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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Modulação dos efeitos citotóxicos dos vemurafenibe pela cloroquina em células de melanoma maligno G-361: papel da dermicidina. / Modulation of cytotoxic effects of vemurafenib by chloroquine in malignant melanoma cells G-361: role of dermcidin.

Neyra, Jennifer Eliana Montoya 01 September 2017 (has links)
Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos farmacológicos do vemurafenibe (inibidor BRAFV600E) e da cloroquina (inibidor de autofagia) na viabilidade celular e crescimento tumoral das sublinhagens de melanoma:G361 pLKO que expressa dermicidina e G361 IBC I com silenciamento da expressão. As células G-361 responderam a vemurafenibe (2 μM) e cloroquina (100 μM), isoladamente ou combinadas, com aumento apoptose, e redução das taxas de senescência. Vemurafenibe (50 mg/kg / 21 dias) inibiu o crescimento tumoral em camundongos imunodeficientes independente da expressão da DCD. A combinação com Cloroquina (30 mg/kg) a cada 24 horas, acelerou, enquanto a cada 72 horas, reduziu o crescimento tumoral. Os tumores apresentaram alterações morfológicas e núcleos atípicos; e não expressaram os marcadores S100, HMB-45, Mela-A ou citoqueratinas. Este trabalho confirmar a eficácia do vemurafenibe e sugere o potencial adjuvante da cloroquina no tratamento de melanomas. O estudo também confirma o papel da dermcidina como oncogne e fator de crescimento de células de melanoma maligno. / In this study we evaluated the pharmacological effects of vemurafenib ( inhibitor BRAFV600E) and chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) in cell viability and tumor growth of two melanoma cell lines identified as G-361 pLKO, which expresses dermcidin, and G361 IBC I which silenced DCD expression. G-361 melanoma cells responded to vemurafenib (1-2 μM) and chloroquine (50-100 μM) alone or combined, with increased apoptosis rates, while decreasing senescent cells. Vemurafenib (50 mg/kg / 21 days) inhibited melanoma growth in immunodeficient mice independent of dermicidin. Chloroquine (30 mg/kg) in combination with vemurafenib, accelerated (at 24 hour interval), and reduced (at 72 hours interval), melanoma growth. Tumor tissues showed atypical cell morphology and nuclear histological patterns and melanocytic differentiation biomarkers S100, HMB-45, Melan-A or pancytokeratins were not. This work confirms the efficacy of vemurafenib and suggests potential adjuvant effect of chloroquine. It also confirms the role of dermcidin as growth factor and oncogene for melanoma cells.
22

Modulação dos efeitos citotóxicos dos vemurafenibe pela cloroquina em células de melanoma maligno G-361: papel da dermicidina. / Modulation of cytotoxic effects of vemurafenib by chloroquine in malignant melanoma cells G-361: role of dermcidin.

Jennifer Eliana Montoya Neyra 01 September 2017 (has links)
Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos farmacológicos do vemurafenibe (inibidor BRAFV600E) e da cloroquina (inibidor de autofagia) na viabilidade celular e crescimento tumoral das sublinhagens de melanoma:G361 pLKO que expressa dermicidina e G361 IBC I com silenciamento da expressão. As células G-361 responderam a vemurafenibe (2 μM) e cloroquina (100 μM), isoladamente ou combinadas, com aumento apoptose, e redução das taxas de senescência. Vemurafenibe (50 mg/kg / 21 dias) inibiu o crescimento tumoral em camundongos imunodeficientes independente da expressão da DCD. A combinação com Cloroquina (30 mg/kg) a cada 24 horas, acelerou, enquanto a cada 72 horas, reduziu o crescimento tumoral. Os tumores apresentaram alterações morfológicas e núcleos atípicos; e não expressaram os marcadores S100, HMB-45, Mela-A ou citoqueratinas. Este trabalho confirmar a eficácia do vemurafenibe e sugere o potencial adjuvante da cloroquina no tratamento de melanomas. O estudo também confirma o papel da dermcidina como oncogne e fator de crescimento de células de melanoma maligno. / In this study we evaluated the pharmacological effects of vemurafenib ( inhibitor BRAFV600E) and chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) in cell viability and tumor growth of two melanoma cell lines identified as G-361 pLKO, which expresses dermcidin, and G361 IBC I which silenced DCD expression. G-361 melanoma cells responded to vemurafenib (1-2 μM) and chloroquine (50-100 μM) alone or combined, with increased apoptosis rates, while decreasing senescent cells. Vemurafenib (50 mg/kg / 21 days) inhibited melanoma growth in immunodeficient mice independent of dermicidin. Chloroquine (30 mg/kg) in combination with vemurafenib, accelerated (at 24 hour interval), and reduced (at 72 hours interval), melanoma growth. Tumor tissues showed atypical cell morphology and nuclear histological patterns and melanocytic differentiation biomarkers S100, HMB-45, Melan-A or pancytokeratins were not. This work confirms the efficacy of vemurafenib and suggests potential adjuvant effect of chloroquine. It also confirms the role of dermcidin as growth factor and oncogene for melanoma cells.
23

