A criação e aplicação de uma política (ou conjunto de políticas) de incentivo à eficiência energética, composta por um conjunto harmônico e coeso de instrumentos adequados à realidade nacional, resultará em: 1) aumento da competitividade da indústria nacional; 2) expansão da oferta de energia a custo mínimo; e 3) avanços no sentido de aproximar a economia nacional de um modelo ambientalmente sustentável. Adicione-se a estes 3 pontos, que importa que se implantem políticas públicas de apoio à eficiência energética, pois, além da larga escala em que muitos dos investimentos em eficiência energética precisam ser coordenados, alguns destes forçosamente devem ser públicos por serem destinados a corrigir falhas de mercado. O conhecimento dos diversos instrumentos de políticas de incentivo à eficiência energética existentes propiciará às instâncias decisórias envolvidas melhores condições para a elaboração e implantação daqueles que se mostrarem mais necessários e eficazes para a realidade nacional. Devido a fatores econômicos e ambientais, diversos países implantaram, ao longo da História, políticas de apoio à eficiência energética. Cada uma destas políticas se valeu de algumas dentre diversas ferramentas, tais como a criação de normas regendo os desempenhos mínimos obrigatórios de equipamentos consumidores de energia, a criação de assimetrias de mercado que favoreçam economicamente a penetração de tecnologias, produtos e serviços energeticamente eficientes e a sinalização fiscal e tarifária no sentido do uso eficiente da energia por parte dos diversos setores consumidores, entre outras. Os países da OCDE (Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico) têm um amplo histórico de implantação de políticas de incentivo à eficiência energética. Isto se deve a diversos fatores, tais como a necessidade de reduzir a dependência de fontes externas de energia, problemas ambientais (dado que muito da geração nestes países é termoelétrica - problemas com poluentes gasosos, tais como os gases de efeito-estufa - ou nuclear - problemas com o manejo de resíduos radioativos) e a alta competitividade dos mercados globais (a melhoria contínua da eficiência energética dos processos produtivos é uma questão de desenvolvimento tecnológico com implicações na produtividade industrial destes países, sendo neles amplamente incentivada). Assim sendo, se estudou mais detalhadamente os instrumentos de políticas de incentivo à eficiência energética adotados por alguns países da OCDE que se caracterizam por elevados consumos energéticos, bem como os adotados por países da OCDE com culturas mais próximas da brasileira (Portugal e Espanha) e aqueles adotados por México e Chile (economias latino-americanas de porte significativo) e pelo próprio Brasil (para que se possa comparar os instrumentos estudados com aqueles que já se encontram em curso em território nacional). Os instrumentos adotados de modo conjunto pelos países da União Européia são apresentados em capítulo próprio, dada sua natureza única. Para fins de exeqüibilidade deste trabalho, foram analisados principalmente os instrumentos referentes à eficiência energética dos usos finais de energia elétrica e hidrocarbonetos. Na seqüência, estes programas e iniciativas são analisados de modo a se chegar a uma classificação dos mesmos por modo de operação. Finalmente, discorre-se sobre os elementos mais significativos dentro do espaço amostral estudado, elaborando-se assim uma base de dados que possa subsidiar a elaboração de uma política nacional de eficiência energética. / Setting up and enforcing a policy (or policies) fostering energy efficiency, comprising a harmonic and coherent tool-set appropriate to the Brazilian reality will bring: 1) better competitivity for our industry; 2) larger energy supplies at minimal costs; and 3) enhancing of Brazilian economy\'s environmental sustainability. Add up to this that establishment of public policies on energy efficiency is highly needed since, besides their requirements on large scale coordination of investments, many must be provided by government, for they are meant to overcome market failures. Knowing the diverse available instruments of energy efficiency fostering policies will give our decision makers better grounds on which to prepare, elaborate, enact and enforce those that turn out to be the best options for the country. Due to both environmental and economic concerns, many nations implemented a wide range of energy efficiency policies in the course of History. Each of those deployed some among many tools, such as the setting up of mandatory minimum efficiency performance standards for energy using equipment and appliances, the creation of market asymmetries financially favoring the uptake of energy efficient technologies, goods, and services and fiscal and taxing signals raising awareness of energy using sectors on efficient energy use, among others. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries have a long history on enacting energy efficiency policies. This is due to several factors, such as the need to reduce dependence on external energy sources, environmental problems (since much of the power generation in those nations is thermo electrical - troubles with gaseous pollutants, such as greenhouse gases - or nuclear - troubles in handling nuclear wastes), and the fierce competition in the global market (continual enhancing of productive processes energy efficiency is a matter of technological development presenting strong implications in the industrial productivity of those countries, so they are highly supportive of it). Being things that way, we studied in greater detail the energy efficiency policies of some markedly energy intensive OECD countries, as well as those adopted by OECD countries featuring cultures more alike Brazilian culture (Portugal and Spain) and those adopted by Mexico and Chile (significant Latin-American economies) and Brazil itself, so one may compare the previously presented measures and programs to what is already in course here in Brazil in terms of energy efficiency policies. Instruments jointly deployed by European countries in the scope of the European Union and their Framework Programs are set apart in their own chapter in this thesis, due to their unique nature. To allow for a feasible survey, we restricted ourselves mostly to the analysis of instruments related to energy efficiency in the final uses of electric power and hydrocarbons. As a next step, those programs and initiatives are analyzed in order to assemble a table of categories by means of which they may be sorted by main operational characteristics. Finally, representative elements in this sampling space are described in some detail, assembling thus an initial database on which one may elaborate when bringing to light and enforcing a Brazilian policy on energy efficiency.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo determinar a contribuição de uma unidade habitacional unifamiliar, que utiliza o sol como fonte principal de energia, e adota premissas e estratégias de uma Casa Solar, para a conservação e geração de energia, e redução de emissões de GEE. O Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) de eletricidade é analisado considerando as fontes de geração, emissões de GEE associadas e as previsões de expansão. São estudados o potencial e as limitações para a inserção da fonte solar fotovoltaica na matriz de energia elétrica brasileira. O consumo de eletricidade do setor residencial é caracterizado, considerando as previsões de aumento da demanda por eletricidade. São elencadas e estudadas as premissas e estratégias de uma Casa Solar, com foco no aproveitamento do sol na arquitetura e no uso de sistema de aquecimento solar (SAS) e sistema fotovoltaico (SFV). Estas premissas e estratégias são demonstradas de forma aplicada por meio do protótipo Ekó House, um modelo de residência de energia zero (REZ) que incorpora as premissas e estratégias de uma Casa Solar. As estratégias bioclimáticas e os sistemas solares são analisados considerando sua aplicação na cidade de São Paulo. A análise qualitativa de estratégias passivas e de baixo consumo para o condicionamento térmico demonstram um potencial de se aumentar em até 70% as horas de conforto no ano. Dentro dos parâmetros definidos e considerando um valor médio de consumo residencial, a adoção de tecnologias mais eficientes para iluminação demonstra um potencial de reduzir o consumo de eletricidade em até 12,5%, e o uso de SAS apresenta um potencial para conservar até 16,3% da eletricidade consumida. A geração de energia elétrica por SFV, associada à adoção medidas de eficiência energética, demonstra potencial para atingir um balanço energético próximo a zero ou positivo. Com isso, estima-se um potencial de se evitar até 1,66 t CO2 de emissões ao ano por unidade habitacional. / This dissertation aims to determine the contribution of a single-family dwelling unit that harnesses the sun as a main energy source, and adopts guidelines and strategies of a Solar House, aiming energy conservation and generation, and GHG emissions reduction. The Brazilian interconnected electricity system is analyzed regarding energy sources, associated GHG emissions and expansion projection. The electricity consumption in residential sector is characterized, considering the projections of increase in electricity demand. The guidelines and strategies for a Solar House are studied, focusing on the harnessing of sun in architecture and solar systems for domestic hot water (DHW) and electricity generation by photovoltaic (PV) systems. The practical application of these guidelines and strategies is exemplified by the Ekó House prototype, a zero energy dwelling housing model that incorporates Solar House guidelines and strategies in its design. Bioclimatic strategies and solar systems are analyzed considering their application in São Paulo city. The qualitative analysis of passive and low consumption strategies points out a potential of increasing 70% of comfort hours in a year. Within the parameters defined and considering the Brazilian average consumption for dwellings, it is shown that the adoption of efficient technologies for lighting can save up to 12.5%, and solar systems for DHW can save up to 16.3% of electricity consumption. The PV electricity generation associated to energy efficiency measures can reach a near zero energy balance or even a positive energy balance. Thus, it is estimated a potential of avoiding up to 1.66 t CO2/year for each dwelling.

