This study investigates two significant components of architectural design, &lsquo / &lsquo / form&rsquo / &rsquo / and &lsquo / &lsquo / space&rsquo / &rsquo / and the basic design elements and principles used in their creation in the context of Roman domestic architecture. It more specifically examines how, by which means and for which purposes certain form and space defining tools such as the column, wall, floor, ceiling and opening with their architectural equivalents as the point, line, plane and volume were used in the atrium houses exemplified in Pompeii in Italy. The study discusses how Romans organized their daily life in reference to certain domestic spaces and how the form and spatial qualities of these spaces contributed to the architectural articulation of the private sphere. By concentrating on a group of recurring domestic spaces including the atrium, garden, and banqueting room and by illustrating the form and spatial composition of these, the study presents an architectural reading of the Roman atrium house.

This thesis aims to set out an urban design framework, based on pedestrian experiences and pedestrian spaces, in order to take up streets to design or enhance them as pedestrian friendly urban public places. This could also be considered as a model of approach, which assumes a normative manner. Pedestrian urban places are surveyed, then analyses are drawn that will lead to design. In that framework, the study first summarizes theoretical concepts of urbanity, urban quality and pedestrian experiences, which are necessary for examining these places. Then, it puts out how an urban place is examined with respect to the three main headings, which constitute the components of urban places: urban form, urban image and urban activity. The study area, 7th Street in Bah&ccedil / elievler, has become a secondary centre with its vitality and the diversity of activities attracting many people from other districts besides local residents. However, initially planned within a housing cooperative, the neighbourhood has lost much from its cultural and urban accumulation due to global dynamics based on consumption. What is more, 7th Street is quite inadequate in providing an easy circulation both for pedestrians and vehicles as well as providing a quality urban place with its every element. Hence, the street has been examined with the above framework. This is done first with respect to the above mentioned components, and then with the information based on maps, photographs, personal observations and questionnaires which are done in order to find out the problems and characteristics of the users as well as their perceptive qualities. The conclusions together with strengths and weaknesses, which are derived from these surveys, have been used to set specific design guidelines for the area.

Plant immune system is entirely based on the immunities of the individual cells in which systemic signals originate from the infection sites. Powdery mildew disease is one of the agents causing these infection sites, resulting in significant yield losses, if disease develops. Understanding the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions is the new trend for fighting against plant pathogens, since classical methods used in selection of resistant plants are becoming less and less efficient nowadays. Thus, finding out the genes which are responsible in plant&rsquo / s resistance is becoming very important. In this thesis, effect of &lsquo / General Control Nondepressible-2&rsquo / (GCN2) homolog protein in barley defense mechanism was aimed to be studied. The GCN2 of yeast was v previously identified in our laboratory as an interacting protein when the yeast cDNA library was screened with a putative yellow rust R gene (Yr10) fragment. There are reports available in the literature for the function of GCN2 protein, which makes it a good candidate for a role in disease resistance. Thus, the barley homologue of GCN2 might have a role in the R protein mediated early disease response of which may be proceeding via Programmed Cell Death (PCD). In order to observe such function of HvGCN2 in barley, silencing of its expression via Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) was investigated. Therefore, the GCN2 homologue was found to function as dampening the severity of the disease. The silencing with triple technical replicates was observed in 5 of the 6 samples, at an average of 43.2% by qRT-PCR analysis. The pathogen growth levels at different time points were analyzed under light microscope on the silenced and the control samples by measuring the primary and secondary hyphae lengths. The total of 24 seedlings and 292 individual spores were analyzed, and then the level of disease formation was quantitated with 603 primary hyphae and 106 secondary hyphae measurements. Up to 25% hyphae growth rate differences between the control and silenced groups were observed with a probability value less than 0.05 on t-test.

The aim of this study is to analyze the intertwined ontology and hermeneutics of the famous Muslim figure Ibn al-&lsquo / Arab&amp / #299 / with a phenomenological hermeneutical approach. The research subject Ibn al-&lsquo / Arab&amp / #299 / is to be scrutinized in comparison with Western phenomenology and hermeneutics. Hence, both phenomenology and hermeneutics will be not only the subject of the present study, but also its method of analysis. Throughout the study, Ibn al-&lsquo / Arab&amp / #299 / &rsquo / s question of being and hermeneutics will be compared with Western phenomenology and hermeneutics, with particular focus on Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Gadamer. In his account of ontology, the encounter of human being with the world happens always subjectively. On the side of hermeneutics, the world, which is textual, unfolds itself always through and only with interpretation. These two points can be unified and summed up in Ibn al-&lsquo / Arab&amp / #299 / &rsquo / s claim that world is an imagination. World is disclosed always subjectively and via interpretation / it is an imagination both hermeneutically and ontologically.

