em cães adultos. Trinta animais foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo I, dez cães receberam um bloco cilíndrico de osso homógeno quimicamente preparado que foi implantado num leito cilíndrico confeccionado na epífise distal do fêmur direito. Três semanas após, o mesmo animal foi submetido à mesma cirurgia, desta vez no fêmur esquerdo. Seis semanas após a primeira operação, o cão foi sacrificado. O grupo II consistiu de vinte cães que receberam um enxerto autógeno cilíndrico que foi obtido do fêmur esquerdo e implantado no fêmur direito, da mesma forma que no grupo I. Dez animais (subgrupo A) foram sacrificados três semanas após o implante e dez animais (subgrupo B) foram sacrificados seis semanas após o implante. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente, e a integração do enxerto foi avaliada com raio-x obtidos seis dias após a operação e imediatamente após o sacrifício. Nossos resultados mostraram que o osso tratado mostrou menores valores para a Tensão, Deformação, e Módulo de Elasticidade, no limite elástico, quando comparado com o osso fresco. Os estudos radiográficos mostraram boa integração do enxerto tratado, entretanto, com menor desempenho quando comparado com o enxerto autógeno. O enxerto homógeno processado quimicamente e esterilizado em óxido de etileno, pode ser usado, como alternativa para o enxerto autógeno, tanto na medicina veterinária, quanto na medicina humana. / The main purpose of bone grafting is to stimulate osteogenisis but, sometimes, it is useful that the graft present other properties such as mechanical resistance, stocking, and possibility of being used in different amounts. In this investigation we studied some mechanical properties and the biological performance of a kind of a homogenous graft chemically prepared and sterilized in ethylene oxide. Previously, cylindrical samples of such graft were tested mechanically in compression. In a second instance, the graft was implanted in mature dogs. Thirty adults animals were divided into two groups. In group I, ten dogs received a cylindrical block of homogenous chemically prepared bone that was implanted in a cylindrical hollow created in distal epiphysis of the right femur. Three weeks later the same animal was operated on and the same operation was performed on the left femur. Six weeks after the first operation the dog was killed. The group II consisted of twenty dogs that received a cylindrical autologous graft that was harvested from the left femur and implanted in the right femur, as performed for group I. Ten animals (subgroup A) were killed tree weeks after the grafting operation and ten animals (subgroups B) were killed six weeks later. The animals were followed-up clinically and the graft integration was evaluated with x-ray taken six days after the operation and before the sacrifice. Ours results showed that the treated bone displayed smaller values for the tension, deformation and modulus of elasticity at yielding point, when compared with the fresh bone. The radiographic studies showed good integration of the treated graft, although with less performance when compared with the autologous graft. Homogenous graft, chemically prepared and sterilized in ethylene oxide, can be used as substitute to autologous graft both in veterinary and human medicine.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO HUGO SANTOS PDF.pdf: 439669 bytes, checksum: e6740a0777497c7e2bdde78f28125f5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-24 / To enter the safety and sterility in enteral feeding bottles is necessary to validate the sterilization process. The aim of this study was to determine the aeration time residual enteral bottles sterilized by ethylene oxide. Enteral bottles 120 to achieve the qualification physical, microbiological and chemical in three consecutive cycles 534, 535 and 536. Physicals sensors and chemical integrators in the autoclave were installed to monitor the parameters of relative humidity (RH &#8805; 35%), temperature (55ºC±10), pressure (0.750 kgf/cm²±50) and sterilization time (6h). Tests for sterility and endotoxin tests evaluated the result of rapid bioindicator for reading on 4h. We performed the validation of analytical method by gas chromatography (GCFID), as a technique to determine the concentration of ethylene oxide residue. The use of rapid bioindicator (Bacillus atrophaeus) was approved for sterility testing (14 days), test for endotoxin <0.5 EU/ml and elimination of microbial 12 logarithmic cycles (SAL10-6). The analysis technique (GCFID) was linearity in the range 1-50 &#956;g/ml of EtO, 100.4% average accuracy, precision and robustness: RSD <5% (RE 899/2003, ANVISA). The residual dissipation was significant p<0.05 for all time aeration evaluated. After time 6h aeration was obtained 7.77±0.97 &#956;g/ml of the EtO residual enteral bottles. This concentration was approved a limited of 10 &#956;g/ml, acceptable for pharmaceutical products. The validation allowed approving the parameters of sterilization; the enteral bottles enter the sterile and determine the minimum time of 6h of aeration process. / Para estabelecer a segurança da esterilidade nos frascos enterais faz-se necessário a validação do processo de esterilização. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o tempo de aeração residual em frascos enterais esterilizados por óxido de etileno. Foram utilizados 120 frascos enterais para realizar da qualificação física, microbiológica e química residual em três ciclos consecutivos 534, 535 e 536. Sensores e integradores químicos foram instalados na autoclave para monitorar os parâmetros de umidade relativa (UR&#8805;35%), temperatura (55ºC±10), pressão (0,750kgf/cm²±50) e tempo de esterilização (6h). Testes de esterilidade e ensaios de endotoxina avaliaram o resultado do bioindicador rápido, leitura em 4h. Realizou-se a validação do método analítico por cromatografia a gás (GCFID) como técnica para determinar a concentração de óxido de etileno residual. O uso do Bioindicador (Bacillus atrophaeus) foi aprovado pelos testes de esterilidade (14 dias), ensaio de endotoxina (<0,5EU/ml) e eliminação microbiana de 12 ciclos logarítmicos (SAL10-6). A técnica de análise (GCFID) apresentou linearidade no intervalo de 1 a 50 &#956;g/ml de EtO, exatidão média 100,4%, precisão e robustez: DPR <5% (RE 899/2003, ANVISA). A dissipação residual foi significativa p<0,05 para todos os tempos de aeração avaliados. A partir de 6h de aeração obteve-se 7,77±0,97&#956;g/ml de EtO residual nos frascos enterais. Esta concentração foi aprovada no limite de 10 &#956;g/ml, aceitável para produtos farmacêuticos. A validação permitiu aprovar os parâmetros de esterilização, introduzir a esterilidade nos frascos enterais e determinar o tempo mínimo de 6 h de aeração.

Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Marcos Akira D'Ávila / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:05:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bizarria_MariaTrindadeMarques_D.pdf: 4483205 bytes, checksum: 44e9caae2b1e4e2bd5569681573ba911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A obtenção de nanofibras de polímeros biocompatíveis, baseadas em quitosana, bem como a montagem de equipamento capaz de produzi-las, foi o principal objeto deste trabalho. Com este propósito, buscou-se de início reunir os dispositivos eletrônicos e mecânicos indispensáveis à prática da eletrofiação e um equipamento básico, de baixo custo, mas funcional foi construído. Com base na literatura, o ácido acético glacial a 90% em água deionizada foi o solvente utilizado para preparo das soluções de quitosana. Para viabilizar o processo da produção das nanofibras pela técnica da eletrofiação utilizaram-se blendas de soluções de quitosana com soluções de outros polímeros biocompatíveis em vez de soluções de quitosana pura. Assim, blendas de soluções de quitosana com soluções aquosas do poli(óxido de etileno) - PEO , bem como, com soluções aquosas de Poli(álcool vinílico) - PVA, em diversas proporções, foram eletrofiadas. O Poli(óxido de etileno) mostrou superior desempenho, como auxiliar na fiação da quitosana, permitindo a obtenção de fibras com até 80% de quitosana, e com diâmetros inferiores àqueles obtidos com as blendas de soluções de quitosana/PVA. A adição de um eletrólito (NaCl) às soluções blendas de quitosana/PEO proporcionou um processo fácil ininterrupto, sendo assim, buscou-se um melhor entendimento sobre as propriedades das soluções da quitosana e do PEO que norteiam comportamentos mais ou menos favoráveis ao processo da eletrofiação, caracterizando-se essas soluções através de estudos de viscosidade, de medidas de tensão superficial e de condutividade elétrica. A morfologia das fibras obtidas foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e, as propriedades térmicas, das membranas nanoestruturadas resultantes da eletrofiação das soluções de Quitosana/PEO, foram avaliadas por análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC). A biocompatibilidade das membranas com teor de quitosana mais elevado (80% quitosana/20% PEO) foi avaliada através de testes de citotoxicidade in vitro, biocompatibilidade in vivo e adesão e crescimento celular in vitro. Adicionalmente, foram conduzidos experimentos visando avaliar o desempenho destas mesmas membranas como carreadoras de fármacos sendo que, a incorporação de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs), bem como de digluconato de clorexidina apresentaram resultados promissores / Abstract: The development of biocompatible polymer nanofibers based on chitosan and the design and assembly of equipment capable of producing them were the main objectives of this work. For this purpose, the basic electronic and mechanical devices were obtained and a low-cost functional electrospinning setup was built. Based on the literature, glacial acetic acid with concentration of 90% in deionized water was the solvent used to prepare the chitosan solutions. In order to enable the nanofiber production by electrospinning, blends of chitosan solutions with other biocompatible polymers were used instead of pure chitosan solutions. Thus, blends of chitosan solutions with aqueous solutions of poly (ethylene oxide) PEO as well as with aqueous solutions of poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA, in various proportions, were electrospun. The PEO presented superior performance as an aid to obtain chitosan fibers, resulting in fibers with up to 80% of chitosan, and with smaller diameters than those obtained with solutions of blends of chitosan / PVA. The addition of an electrolyte (NaCl) to the chitosan/PEO solution blends has provided an easy and uninterrupted process. Thus, to obtain a better understanding about the properties of chitosan and PEO solutions that lead to more or less favorable behaviors to the electrospinning process, these solutions were characterized by performing viscosity studies and measurements of surface tension and electrical conductivity. The morphology of the fibers was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the thermal properties of nanostructured membranes resulting from electrospinning of chitosan/PEO solutions were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The biocompatibility of the higher-content-chitosan membranes (80%chitosan /20% PEO) was evaluated by tests of in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo biocompatibility and in vitro cell adhesion and growth. In addition, experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the same membrane as a carrier of drugs. In this way, the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chlorhexidine digluconate showed promising results / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Claudio Longo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_BrunoHondade_M.pdf: 1755012 bytes, checksum: c581e51105ddf9e770994460e5171e65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As células fotoeletroquímica de TiO2/corante, que convertem energia solar em elétrica, são constituídas por fotoeletrodo de TiO2 modificado com um corante, contra-eletrodo de Pt e um eletrólito contendo o par redox I/ I3. Neste trabalho, investigaram-se eletrólitos constituídos por NaI/I2 dissolvido em uma matriz polimérica de poli(óxido de etileno), PEO, contendo 10% (em massa) dos polifluoretos polivinilideno (PVdF) e polivinilideno hexafluoro-propileno, PVdF-HFP. Inicialmente, averiguou-se que um eletrólito constituído por 14% de NaI ( em relação à massa de PEO) em PEO/PVdF-HFP apresentou melhor desempenho em uma célula solar que um eletrólito similar em matriz PEO/PVdF. Determinou-se então, para eletrólitos de PEO/PVdF-HFP, a condutividade iônica em função da concentração de NaI para filmes depositados entre eletrodos bloqueantes de aço. O valor máximo de condutividade, 0,3 mScm, foi obtido para o eletrólito contendo mNaI/mPEO = 20%. Em uma célula simétrica, constituída por dois eletrodos de Pt, os voltamogramas cíclicos obtidos para este eletrólito apresentaram picos bem definidos, indicando a reversibilidade do par redox neste eletrólito. A adição de 10% (em massa) de PVdF-HFP proporciona característica amorfa à matriz polimérica, o que garante alta mobilidade iônica. As células solares preparadas com este eletrólito (área ativa de 0,5 cm) apresentaram, no 1° dia, valores médios de corrente de curto circuito de 3,9 mA cm e potencial de circuito aberto, VOC, de 0,6V e eficiência de conversão 1,1% sob irradiação de um simulador solar (120mWcm, 27°C). Através de medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica sob irradiação (no Voc, ± 10 mV), observou-se baixa resistência em série e estimou-se o coeficiente de difusão das espécies redox no sistema em D= 3.10 cms. As curvas corrente-potencial foram determinadas durante 30 dias consecutivos; sendo observada estável depois de 15 dias e uma diminuição de 60% de sua eficiência inicial / Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cell convert solar energy in electricity, are made up nanoporous TiO2 electrode modified by a Ru-complex dye, Pt counter electrode and an electrolyte containing the redox couple I/ I3. This dissertation was to investigate electrolytes consisting of NaI/I2 dissolved in a polymer matrix of poly (ethylene oxide), PEO, containing 10% (by weight) of polyvinylidene polyvinylidene (PVDF) and polyvinylidene Hexafluorosilicic propylene, PVdF-HFP. Initially, it was found that electrolyte content 14% of NaI (mNaI/mPEO) in PEO / PVdF-HFP performed better on a solar cell array in a similar electrolyte PEO / PVdF. It was determined then to electrolyte PEO / PVdF-HFP, the ionic conductivity as a function of NaI concentration for films deposited between steel blocking electrodes. The maximum conductivity, 0.3 mScm, was obtained for he electrolyte containing mNaI / mPEO = 20%. In a symmetric cell, consisting of two Pt electrodes, the cyclic voltammograms obtained for this electrolyte showed well defined peaks, indicating the reversibility of the redox couple in electrolyte. The addition of 10% (in mass) of PVdF-HFP provides the characteristic amorphous polymer matrix, which ensures high ion mobility. Solar cells prepared with this electrolyte (active area 0.5 cm) presented on first day, mean values of short circuit current of 3.9 mA cm and open circuit potential, VOC of 0.6 V and conversion efficiency of 1.1% under irradiation of a solar simulator (120 mWcm, 27°C). Through measures electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under irradiation (in VOC, ± 10 mV), there was low resistance in series and estimated the diffusion coefficient of redox species in the system at D = 3.10 cms. The current-potential curves were determined for 30 consecutive days, being observed stable after 15 days and a decrease of 60% of its initial efficiency / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

No description available.

The electrospinning process of polymer solutions is affected by many different parameters that can be divided into solution parameters, process parameters, and ambient parameters. This study is focused on characteristics of a polymer and its solution, which are ranging into the solution parameters. The aim of this study is to compare poly(ethylene oxide) characteristics in the relation to electrospinning of hyaluronic acid, to find the difference between them using available analytic, thermic and spectral methods, and to define the influence of properties on polymeric solutions behavior during electrospinning. It was find that poly(ethylene oxides) obtained from two different sources behave differently in an electrostatic field, although their molar mass is declared as the same. It was also confirmed that the electrospinning process of polymeric solutions is affected mainly by their viscosity and conductivity. This two properties are determined especially by the molar mass of polymer and also by the content of impurities or content of some another polymer during electrospinning of mixed solution.

No description available.