Différenciation des cellules de la crête neurale lors de l'activation constitutive des protéines NRAS ou BRAF / Neural crete differenciation following constitutive activation of NRAS or BRAF proteins

Heux, Pauline 21 November 2017 (has links)
Les mélanocytes sont des cellules productrices de mélanines, à l’origine de la teinte de la peau, des yeux et des cheveux. Elles dérivent d'une population multipotente appelée cellules de la crête neurale, qui génère entre autres également tout le système nerveux périphérique. Une prolifération accrue des précurseurs des mélanocytes durant le développement entraine chez l’homme l’apparition d’un nævus mélanocytaire congénital (NMC). Cette prolifération est due à une mutation somatique au sein d'un de ces précurseurs, dans des gènes de la voie de signalisation des MAP-Kinases, NRAS ou BRAF. Les plus grandes formes, couvrant des parties entières du corps, sont syndromiques. Ils peuvent associer des mélanocytoses, des malformations ou tumeurs cérébrales ou méningées, parfois épileptogènes, ainsi qu'un risque autour de 5% de dégénérer en mélanome, dans un des sites atteints. Durant ma thèse j’ai exploré des modèles murins où les protéines NRAS ou BRAF constitutivement actives sont exprimées très tôt au cours de l’embryogenèse, dans les cellules de la crête neurale. Les embryons mutants BrafV600E connaissent une létalité embryonnaire, probablement due à une superposition de défauts vasculaires et cérébraux. En revanche, les souris NrasG12D sont viables,présentent des mélanocytoses extracutanées dans des sites divers, ainsi qu’une hyperpigmentation cutanée, visible en postnatal. Cette hyperpigmentation est associée à une augmentation de la densité folliculaire, ainsi qu’à un dérèglement du cycle du follicule pileux. Des cultures de cellules de crête neurale murines, BrafV600E ou NrasG12D et contrôles, ont permis d’élucider sur le plan moléculaire les effets de telles mutations. / Melanocytes are the vertebrate cells that produce melanin, conferring color on skin, hair and eyes. They arise from a multipotent embryonic cell population called the neural crest, which also gives rise to the peripheral nervous system of the body and many other cell types. Abnormal proliferation of melanocyte precursors before birth can lead to human congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN). CMN are caused by prenatal somatic mutations in the NRAS or BRAF genes of the MAP-Kinase pathway, in one of these precursors. The largest CMN, covering entire segments of the body or head, are syndromic. They are sometimes associated with epileptogenic brain or meningeal malformations, tumors or melanocytosis, and they present a risk of about 5% in all these sites of becoming pediatric malignant melanoma. During my thesis, I explored mouse models expressing constitutively activated NRAS or BRAF proteins in neural crest cell lineages, from very early in embryogenesis. BrafV600E mutant embryos are embryonic lethal at mid-gestation, probably due to coinciding vascular and brain defects. In contrast, NrasG12D mice are viable, present extracutaneous melanocytosis in various sites as well as postnatal hyperpigmentation of the skin. This is associated with increased hair follicle density, and a deregulated hair cycle. Cell culture of mutant or wildtype mouse neural crest cells of both genotypes has permitted the comparison and discovery of molecular differences introduced by these mutations.
24

Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de chimiorésistance du mélanome malin aux vinca-alcaloïdes et aux inhibiteurs de kinases par une approche transcriptomique / Molecular study of melanoma chemoresistance to vinca-alkaloids and MAP Kinase inhibitors

Vincent, Laure-Anaïs 12 December 2014 (has links)
Le mélanome malin (MM) métastatique, un des cancers les plus intrinsèquement résistants aux agents anti-cancéreux et présentant une forte capacité à développer des résistances acquises, constitue un défi thérapeutique. La meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans cette chimiorésistance permettrait d'identifier des cibles thérapeutiques ou de guider le choix du traitement pour une meilleure efficacité. Les travaux réalisés durant cette thèse se sont focalisés sur l'identification de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires de la résistance acquise du MM vis-à-vis (i) des vinca-alcaloïdes (VAs, chimiothérapie classique), (ii) des inhibiteurs de MAP kinases (iMAPK, thérapie ciblée). Pour la première étude, un modèle de lignées cellulaires de MM résistantes aux VAs (CAL1R-VAs) a été établi (exposition continue, 12 mois, de la lignée parentale CAL1-wt à la VCR, la VDS ou la VRB : CAL1R-VCR, CAL1R-VDS et CAL1R-VRB respectivement). La comparaison des profils d'expression a permis de distinguer deux groupes de lignées cellulaires (CAL1R-VCR et CAL1R-VDS ; CAL1R-VRB et CAL1-wt), suggérant une résistance différentielle du MM aux VAs : d'une part à la VCR et à la VDS, d'autre part à la VRB. L'analyse des données transcriptomiques par une démarche associant successivement trois méthodes - RMA (Robust Multi-array Average), RDAM (Rank Difference Analysis of Microarrays) et MGSA (model-based gene set analysis) – a permis d'identifier des fonctions cellulaires altérées lors de la sélection des lignées CAL1R-VAs, et donc potentiellement à l'origine de la résistance de ces lignées. Des analyses fonctionnelles in vitro ont permis de confirmer l'implication des lysosomes et de la réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans la résistance différentielle des cellules CAL1 aux VAs. Ainsi, une sous-expression des cathepsines B et L (bioinformatique) et une réduction du volume du compartiment acide (in vitro) ont été observées spécifiquement dans le premier groupe de lignées (CAL1R-VCR et CAL1R-VDS), suggérant une sensibilité réduite de ces lignées à la voie lysosomale de l'apoptose. Par ailleurs, l'inhibition de la voie de réponse au stress du RE par l'acide tauroursodésoxycholique (TUDCA) a induit une sensibilisation différentielle de l'ensemble des lignées CAL1 aux VAs, suggérant l'implication de cette voie dans la résistance différentielle primaire et acquise aux VAs. De plus, l'inhibition de la réponse au stress du RE a induit une sensibilisation d'une autre lignée cellulaire de MM, MDA-MB-435, à la VCR et à la VDS mais pas à la VRB. Ainsi, la voie de réponse au stress du RE semble impliquée dans la résistance différentielle du MM aux VAs. Ce mécanisme pourrait mettre en jeu l'autophagie, dont le flux était significativement augmenté dans le premier groupe de lignées. La même démarche d'analyse transcriptomique a été appliquée pour l'étude des mécanismes moléculaires de résistance acquise du MM aux iMAPK. Des lignées cellulaires de MM résistantes aux trois iMAPK majeurs ont été établies par exposition continue de la lignée parentale A375-wt, portant la mutation activatrice BRAF V600E, au vémurafenib (VMF, inhibiteur de BRAF), dabrafenib (DBF, inhibiteur de BRAF), et trametinib (TMT, inhibiteur de MEK): A375R-VMF, A375R-DBF et A375R-TMT respectivement. La comparaison des profils transcriptomiques n'a pas permis de regrouper les lignées résistantes entre elles, suggérant que les mécanismes de résistance au VMF, au DBF ou au TMT sont différents. Ces mécanismes ne seraient donc communs ni à la voie ciblée (MAPK), ni à la cible moléculaire (BRAF ou MEK). L'identification des fonctions cellulaires altérées procurera un rationnel pour l'étude mécanistique de nouveaux déterminants de la résistance du MM aux iMAPK. / Malignant melanoma (MM), one of the most intrinsically resistant cancers to anticancer agents and presenting a strong ability to develop acquired resistance, remains a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in MM chemoresistance should provide therapeutic targets or guide therapeutic choice for improved efficiency. This thesis has focused on the identification of new molecular determinants of MM acquired resistance to (i) vinca alkaloids (VAs, conventional chemotherapy), and to (ii) MAP kinases inhibitors (MAPKi, targeted therapy). In the first study, MM cell lines resistant to VAs (CAL1R-VAs) were established (continuous exposure, 12 months, of CAL.1-wt parental line to the VCR, VDS or VRB: CAL1R-VCR, CAL1R- VDS and CAL1R-VRB respectively). Comparison of expression patterns led to distinguish two groups of cell lines (CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS; CAL1R-VRB and CAL.1-wt), suggesting a differential resistance of MM to VAs: one the one hand to VCR and VDS, on the other hand to VRB only. The analysis of transcriptome data by a process involving successively three methods - RMA (Robust Multi-array Average), RDAM (Rank Difference Analysis of Microarrays) and MGSA (model-based gene set analysis) – allowed the identification of functions altered during the resistant cell line selection, and therefore potentially involved in resistance mechanisms of these cell lines. In vitro functional analyzes confirmed the involvement of the lysosomes and of the response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (unfolded protein response, UPR) in the differential resistance of CAL1 cells to VAs. Thus, an under-expression of cathepsins B and L (bioinformatics), and a reduction of the acidic compartment volume (in vitro) were specifically observed in the first cell group (CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS), suggesting a reduced sensitivity of these lines to the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, UPR inhibition using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) induced a differential sensitization of all the CAL1 lines to VAs, suggesting the involvement of this pathway in the primary and acquired differential resistance to VAs. Moreover, TUDCA-inhibition of UPR induced sensitization another MM cell line, MDA-MB-435, to VCR and VDS but not to VRB. Thus, a UPR up-regulation could to be a significant mechanism of differential resistance of MM to VAs. This mechanism could involve autophagy, whose flow was significantly increased in the first group of lines. The same transcriptome analysis strategy was applied to study (ii) the molecular mechanisms of MM acquired resistance to MAPKi. MM cell lines resistant to the three major MAPKi were established by continuous exposure of the parental A375-wt line, carrying the activating mutation BRAF V600E, to vemurafenib (VMF, BRAF inhibitor), dabrafenib (DBF, BRAF inhibitor), or trametinib (TMT, MEK inhibitor): A375R-VMF, A375R-DBF and A375R-TMT, respectively. Comparison of transcriptomic profiles showed separate expression profiles, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to VMF, DBF or TMT were different. These mechanisms cannot therefore be common to the targeted pathway (MAPK) or to the molecular target (BRAF or MEK). The identification of the altered cellular functions will provide a rationale for mechanistic studies of new determinants of MM resistance to MAPKi.
25