&lsquo / Bag&rsquo / settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and reciprocally interact with Anatolian towns throughout centuries. This thesis presents the transforming setting of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements related to changing values and meanings through an ontological assessment. Therefore, the thesis assumes that the main values of spatial organization, farmland pattern, ecological formation, settlement character, socio-cultural structure and lifestyle of the inhabitants constitute the unique entity of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. In time, the pressures of changing socio-economic conditions have destroyed the interaction between Anatolian towns and &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. The thesis explains the changing role of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements, changing and conflicting land uses and the loss of unique &lsquo / bag&rsquo / character in the case of Mugla-Karabaglar. Karabaglar is a &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlement in the southwestern Turkey, where Mugla town residents live seasonally. It is a third grade natural site, the unique character, the natural and cultural assets and the lifestyle of which must be preserved. However, with transformation of the main values, meanings and practices, Karabaglar could no longer perpetuated its initial existence of being. Karabaglar is significant for two reasons: it has natural and cultural beings that need to be conserved, and as it still goes through a transformation process. The master&rsquo / s thesis of the author evaluated conservation plan of Karabaglar. Differently, this doctoral thesis evaluates the dynamics of the spatio-temporal transformation process in Karabaglar. It presents the changing role and significance of Karabaglar within the town-country continuum. This situation brings forward the conservation problematic of the character, landscape and uniqueness of Karabaglar. Within this respect, the thesis contributes to the literature of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements in terms of defining their being and changing role throughout the history.

