Development of technical and methodological support has been identified as a key area for future research and development within the search and rescue (SAR) of missing persons in Sweden. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using Wi-Fi signals to locate a missing person, and also developed hardware and software for SAR systems based around Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This thesis empirically studies the actual transmission behaviour of three non-connected smartphones over Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), under the assumption that a missing person could be carrying a smartphone with them. Furthermore, the thesis studies the range of relatively low-cost off-the-shelf Wi-Fi and BLE devices in a “best-case” scenario with free line-of-sight and a slightly elevated transmitter. Finally, the thesis studies how antennas and other factors impact range. The results show that all of the tested smartphones transmit so called Wi-Fi probe packets when Wi-Fi is enabled. Though, these probes are, in most cases, transmitted during short events separated by intervals of 5 to 9 minutes, depending on the smartphone. Furthermore, in most cases only a few packets are transmitted in each event. The interval lengths and scarce packets imply significant limitations to the usability of Wi-Fi in SAR. BLE broadcast transmissions, on the other hand, require that some kind of advertising service is enabled, but are transmitted at least every 10.5 seconds, due to the strict regulation in the Bluetooth standard. This was also demonstrated with the studied iPhone that continuously transmitted BLE packets every two seconds. Roughly 60 % of the smartphones in use in Sweden today are Apple devices, thus a significant portion of all the smartphones in use are likely to be detectable via BLE within brief time intervals. In the tested “best-case” scenario with free line-of-sight and a slightly elevated transmitter, at least 80 % of the transmitted Wi-Fi probes are detected up to 500-600 meters with a maximum range, with sparsely detected packets, of up to about 700 meters. Correspondingly, at least 80 % of the BLE advertisements are detected up to 60-110 meters with occasional packets detected up to a maximum range of approximately 210 meters. However, the ranges for both Wi-Fi and BLE are highly dependent on the receiving device. In addition to the receiver device and standard, it is found that the transmission power and antenna directivity of the transmitter have a potentially substantial impact on the range with a possible combined difference in directed transmitted power of up to 49 dB. This corresponds to the difference between a strong signal and no detected signal at all. In summary, there are clear differences between the properties of BLE and Wi-Fi, both in terms of range and how different devices transmit broadcast packets (transmission behaviour), resulting in both having advantages and disadvantages in SAR applications. There are also a number of factors on the transmitter and receiver devices that could have considerable impact on the possibility of detecting a device. Concludingly, both BLE and Wi-Fi could fill a role in SAR of missing persons, but both also have major drawbacks that are severely limiting their possible use. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Användare av manuella rullstolar möter ofta betydande utmaningar när det gäller fysisk ansträngning, energiförbrukning och tidsåtgång för att hantera vardagliga situationer. Denna kontinuerliga påfrestning utsätter deras överkropp, särskilt armar och axlar, för stort slitage. Följaktligen kan omfattande långvarig användning av manuella rullstolar tillsammans med kroppsliga obalanser, bidra till ytterligare hälsokomplikationer som negativt påverkar användarens både allmänna fysiska och mentala hälsa. Målet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera möjligheten att utveckla mobiltelefonprogramvara som kan samverka med kommersiella ANT+ sensorer, vilka installeras på rullstolen för att samla, beräkna och presentera betydelsefulla data för användaren. Data som kan användas för att underlätta justering av användarens rörelsemönster för att förbättra användarens hälsostatus. Mjukvaran kommer dessutom att tillåta oss att utvärdera både användbarhet och lämplighet hos ANT+ sensorerna. Både för sig själva och jämfört med andra trådlösa sensorer. Mjukvaran kommer dessutom att låta oss utvärdera hur exakta data från sensorerna är och om de att vara behjälpliga för att optimera rullstolarnas förmåga att tillämpa användarnas data. Användandet av dem kan hjälpa till att minimera potentiell och undvikbar skada hos användarna av rullstolarna. Undersökningens resultat visar att utvecklandet av programvaran inte var lika enkel som förväntat. Eftersom de verktyg som tillhandahölls av ANT+ blivit utdaterade. Sensorerna har ändå genererat tillräckligt rimliga, korrekta och användbara resultat. Resultaten har visat sig vara givande för brukarna i den här undersökningen. Dessutom ansåg en majoritet av testpersonerna att sensorerna från ANT+ var mer användarvänliga jämfört med andra trådlösa sensorer. De framhöll speciellt den användarvänliga anslutningsprocessen. / Manual wheelchair users often encounter significant challenges in terms of energy expenditure, time allocation and physical effort, to navigate everyday life scenarios. This continuous strain exposes their upper body, particularly arms and shoulders, to extreme fatigue, leading eventually to long-term damage. Consequently, extensive long-term usage combined with bodily imbalances can contribute to further health complications affecting both their general physical and mental health detrimentally. The objective of this thesis is to assess the possibility of building mobile phone software that can work in conjunction with commercial ANT+ sensors that are installed on the chair to gather, calculate, and present the user with valuable data that facilitate the adjustment of their movement patterns to enhance health outcomes. Furthermore, this software will allow us to evaluate the connectivity convenience of ANT+ sensors, both in itself and in comparison to other wireless sensors. Additionally, it will allow us to gauge the accuracy of the sensors and whether they can be of help in optimizing wheelchair functionality aiming to amplify the user’s output and minimizing potential and avoidable damage. The results show that while the development of the application wasn’t as straight forward as expected due to ANT’s provided development tools being outdated, the sensors provided reasonably accurate data, proving beneficial to the users in this context. Moreover, the majority of testers found that connecting to ANT+ sensors was notably easier in comparison to other wireless sensors, highlighting the user-friendly nature of the connection process itself.

[pt] A Internet das Coisas (do inglês, IoT) está se popularizando cada dia mais, se expandindo para aplicações em quase todos os setores de nossa socidade, impactando a economia e a vida cotidiana dos cidadãos. Com o crescimento das aplicações IoT, também ocorre uma expansão na demanda por novos dispositivos com capacidades de atuação, como lâmpadas inteligentes, fechaduras inteligentes, aparelhos de climatização (HVAC), máquinas industriais com capacidade de comunicação, robôs, drones, etc. Muitas plataformas de middleware estão sendo desenvolvidas para suportar o desenvolvimento de aplicativos de IoT distribuídos e facilitar a comunicação de sensores para a nuvem e recursos de edge processing. Mas surpreendentemente, muito pouco foi feito para fornecer mecanismos de suporte genéricos e em nível de middleware para detectar dispositivos controláveis e executar comandos de atuação, ou seja, transferi-los para o dispositivo. Este trabalho apresenta uma extensão ao middleware ContextNet que provê suporte à atuação remota e genérica sobre dispositivos inteligentes conectados pela Internet das Coisas. / [en] The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming increasingly popular, expanding into applications in almost every sector of our society, impacting the economy and daily life of citizens. As IoT applications grow, so does the demand for new devices with actuation capabilities, such as smart light bulbs, HVAC devices, smart locks, communication-capable industrial machines, robots, drones, and so on. Many software platforms are being developed to support the development of distributed IoT applications and to facilitate cloud sensor communication and edge processing capabilities. But surprisingly, very little has been done to provide middleware-level support and generic mechanisms for discovering devices and their interfaces, and executing activation commands, i.e. transferring them to the device. This work presents an extension to the ContextNet Middleware to support generic and remote actuation on devices connected by the Internet of Things.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Adding an instrumentation / telemetry system to a test article has historically required an intrusive installation. Power, wiring, and available space typically present significant challenges. There has been a long-standing need in the test and training community for a non-intrusive, flexible and modular instrumentation and telemetry system that can be installed on an aircraft or other test article without the need for permanent modifications. In addition, as available space in aircraft weapon bays, small weapons, and unmanned vehicles becomes a premium, the miniaturization of remote sensors and telemetry units becomes critical. This paper describes the current status of the Advanced Subminiature Telemetry System (ASMT) Initial Test Capability Project. It discusses the progress to date in fielding an operational, wireless sensor system that may be installed on the aircraft skin using an Electro-Cleavable adhesive as an alternative to conventional mounting methods. The wireless sensor utilizes the Wireless Communications Standard for Wireless Personal Area Network™ (WPAN™) IEEE 802.15 Working Group standard (commonly referred to as Bluetooth) to establish communication between the sensor and controller modules. Results of aircraft ground testing for EMI compatibility with aircraft systems will be presented. It is also expected that actual flight test results will be available by the time the paper goes to publication.

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Adding an instrumentation / telemetry system to a test article has historically required an intrusive installation. Power, wiring, and available space typically present significant challenges. There has been a long-standing need in the test and training community for a non-intrusive, flexible and modular instrumentation and telemetry system that can be installed on an aircraft or other test article without the need for permanent modifications. In addition, as available space in aircraft weapon bays, small weapons, and unmanned vehicles becomes a premium, the miniaturization of remote sensors and telemetry units becomes critical. This paper describes the current status of the Advanced Subminiature Telemetry System (ASMT) Initial Test Capability Project. It discusses the challenges that have been overcome in developing a wireless sensor network system for use in an airborne test environment. These include wireless sensor packaging design, selection of operating frequencies, COTS wireless devices, batteries, system synchronization and data bandwidth calculations. The paper will also document the progress to date including preliminary test results.

A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is an ad hoc network that consists of devices that surround an individual or an object. Bluetooth® technology is especially suitable for formation of WPANs due to the pervasiveness of devices with Bluetooth® chipsets, its operation in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) frequency band, and its interference resilience. Bluetooth® technology has great potential to become the de facto standard for communication between heterogeneous devices in WPANs. The piconet, which is the basic Bluetooth® networking unit, utilizes a Master/Slave (MS) configuration that permits only a single master and up to seven active slave devices. This structure limitation prevents Bluetooth® devices from directly participating in larger Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In order to build larger Bluetooth® topologies, called scatternets, individual piconets must be interconnected. Since each piconet has a unique frequency hopping sequence, piconet interconnections are done by allowing some nodes, called bridges, to participate in more than one piconet. These bridge nodes divide their time between piconets by switching between Frequency Hopping (FH) channels and synchronizing to the piconet's master. In this dissertation we address scatternet formation, routing, and security to make Bluetooth® scatternet communication feasible. We define criteria for efficient scatternet topologies, describe characteristics of different scatternet topology models as well as compare and contrast their properties, classify existing scatternet formation approaches based on the aforementioned models, and propose a distributed scatternet formation algorithm that efficiently forms a scatternet topology and is resilient to node failures. We propose a hybrid routing algorithm, using a bridge link agnostic approach, that provides on-demand discovery of destination devices by their address or by the services that devices provide to their peers, by extending the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) to scatternets. We also propose a link level security scheme that provides secure communication between adjacent piconet masters, within what we call an Extended Scatternet Neighborhood (ESN).

No description available.

Los grandes avances tecnológicos se han producido una serie de artefactos electrónicos que mejoran la calidad de vida de la personas. Estos artefactos pueden visualizarse en el hogar como los electrodomésticos, equipos de entretenimiento o dispositivos de seguridad. Actualmente, existe una tecnología llamada domótica que consiste en automatizar los artefactos eléctricos del hogar. Esta tecnología presenta varias soluciones en el mundo, donde cada una tiene distintas maneras de implementación y propósitos. Por eso, los precios de los productos generados por estas soluciones son considerablemente altos para el mercado peruano y latinoamericano. Asimismo, estas soluciones presentan una carencia de soporte para estos mercados. Por estas razones, este artículo propone la implementación de una solución de domótica que utilizando un modelo definido basado en las mejores prácticas del mercado actual se pueda generar una solución de bajo costo, de gran alcance y que sea económicamente accesible para el mercado peruano y latinoamericano. Para esto se estudiará los actuales métodos de comunicación para la creación de los dispositivos de domótica. Además, se evaluará las soluciones existentes de domótica, obteniendo el conocimiento de sus problemáticas, resultados y recomendaciones para poder tener una base con la cual sustentar las mejoras y ventajas de la propuesta a desarrollar.

This thesis is focused on the design and realisation of inertial navigation unit INS. The unit is capable to measure, store and send data to a PC in real-time for a later offline processing. The first part of the thesis introduces the reader with the basic principles of accelerometers, gyroscopes and MEMS sensors. An introduction to coordinate systems and measuring errors is also included. The second and third part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the solution and the implementation of the INS unit. The fourth part of the document is dedicated to the software for the INS unit. This thesis concludes with explanation how the gathered data are processed.

This thesis presents a framework for collecting network traffic data usable in performance evaluations of Bluetooth Mesh networks. The framework is designed to be adaptive, effective, and efficient. These design goals are intended to minimize resource usage and thereby take constraints in Bluetooth Mesh into account. An implementation of the framework, based on the Bluetooth Mesh model concept, is also presented. The implementation is then validated and evaluated to analyse to what degree it fulfills the requirements of adaptive, effective, and efficient data collection. The evaluation demonstrates the importance of minimizing the size of the reports sent in the framework since larger messages sent with short intervals have a noticeable effect on both the packet delivery ratio of user traffic and the reporting latency. It is also shown that the adaptive reporting feature, that aims to reduce the effect of the framework on user traffic by postponing reporting during high traffic loads, has a positive effect on neighboring nodes overall packet delivery ratio.