Origine de l'apparition d'auto-anticorps dans la polyarthrite rhumatoïde / Origin of autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Arnoux, Fanny 10 December 2015 (has links)
La Polyarthrite Rhumatoïde (PR) est une maladie auto-immune chronique qui détruit les articulations. Les auto-anticorps (AAc) les plus spécifiques sont dirigés contre des protéines citrullinées (ACPA). Environ 30% des patients ont des AAc dirigés contre la protéine B-Raf. Les ACPA sont des IgG produits sans réponse lymphocytaire T (LT) détectable contre les protéines citrullinées. Les enzymes PAD, responsables de la citrullination, sont la cible d’AAc dans la PR. Les LT pourrait être dirigés contre les PAD. Les LB produiraient des IgG contre les PAD et les protéines citrullinées, du fait qu’elles soient fixées aux PAD durant leur citrullination. Pour tester ce modèle, nous avons injecté des PAD à des souris et suivi les LT et les Ac anti-PAD ainsi que les ACPA. Nous avons montré que l’immunisation par PAD induit des LT anti-PAD, des Ac anti-PAD ainsi que des Ac anti-peptides de fibrinogène citrulliné.B-Raf est une ser/thr kinase de la voie des MAPK impliquée dans l’inflammation et l’activation des LT. Les LT de patients PR ont une sur-activation de la voie des MAPK, induisant une rupture de tolérance envers les auto-antigènes. Notre hypothèse est que des mutations du gène BRAF pourraient être à l’origine des AAc anti-B-Raf. Nous avons identifié la présence d’une mutation du gène BRAF entrainant la substitution de la valine en alanine en position 600 (V600A) qui est trouvée en plus grande quantité dans les cellules du sang périphérique et les LT des patients PR. V600A n’est pas corrélée à la présence d’AAc anti-B-Raf, mais augmente l’activité kinase de B-Raf qui pourrait activer la voie des MAPK dans les LT et une rupture de tolérance envers les auto-antigènes. / Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune joint disease. RA most specific autoantibodies (AAb) recognize citrulline proteins (ACPA). 30% of patients with RA have anti-B-Raf AAb. ACPA are IgG that arise in the absence of associated T cell responses. PAD enzymes, responsible for the citrullination, are also targets of AAb in RA. We thus propose a mechanism to explain the emergence of ACPA. We hypothesize that anti-citrullinated protein immunization arises because, at first, PAD is recognized by T cells, which, in turn help the production of AAb to neighbor proteins citrullinated by PAD. To test this model, we primed mice with PAD proteins and looked for immune response to PAD and citrullinated proteins. We found that PAD immunization leads to T cell response, Ab anti-PAD as well as anti-citrullinated fibrinogen peptides Ab production. Anti-PAD immunization could induce anti-citrullinated protein immunization.B-Raf, a ser-thr kinase of the MAPK signalling pathway, is involved in inflammation and in T cell activation. An overexpression of B-Raf is observed in T cells from RA patients increasing T cell activation to autoantigens. Our hypothesis is that BRAF gene mutations could trigger a rupture of tolerance and AAb production in RA. We have identified a BRAF mutation, a valine residue at position 600 is substituted by an alanine (V600A). V600A is found more often and at greater quantities in patients with RA, noteworthy in their T cells. This mutation does not correlate with Anti-B-Raf AAb presence but this is a strong enhancer of B-Raf kinase activity. This could lead to abnormal T cells activation and explain tolerance rupture in RA.
26