A presente tese compõe-se de três capítulos. Capitulo I. Uma revisão geral é apresentada sobre os padrões de consumo de alimentos e a problemática da segurança alimentar diante do acelerado crescimento populacional, além dos desafios impostos pelas mudanças climáticas previstas para o futuro próximo. Busca-se neste capítulo uma compreensão abrangente sobre possíveis alterações na qualidade nutricional da planta oriunda de alterações climáticas que se esperam até o final do século em curso. Capitulo II. O capítulo refere-se à caracterização e determinação dos teores de substâncias fenólicas solúveis de órgãos de plantas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) var. \'BRS 330\', cultivadas sob déficit hídrico e distintas concentrações atmosféricas de CO2. As plantas foram cultivadas em Câmaras de Topo Aberto (OTC) por 120 dias após o plantio (DAP), sob condições de CO2 ambiente (400 ppm) e elevado (800 ppm) (tratamentos A e E, respectivamente). Após 60 dias, a irrigação foi reduzida a 23% em relação às plantas controle. As coletas foram estabelecidas em duas fases de desenvolvimento do grão: estádio imaturo (90 DAP) e maduro (120 DAP). Foram feitas determinações de flavonoides e fenilpropanoides de folhas, pedúnculo, colmo, raízes escoras, raízes e grãos por CLAE, utilizando orientina, vitexina, pinocembrina e ácido clorogênico como padrões externos para dosagem de flavonoides e fenilpropanoides, respectivamente. O teor de taninos totais dos mencionados órgãos foi determinado por precipitação com albumina de soro bovino e espectrofotometria. Técnicas de CLAE-DAD-MS-MS foram utilizadas para a caracterização das substâncias fenólicas de todos os órgãos da planta. Análises Multivariadas de Agrupamento e Componentes Principais (PCA) foram utilizadas para avaliar afinidades entre 132 substâncias detectadas e 72 substâncias caracterizadas, respectivamente. As variações de abundância relativa de fenilpropanoides (24 substâncias) e flavonoides (48 substâncias), devidas aos distintos estádios de maturação e formas de tratamento, são apresentadas por meio de heat maps para cada órgão. A maior diversidade de substâncias fenólicas foi observada em folhas, e a menor, nos grãos. Derivados de ácido ferúlico, ácidos clorogênicos, flavonas e flavanonas foram caracterizados na planta toda. Flavanonas foram detectadas apenas em raízes escoras, raízes e grãos. As O-glicoflavonas foram detectadas com frequência muito maior do que C-glicosídeos. Aos 90 DAP, alterações significativas devidas a E foram observadas no conteúdo de fenilpropanoides das folhas e raízes escoras e no conteúdo dos flavonoides das folhas e grãos. Aos 120 DAP, foi detectado incrementos no conteúdo de flavonoides das raízes escoras. O teor de taninos nos grãos da var. \'BRS 330\' é relativamente elevado, e foi reduzido significativamente com o tratamento E aos 120 DAP. Capitulo III. Esse capítulo tem por objetivo a comparação da composição de substâncias fenólicas da parede celular e ligninas das mesmas plantas e órgãos enfocados no Capítulo II. Material de folhas, pedúnculo, colmo, raízes escoras, raízes e grãos nos estádios imaturo (90 DAP) e maduro (120 DAP) foram submetidos à hidrólise alcalina para remoção dos ácidos p-cumárico e ferúlico, principais ácidos fenólicos ligados à parede celular de gramíneas. O teor de ligninas e a distribuição de seus monômeros constituintes p-hidroxifenila (H), guaiacila (G) e siringila (S) foram determinados por meio de tratamento da parede celular total dos órgãos com brometo de acetila e nitrobenzeno, respectivamente. A análise dos monômeros de lignina foi por CLAE-DAD. Aos 90 DAP, alterações significativas induzidas por E foram observadas relativamente ao teor de ácido p-cumárico de folhas, pedúnculo e grãos. Paralelamente, o teor de ácido ferúlico foi alterado nas folhas e raízes escoras. Aos 120 DAP, reduções significativas nos teores de ácidos p-cumárico e ferúlico foram observadas nas folhas. O conteúdo de lignina foi alto nas raízes escoras em ambos os estádios de maturação e reduzido significativamente por E nos grãos. O conteúdo dos monômeros H, G e S do colmo foi também reduzido significativamente por E / The present Dissertation comprises three chapters. Chapter I. Taking into account the fast population growth, a broad revision is made in this chapter about patterns of food consumption and problems related to food safety. In addition, comments are made about challenges imposed by climate changes expected to occur in the near future. It is aimed to reach a broad understanding about possible changes on food quality due to the world changes foreseen to happen by the end of the current century. Chapter II. This chapter refers to the characterization and measurement of the contents of phenolic substances of organs of sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) var. \'BRS 330\', cultivated under the influence of hydric deficit and distinct atmospheric CO2 concentration. The plants were cultivated inside Open Top Chambers (OTC) over 120 days after planting (DAP) under the effects of environmental (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (800 ppm) (treatments A and E, respectively). After 60 days, irrigation was dropped to 23% relative the control. Material collection was scheduled to occur on two developmental phases: immature stage (90 DAP) and mature stage (120 DAP). Measurements were made of the contents of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids from leaves, peduncle, culm, prop roots, roots and grains by HPLC, using orientin, vitexin, pinocembrin and chlorogenic acid, respectively, as calibration external standards. The contents of tannins of the mentioned sorghum organs were determined by precipitation with bovine serum albumin and spectrophotometry. Techniques of CLAE-DAD-MS-MS were used for characterization of phenolic substances of all plant organs. Multivariate Cluster and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate affinities among 132 detected and 72 characterized substances, respectively. Variations of relative abundance of phenylpropanoids (24 substances) and flavonoids (48 substances), due to distinct maturation stage and CO2 concentration, are presented by means of heat maps for each organ. The highest diversity of phenolic substances was observed in leaves and the lowest in grains. Derivatives of ferulic acid, chlorogenic acids, flavones and flavanones were characterized in extracts of all organs. Flavanones were detected only in prop roots, roots and grains. O-Glycoflavones largely predominated over C-glycosides. At 90 DAP a significant increase of phenylpropanoids due to E was observed in leaves and prop roots and of flavonoids in leaves and grains. At 120 DAP an increase was observed in the flavonoid content of prop roots. The content of tannins in grains of var. \'BRS 330\' is relatively high and was significantly reduced by treatment E at 120 DAP. Chapter III. This chapter aimed to compare the composition of phenolic substances of the cell wall and lignins of the same plants and organs dealt with in Chapter II. Material of leaves, peduncle, culm, prop roots, roots and grains at the immature (90 DAP) and mature (120 DAP) stages were treated by alkaline hydrolysis for removal of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, the main phenolic acids attached to grasses cell walls. The contents and lignins and the distribution of their monomer constituents p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and siringyl (S) were determined by treatment of whole cell walls of all organs with acetyl bromide and nitrobenzene, respectively. The analysis of lignin monomers was by CLAE-DAD. At 90 DAP, significant changes induced by E were detected in connection with the content of p-coumaric acid of leaves, peduncle and grains. At the same time, the content of ferulic acid was changed in leaves and prop roots. At 120 DAP, significant decreases of the contents of p-coumaric and ferulic acids were detected in leaves. The content of lignin was high in prop roots at both maturation stages and was significantly lowered by E in grains. The contents of the monomers H, G and S of the culm was also significantly lowered by E