Zhou Yangfan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Background Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Wireless Sensor Networks --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Wireless Integrated Network Sensors --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Main Challenge of In-situ Sensing with Sensor Nodes: Limited Energy Resource --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Networking the Sensor Nodes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Summary --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Energy-Efficient and Reliable Wireless Sensor Networks --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- PORT: A Price-Oriented Reliable Transport Protocol --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Reliable Sensor-to-Sink Data Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Related Work --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Protocol Requirements --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Design Considerations --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The concept of node price --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Link-loss rate estimation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Routing scheme --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Protocol Description --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Task initialization --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Feedback of newly desired source reporting rates --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Feedback of wireless communication condition --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Fault tolerance and scalability considerations --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- Protocol Evaluation: A Case Study --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Simulation model --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Energy consumption comparison --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- The impact of reporting sensors' uncertainty distribution --- p.39 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.40 / Chapter 3 --- Setting Up Energy-Efficient Paths --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Transmitter Power Setting for Energy-Efficient Sensor-to-Sink Data Communications --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- "Network, communication, and energy consumption models" --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Transmitter power setting problem for energy-efficient sensor-to-sink data communications --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Setting Up the Transmitter Power Levels for Sensor-to-Sink Traffic --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- BOU: the basic algorithm --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Packet implosion of BOU: the challenge --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Determining the waiting time before broadcasting --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- BOU-WA: an approximation approach --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3 --- Simulation Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The comparisons of BOU and BOU-WA --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The approximation of BOU-WA --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Related Work --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion Remarks and Future Work --- p.69 / Chapter 4 --- Solving the Sensor-Grouping Problem --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Normalized Minimum Distance i:A Point-Distribution Index --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Sensor-Grouping Problem --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- A General Sensing Model --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Maximizing-i Node-Deduction Algorithm for Sensor-Grouping Problem --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Maximizing-i Node-Deduction Algorithm --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Incremental Coverage Quality Algorithm: A Benchmark for MIND --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Simulation Results --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Number of Groups Formed by MIND and ICQA --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The Performance of the Resulting Groups --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.92 / Chapter A --- List of Research Conducted --- p.96 / Chapter B --- Algorithms in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 --- p.98 / Bibliography --- p.102

Tu, Jinlong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-95). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thesis. 1976. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 181-185. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / As the electric utilities face ever increasing peak power production requirements, (mostly from the commercial sector) scheduled "time-of-day" pricing schemes have become imperative. At present, most conservation strategies for commercial buildings focus on the reduction of energy consumption orchestrated (justifiably) by t he expense of electrical energy for lighting and cooling which dominate their loads. However, these conservation schemes, such as higher efficiency lamps, various glazing techniques, etc., do not alter the time of consumption nor do they utilize the lower off-peak electrical rates. The results are as before; high energy costs due to peak (daytime) consumption, and projected savings from the various conservation strategies are overshadowed or not realized. This thesis investigates a decentralized off-peak cooling system for commercial office buildings utilizing the structural mass as the thermal storage medium. The system incorporates an exposed concrete ceiling slab cooled at night with imbedded chilled water pipes and taking full advantage of off-peak electrical rates. The ceiling/slab - waterpipe system is modeled via two-dimensional finite difference methods for transient analysis. The sensitivity of the system to pipe size and spacing, internal loads, water temperatures, and surface geometry is assessed. The analytical results suggest the potential for application, however, additional research must be undertaken to investigate the economic implications of fabrication and to more adequately determine the effects of non-planar surface geometry. / by Rory Christopher Mathis. / M.S.

Thesis. 1977. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaf 92. / by Alva Tabor III. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / A forty story commercial office tower in Tampa, Florida was redesigned for daylighting. The methods are outlined and results illustrated, A cooling load comparison is done to determine the economic feasibility of such a strategy. It was found that the smaller cooling plant and greater perimeter office space could offset the increased building expense. Energy savings were also significant, especially for cooling. / by Robert F. Roscow. / M.Arch.

Thesis. 1977. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Brandt Andersson. / M.Arch.