Implication de la matrice extracellulaire tumorale dans la transition phénotypique et la résistance aux thérapies ciblées du mélanome / Role of cancer cell derived extracellular matrix in phenotype switching and therapy resistance in melanoma

Ben Jouira, Rania 19 December 2017 (has links)
Le mélanome cutané est le cancer de la peau le plus agressif de par sa grande plasticité phénotypique, son fort caractère métastatique et sa résistance aux traitements. L’émergence d’inhibiteurs ciblant la forme mutée de la kinase BRAF (BRAF V600E) a produit des réponses thérapeutiques spectaculaires, malheureusement suivies par l’apparition rapide de résistances secondaires très agressives. La compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans ces résistances constitue donc un prérequis indispensable à l’amélioration de ces thérapies ciblées. A côté des altérations intrinsèques au mélanome, les interactions entre les cellules malignes et leur microenvironnement favorisent la survie tumorale et contribuent à la résistance aux thérapies. En particulier, la matrice extracellulaire (MEC), qui constitue un réseau dynamique de macromolécules de composition et de propriétés physico-chimiques variables, influence l’architecture des tissus tumoraux, l’invasion et la réponse aux traitements. De façon importante, l’acquisition par les cellules de mélanome d’un phénotype mésenchymateux invasif a été décrite comme un mécanisme d’échappement aux thérapies ciblant la mutation oncogénique de BRAF. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été de préciser le rôle de cette signature phénotypique sur les propriétés bio-mécaniques des cellules de mélanome et la réponse aux thérapies ciblées. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j’ai observé que les cellules résistantes présentant un phénotype invasif mésenchymateux produisent, assemblent et remodèlent une matrice ayant des propriétés mécaniques et biochimiques proches de myofibroblastes. Ce phénotype est associé à une activation de la voie YAP/TAZ et une mécano-sensibilité amplifiée. La caractérisation par spectrométrie de masse du matrisome des cellules résistantes a révélé la présence abondante de protéines matricielles comme la Fibronectine, le Collagène 1(I) et la THBS1 mais également de protéines de réticulation du collagène comme LOXL2 et TGM2. Nos données montrent aussi que ces modifications sont conférées de novo par un traitement aux inhibiteurs de BRAF ou de MEK dans des cellules de mélanome mutées BRAF in vitro, et que chez la souris le traitement au Vémurafénib de cellules de mélanome xénogreffées induit l’assemblage de fibres de collagène associé à une rigidification tumorale. Finalement, j’ai pu montrer que la matrice produite par les cellules mésenchymales résistantes protège les cellules de mélanome naïves des effets anti-prolifératifs liées à l’inhibition de BRAF ou MEK. Dans une deuxième partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la protéine de réticulation du collagène de la famille des lysyl oxidases (LOX), LOXL2 exprimée par les cellules mésenchymales résistantes. Nos analyses bioinformatiques et biochimiques montrent que l'expression de cette enzyme est fortement associée à la signature invasive MITFlow AXLhigh des mélanomes. En utilisant des approches d'interférence à ARN, j'ai aussi montré que la suppression de LOXL2 dans les cellules de mélanome invasif diminue la migration cellulaire et augmente la prolifération cellulaire in vitro et in vivo, suggérant un rôle de LOXL2 dans la transition phénotypique du mélanome. Dans l’ensemble, mes travaux de thèse révèlent un rôle paradoxal de l’inhibition de la voie MAPK qui induit des changements du phénotype tumoral associés à la production autonome par la cellule maligne d’une MEC pathologique capable d'altérer le comportement cellulaire et la réponse au traitement. Cet environnement matriciel 'sanctuaire', associée à une intense hétérogénéité tumorale, pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans le développement et l'émergence des résistances thérapeutiques du mélanome. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension du rôle de la MEC du mélanome et devraient proposer de nouvelles pistes pour améliorer les traitements. / Cutaneous melanoma remains one of the most challenging and difficult cancers to treat because of its high plasticity, metastatic potential and resistance to treatment. New therapies targeting oncogenic BRAFV600E mutation have shown remarkable clinical efficacy. However, drug resistance invariably develops. Thus, the need for improving existing therapies remains critical. Recent studies have indicated that tumor resistance arises from the tumor microenvironment in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a determinant factor. Here, we found that BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)-resistant melanoma cells, but not BRAFi-sensitive cells display an increased mechanosensitivity associated with a capacity to produce and remodel a 3D ECM displaying increased levels of matrix proteins such as fibronectin (FN) and collagen fibers. Interestingly, our results show that this 3D ECM is able to protect therapy-sensitive cells from the anti-proliferative effects of MAPKi. In addition, short exposures of naive melanoma cells to MAPKi augment matrix proteins production and assembly in vitro and in vivo. This 3D ECM also promotes drug tolerance within BRAFi sensitive cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that a subset of resistance to MAPK targeted therapies is associated with the production by melanoma cells of a pathological fibrotic matrisome that may affect cell behavior and therapeutic response.
27

Molekulárně biologická analýza feochromocytomu a paragangliomu. / Molecular biological analysis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.

Musil, Zdeněk January 2019 (has links)
This work summarizes the results of a research inquiring into relatively rare neuroendocrine tumors - pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEO/PGL) These tumors may arise on a hereditary genetic predisposition basis. On that account we primarily focused on a genetic examination of patients with PHEO/PGL. Methods for diagnostics of changes in SDHD, SDHB and RET genes were implemented. The number of examined genes has been (and is still being) extended. Currently we are investigating these genes: ATRX, BRAF, CDH1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, FGFR1, FH, FHIT, GNAS, HIF2A (EPAS1), H-RAS, IDH1, IDH2, KIF1Bß, KMT2D, K-RAS, MAML3, MAX, MDH2, MET, NF1, NGFR, N-RAS, PHD2/EGLN1, RET, SDHA, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, TERT, TMEM 127, TP53 and VHL, using next generation sequencing. The number of variations of the above mentioned genes is different (23%) in Czech patients with PHEO/PGL in comparison with some foreign studies (27%, 40%). This may be caused by geographical influences or selection of patients. PHEO/PGL occur mainly (75%) in a benign form. A malignant form may be indicated by the presence of chromaffin tissue in locations where these tumors do not usually occur - liver, lungs, bones. In our study we focused on characteristics indicating the malignancy, for example, the lower age of patients with the first manifestation...
28

Leveraging the Requirement of MEK1/2 Kinases for Copper to Inhibit the MAPK Pathway in Oncogenic BRAF-Driven Cancer

Crowe, Matthew Stephen January 2016 (has links)
<p>The gene BRAF is mutated to remain aberrantly activated in a large number of human malignancies, most prominently in melanoma. The most common mutation in BRAF is a missense mutation that substitutes glutamic acid for valine at codon 600 (V600E) that leads to constitutive activation of this kinase. In this active state, BRAFV600E phosphorylates and activates the MEK1 and MEK2 kinases, which in turn phosphorylate the ERK1 and ERK2 kinases of the MAPK pathway to promote tumorigenesis. Targeting this pathway is a well-validated strategy to treat BRAF-mutant cancer. Inhibitors of both BRAFV600E and the MEK1/2 kinases are used to treat BRAF-mutant melanoma and are being evaluated in other cancers as well. However, the duration of response to these targeted therapies is limited by innate and acquired resistance, which is often mediated through reactivation of the MAPK pathway. Thus, new targeted therapies to inhibit MAPK signaling in BRAF-mutant malignancies are required. To this end, MEK1/2 kinases require copper (Cu) for enzymatic activity and signaling. We therefore tested whether the dependency of these validated targets on Cu could be leveraged for the treatment of BRAF-mutant cancer.</p><p>We report that genetic reduction of Cu import through disruption of the gene encoding the high affinity Cu transporter CTR1 or pharmacological chelation of Cu with the drug tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) suppressed MAPK signaling in both in vitro and in vivo models of BRAF-mutant tumorigenesis. This reduction in MAPK signaling correlated with a reduced potential for tumorigenic growth and an increase in survival of tumor-bearing mice. Finally, TTM reduced the transformed growth of a number of human melanoma cell lines engineered to be resistant to current MAPK pathway inhibitors. As such, Cu chelation holds promise as a novel treatment for BRAF-mutant cancers and may find value in targeting resistance to current MAPK pathway inhibitors.</p> / Dissertation
29

The Role of Pigmentation and Oncogenic BRAF in Melanoma

Mitra, Devarati January 2012 (has links)
BRAF(V600E), the most commonly mutated oncogene in melanoma, is found in about half of patients. By hyperactivating the MAPK pathway, this mutation promotes cell growth and proliferation. Melanocytic BRAF(V600E) alone, however, is insufficient to cause melanoma and rather promotes the development of benign nevi (moles). The goal of our initial studies was to better understand how genetic and environmental risk factors interact with the BRAF(V600E) oncogene to induce melanoma. The two most prominent risk factors for melanoma development are exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and pale skin pigmentation; particularly in the case of individuals with the “redhead” phenotype, who carry inactivating mutations in the MC1R G-protein coupled receptor. It has commonly been thought that redheads are at highest risk for melanoma development due to poor protection from genotoxic UV radiation from the sun. Using a melanocyte-specific, inducible Braf(V600E) mouse model, we have shown that an inactivating mutation in Mc1r which causes a redhead phenotype in mice, confers a significant UV-independent elevation in melanoma risk, relative to black and albino animals. The mechanism of accelerated UV-independent oncogenesis was found to be dependent on the synthesis of the red/yellow pheomelanin pigment. While these experiments were on-going, a novel small molecule inhibitor of the BRAF(V600E) oncogene, vemurafenib, began showing promising results in clinical trials. The observation that half of patients were experiencing significant tumor regression was unprecedented, but was soon followed by vemurafenib-resistant disease progression. Based on the fact that acquired drug resistance is a major obstacle to good therapeutic outcomes, we began investigating mechanisms of BRAF inhibitor resistance. A panel of BRAF(V600E) human melanoma cell lines that were initially sensitive to PLX4720 (a pre-clinical analog of vemurafenib), were chronically treated with the oncogenic BRAF inhibitor until resistance developed. These paired resistant and sensitive cell lines were characterized in terms of drug sensitivity and activation of cell signaling pathways. Multiple different patterns of drug resistance were found. The diversity of resistance mechanisms in these studies agrees with the diversity which others have found in the literature, suggesting that melanoma cells may be uniquely adaptable to circumventing BRAF(V600E) oncogene addiction.
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Molekylär klassificering av tjocktarmscancer : PAM-klusteranalys för identifiering av undergrupper

Arvidsson, Per, Snickars, Samuel January 2012 (has links)
The main objective of this study is to divide a number of colorectal cancer cases into subgroups based on their molecular features using cluster analysis. The data used is supplied by a research group at Pathology, the Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, and consists, after some preparation, of 455 observations which is a larger data set than many similar studies. The molecular variables that the clustering is based on are CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype), MSI (Micro Satellite Instability), BRAF- and KRAS-mutations. These are categorical variables and consequently the clustering method used is PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) which is particularly useful with data on diverse variable level. The final analysis results in four subgroups that are represented by different combinations of attributes on the aforementioned variables. The disparity between the clusters are then evaluated by, for instance, comparing the survival time for their pertaining patients and it appears that two of the clusters are significantly different in this aspect. Other patient related and tumor specific characteristics are also linked with the separate cancer types and tested if they occur in varying extent. The locations of the tumors in the colon are for instance significantly different between the groups. Cluster analyses are exploratory tools so the choice of useful variables and subsequent interpretation of the results can be complicated and require relevant subject knowledge. / Huvudsyftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av klusteranalys dela in en mängd tjocktarmscancerfall i undergrupper baserat på deras molekylära egenskaper. Materialet som används tillhandahålls av en forskningsgrupp vid Patologi, Institutionen för medicinsk biovetenskap, Umeå universitet, och består efter viss bearbetning av 455 observationer vilket är en större datamängd än flera liknande studier. De molekylära variabler som ligger till grund för klusterindelningen är nivån på CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype), MSI (Mikrosatellitinstabillitet), BRAF- och KRAS-mutationer. Dessa är kategoriska variabler och därför används PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) som är en särskild klusterteknik lämpad vid data på varierade variabelnivåer. I det slutliga resultatet fås fyra undergrupper som representeras av olika kombinationer av utfallen på ovannämnda variabler. Klustren utvärderas bland annat genom att jämföra överlevnadstiden för varje kluster, och det visar sig att två av klustren skiljer sig signifikant åt i detta avseende. Även andra patientrelaterade och tumörspecifika egenskaper kopplas samman till de olika cancertyperna och testas om de förekommer i varierande utsträckning. Var någonstans tumören är placerad är till exempel signifikant skilt mellan grupperna. Klusteranalyser är explorativa redskap så valet av variabler och sedermera tolkningar av resultat kan vara komplicerade och kräva stor sakkunskap.

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