The world political economy passed through sea changes starting from the early-1980s. The transformation of the finance capital was an indispensible and important aspect of this change. Most of the countries in this process adapted themselves in line with the abovementioned transformation and liberalized their financial systems. However, the specific country practises diverged from each other considerably. On the one hand, some of the countries transformed their finance capital as part and parcel of a comprehensive political economy framework. As a result of the strategic involvement of the state (&lsquo / pro-active states&rsquo / ) and the organic interaction between the interest groups in the industrial and financial sphere, the transformation of financial systems materialized within the context of the upward restructuring of the overall political economy structure of these countries. On the other hand, some countries could not establish the productive link between industrial, financial and state elites (&lsquo / reactive states&rsquo / ) and the financial transformation exacerbated the structural problems in the countries in question. As illuminating examples of the former and latter categories, Spain and Turkey represent instructive cases in point. In this regard, the aim of this study is to make a comparative political economy analysis between the transformation of the finance capital in Spain and Turkey and to pinpoint the diverging paths of the political economy structures of these countries.

This dissertation aims to uncover the main parameters, the decisive dynamics within Kyrgyz politics not only through an examination of the socio-political context of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, but also through an analysis of the events that came to be known as the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / . It examines the general and immediate contexts, course of events, dynamics and implications of the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / in order to understand what kind of dynamics account for the continuing instability in Kyrgyzstan in its aftermath. Despite a variety of factors can be considered as relevant, this study argues that the continuity in the decisive role of informal dynamics in shaping Kyrgyz politics accounts for the continuing instability in Kyrgyz politics. Bases of the informal dynamics are embedded in Kyrgyzstan&rsquo / s historical context and they are strengthened by its transitional context / they played decisive roles in shaping the course of events during the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / and their decisive role remained as such in its aftermath. Not only various developments in Bakiev era, but also the events that led to the end of it provide reinforcing evidence for such continuity. Hence, the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / did not bring about an &lsquo / impetus for democratization&rsquo / , but indicated to an &lsquo / impetus for the decisive role of informal dynamics&rsquo / in shaping Kyrgyz politics, which paves the way for the persistent instability in the country.

Wheat is one of the most essential food sources in the world. However, there has been serious yield loss of wheat production due to stripe rust disease caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. The cost-effective and long-lasting defense to the disease can be achieved by generating genetically resistant crops against the disease forming pathogens. To accomplish this, first step is to acquire knowledge in the plant pathogen interactions of the crop and the pathogen of interests at the cellular and the molecular level. In this thesis research, PstHa2a5 candidate effector gene from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is investigated to identify its role and interaction between host factors in yellow rust infected Triticum aestivum L. The gene construct was engineered with FLAG-tag fusion at its N-terminus, and synthesized. This construct was cloned into pJL48-TRBO vector for an expression in Nicotiana benthamiana via agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. The expressed protein structure with FLAG-tag was purified, and immunoprecipitated with one putative N. benthamiana interactor by immunoprecipitation experiments. This candidate interactor protein will be identified with Mass Spectroscopy. In addition to this, subcellular localization of the effector candidate was examined in N. benthamiana plant. This was achieved by cloning PstHa2a5 gene construct in pK7WGF2 gateway destination vector and localization is determined by GFP expression in N. benthamiana after agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation.