The number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices available on the market has been growing rapidly in the past few years and is expected to grow even more in the years to come. These IoT devices are predominantly in the form of very small wireless peripherals with low power consumption making them suitable for running over extended periods of time using only coin cell batteries. In this degree project, conducted at Shortcut Labs AB, we investigate whether or not some of these devises could be suitable for being powered exclusively by kinetic energy without the need for any long term interim power storage, such as batteries or super capacitors. If this is possible it would not only remove the hassle of having to replace batteries at regular intervals, which is important if the devices are positioned at remote locations, but it could also help to reduce the amount of battery waste in the long run. For the sake of this project we have designed a hardware circuit that is able to communicate with other devices using a custom built protocol running on top of the Bluetooth Low Energy standard. This circuit does not require a battery and could potentially be used for many years without the need for any maintenance. To demonstrate this, the technology has successfully been applied to a concept product in the form of a dimmer wheel that can be used to change the brightness or color of Smart Home light bulbs. This is achieved by using a small electric motor as a generator in combination with an energy harvesting circuit in order to generate a stable voltage suitable for use with a wireless module. / Antalet uppkopplade IoT-enheter har ökat drastiskt de senaste åren och väntas fortsätta öka framöver. IoT, eller Sakernas Internet som det kallas på svenska, består övervägande av små trådlösa enheter med så pass låg strömförbrukning att de ofta kan drivas enbart av knappcellsbatterier. I detta examensarbete, utfört på Shortcut Labs AB, undersöker vi huruvida några av dessa enheter med fördel skulle kunna drivas uteslutande av rörelseenergi utan att kräva någon form av långtidsmellanlalgring av denna energi, så som exempelvis i ett batteri eller en kondensator. Om detta var möjligt så skulle det innebära att man slipper byta batterier vid jämna mellanrum, vilket kan vara viktigt om enheten i fråga är otillgänglig placerat. Givetvis kan också onödigt batteriavfall undvikas, något som alltid är eftertraktat i branschen. I detta projekt så har vi designat och konstruerat en elektronikkrets som trådlöst kan kommunicera med andra enheter via ett skräddarsytt protokoll som är implementerat ovanpå Bluetooth Low Energstandarden. Denna krets kräver inget batteri och skulle potentiellt sett kunna operera under många år utan behov av underhåll. För att demonstrera detta så har tekniken applicerats på en konceptprodukt i form av en dimmer som kan användas för att ändra antingen ljusstyrkan eller färgen hos så kallade smarta lampor. Detta uppnås genom att använda en liten DC-motor kombinerad med en energiskördande krets som genererar en lämplig stabil spänning, vilket krävs för att kretsen skall kunna operera.

The Bluetooth direction finding working group proposed functionalities to the Bluetooth core that can realize Angle of Arrival estimations using interferometry. The technology can be employed to develop new access control applications. Following previous findings in Englund (2018), the purpose of this project is to investigate the feasibility of such systems when antennas are being used. The goal is to design a matchbox size antenna array which can be used by the system to distinguish between two sides in an inside-outside scenario. A number of antennas were designed, simulated and tested on a prototype. While the simulations results were consistent with the theory, the prototype measurements were not. However, it is shown that it is possible to estimate between inside and outside. / Bluetooth direction finding working group har lagt fram ett förslag om att lägga till Angle of Arrival estimerings funktionalitet baserat på en interferometri metod i Bluetooth kärnan. Tekniken kan användas för att utveckla nya åtkomstkontrolls lösningar. Detta projekt en påbyggnad av arbetet utfört av Englund (2018), syftet är att utvärdera möjligheten av en sådan åtkomstkontrolls lösning där antenner används. Målet är att designa en tändsticksask stor antenn array som kan användas av ett systemet för att särskilja mellan två sidor i ett insida-utsida scenario. Ett antal antenner konstruerades, simulerades och prototyper byggdes samt testades. Medan simuleringsresultaten var förenliga med teorin, så påvisade prototyperna inte samma beteende då resultatet skiljde sig från teorin. Projektet konstaterar dock att det är möjligt att skilja mellan insida och utsida.

Bluetooth is one of the most popular technologies in the world in the new century. Meanwhile it attracts attackers to develop new worm and malicious code attacking Bluetooth wireless network. So far the growth of mobile malicious code is very fast and they have become a great potential threat to our society. In this thesis, we study Bluetooth worm in Mobile Wireless Network. Firstly we investigate the Bluetooth technology and several previously appeared Bluetooth worms, e.g. "Caribe","Comwar", and we find the infection cycle of a Bluetooth worm. Next, we develop a new simulator, Bluetooth Worm simulator (BTWS), which simulates Bluetooth worm' behaviors in Mobile wireless networks. Through analyzing the result, we find i) In ideal environment the mobility of Bluetooth device can improve the worm's propagation speed, but combining mobility and inquiry time issue would cause a Bluetooth worm to slow down its propagation under certain situation. ii) The number of initially infected Bluetooth devices mostly affects the beginning propagation speed of a worm, and energy issue can be ignored because the new technology can let Bluetooth device keeping work for a long time. iii) Co-channel interference and setting up monitoring system in public place can improve the security of Bluetooth wireless network.

This thesis involves the creation of a system of embedded touchscreen devices called touchSPICE to aid in the learning of basic circuits. Traditionally, circuit theory is taught to students in two different methods, lectures and laboratory exercises. Lectures focus on auditory and visual learning and are largely passive learning. Lab experiments allow students to physically interact with the circuits, and learn visually through viewing output waveforms from simulators or on measurement devices. The goal of the touchSPICE project is to develop a physical system for virtual, real-time SPICE simulation that mimics the laboratory experience. In touchSPICE, touchscreen devices act as circuit nodes that communicate with immediate neighbors using physical wires. Additionally, the nodes communicate wirelessly with a host computer, running a customized version of SPICE. Data is aggregated on the host computer and plotted in real-time. Changes in configuration of the nodes (component types and values), are then reflected on the host computer’s display. The efficacy of touchSPICE as a learning tool was evaluated by using anonymous surveys from 20 subjects including a pretest, followed by an interactive session with touchSPICE, and a follow-up posttest. Results collected showed that with a few changes to improve the responsiveness of the touchscreen, touchSPICE may be an effective method for teaching circuit theory. Additionally, users enjoyed the quick configuration time that touchSPICE provided, and felt that the real-time feedback of touchSPICE helped support understanding of how circuits operate.

Bluetooth technology applications have improved travel time data collection efforts and allowed for collection of large data sets at a low cost per data unit. Mean travel times between pairs of points are available, but the primary value of this technique is the availability of the entire distribution of travel times throughout multiple days and time periods, allowing for a greater understanding of travel time variations and reliability. The use of these data for transportation planning, engineering and operations continues to expand. Previous applications of similar data sources have included travel demand and simulation model validation, work zone traffic patterns, transit ridership and reliability, pedestrian movement patterns, and before-after studies of transportation improvements. This thesis investigates the collection and analysis of Bluetooth-enabled travel time data along a multimodal arterial corridor in San Luis Obispo, California. Five BlueMAC devices collected multimodal travel time data in January and February 2016 along Los Osos Valley Road. These datasets were used to identify and process known sources of error such as occasions where vehicles using the roadway turn off and make an intermediate stop and multiple reads from the same vehicle; quantify travel time performance and reliability along arterial streets; and compare transit, bicycle, and pedestrian facility performance. Additionally, a travel time model was estimated based on segment characteristics and Bluetooth data to estimate average speeds and travel time distributions.

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Privacy is a crucial aspect of any system involving user-supplied data. There exist multiple approaches to protecting the identity and secrecy of users in data submission systems. In this thesis, I consider the case of privacy-enhancing of data reporting in Participatory Sensing systems. I conducted an extensive literature overview to explore privacy-oriented enhancements to data submission that are applicable in the PS systems. I designed a protocol for proximity-based data aggregation that utilizes Multi-party Secure Computations over Bluetooth Low Energy. Users are divided into groups that perform sub-aggregations and report results to central entities, protecting themselves from honest-but-curious adversary threats. I present a mobile app and web servers for central entities that follow the design of the protocol. I evaluated the achieved effectiveness and discuss the utility and privacy trade-offs. The implementation performs typically for an MPC system with high communication overhead, and is implemented over Bluetooth, with the additional time needed for discovering and connecting devices. The overall performance of the system suggests that deployments targeting 1-second intervals of data submission are feasible. Main use cases are sensitive measurements, such as medical data or highly private user information. / Sekretess är en avgörande aspekt av alla system som involverar data som tillhandahålls av användare. Det finns flera tillvägagångssätt för att skydda användarnas identitet och sekretess i datainlämningssystem. I den här avhandlingen behandlar jag fallet med integritetsförbättrande datarapportering i Participatory Sensing-system. Jag genomförde en omfattande litteraturöversikt för att utforska integritetsorienterade förbättringar av datainlämning som är tillämpliga i PS-systemen. Jag designade ett protokoll för närhetsbaserad dataaggregering som använder flerpartssäkra beräkningar över Bluetooth Low Energy. Användare är indelade i grupper som utför sub-aggregeringar och rapporterar resultat till centrala enheter, och skyddar sig själva från ärliga men nyfikna motståndarhot. Jag presenterar en mobilapp och webbservrar för centrala enheter som följer protokollets design. Jag utvärderade den uppnådda effektiviteten och diskuterade nytta och sekretessavvägningar. Implementeringen fungerar som man kan förvänta sig för ett MPC-system med höga kommunikationskostnader, och implementeras över Bluetooth, med den extra tid som krävs för att upptäcka och ansluta enheter. Systemets övergripande prestanda tyder på att implementeringar som är inriktade på 1-sekunds intervaller för datainlämning är genomförbara. Huvudsakliga användningsfall är känsliga mätningar, såsom medicinska data eller mycket privat användarinformation.

The work is about developing an existing product in a company. The productis AnyBus Communicator used to connect two serial devices with differentindustrial network interfaces. The development involves combining theexisting product with a BLE-module and an antenna. Wireless technologyopens up various possibilities and plays a significant role in complexenvironments. Today, communication occurs through an Ethernet cable. Theproject's goal is to design a circuit for the BLE-module integrated into theproduct's PCB. The goal also includes presenting a choice of antenna and aplastic-type for antenna enclosure that can be used in future development ofthe product. The work began with the evaluation of the BLE-module, wherea communication test was performed to test the BLE-module's properties.Several tests were performed using Network Analyzer to select a suitableantenna from three different antennas. The antennas were tested with twodifferent types of plastic designed using Solidworks, to present a choice ofthe type of plastic to be used during all tests in the development process.Presenting an electrical schematic and PCB for the wireless AnyBusCommunicator was a goal of the project. Since it was impossible to combinethe BLE-module with the product in the same PCB, it was decided to designa separate circuit that illustrates how the BLE-module will be connected tothe product in the future. The project resulted in a proposal for both an antennaand a plastic-type. A prototype circuit has also been designed for the BLEmodule. The choice of antenna and plastic-type was based on the best valuewhen measuring return loss values. The type of plastic chosen will not be usedin the finished product but is a way to test antenna functionality against 3Dprinted plastics. This is considered to be a cheaper solution that gives a similarresult compared to the enclosure used in the product. A finished design of thecircuit board has been implemented. However, it could not be tested due tothe company having a difficult situation to produce ordinary circuit.Therefore, it can be concluded that the work had relevant proposals and wasa forward step in the development process. / Arbetet handlar om att utveckla en befintlig produkt på ett företag. Produktenär en AnyBus Communicator som används för att koppla upp två seriellaenheter som har olika industriella nätverksgränssnitt. Utvecklingen innebäratt kombinera befintliga produkten med en BLE-modul och en antenn. Idag sker kommunikationen med en Ethernet-kabel. Målet med projektet äratt designa en krets för BLE-modulen som skall integreras i produktens PCB.Målet omfattar också att presentera ett val av antenn och en plasttyp förantennkapsling som kan användas i framtida utvecklingen för produkten. Arbetet inleddes med utvärdering av BLE-modulen, där ettkommunikationstest utfördes för att testa BLE-modulens egenskaper. Ettantal tester genomfördes med hjälp av nätverksanalysator för att kunna väljaen lämplig antenn utav tre olika antenner. Antennerna testades med två olikaplasttyper som är designade med hjälp av Solidworks, för att senarepresentera ett val av plasttypen som skall användas under alla tester iutvecklingsprocessen. Att presentera ett elschema och PCB för den trådlösaAnyBus Communicator var ett mål för projektet. Eftersom det inte var möjligtatt kombinera BLE-modulen med produkten i samma PCB, bestämdes det attdesigna egen krets för BLE-modulen som illustrerar hur den skall kopplas tillprodukten i framtiden. Projektet resulterade i ett förslag både på en antenn och plasttyp. En prototypkrets har även designats för BLE-modulen. Antennens och plasttypens val baserades på bästa värde vid mätning avreturförlustvärden. Plasttypen som valdes kommer inte att användas i denfärdiga produkten, utan det är ett sätt att testa antennfunktionalitet mot 3Dprintade plast. Det anses vara en billigare lösning som ger ett liknande resultatjämfört med kapslingen som används i produkten. En färdig design påkretskortet har genomförts men kunde inte testats på grund av att företagethar en besvärlig situation att få in vanliga produktionskort i dagsläget. Därförkan slutsatsen dras att arbetet hade relevanta förslag och var ett steg iutvecklingsprocessen.

Piston telemetry research involves monitoring the temperatures at specific internal location points within a combustion engine piston. The temperatures are detected with type K thermocouples as voltages and processed to convert them into temperatures using cold junction compensation methods. The present system uses a specific sensor designed to operate in the high temperature environment within the piston, reading multiple thermocouples. Because of the reciprocating motion of the piston, power generation is intermittent and available only when the piston reaches near bottom dead centre, using inductive coupling to power the sensors and transmit data to an evaluation unit for data processing. The planned system involves designing and building a prototype telemetry unit using ¿off the shelf¿ components that integrate the reading of thermocouple outputs, signal processing and cold junction compensation. Wireless telemetry is adopted for data transmission with an integrated Bluetooth and microcontroller module. The data acquisition module can be adapted for other sensors by adapting the firmware uploaded to the microcontroller. The hardware electronics are envisaged to be encased in thermal insulation to enable operation in high temperature environments. The considered system requires a power supply for the integrated components in the form of a power generator and that it should meet two criteria: to be located within confined spaces and to be permanently available, without having to dismantle systems to change batteries. The selected method is an induction generator constructed from a coil stator connected to the piston connection rod big end and a permanent magnet rotor connected to the crankshaft. The suggested mechatronic system is validated against the present system by comparing both systems to determine whether wireless telemetry can perform within acceptable tolerances and limits for the specified task. Then, for acceptable performances, reduce costs and include flexibility to operate in multiple environments. Bench testing shows that the power generator is capable of driving the sensors and the Bluetooth integrated DAQ system. / EPSRC and University of Bradford

Context: Windmills became one of main sources of energy. Sincethey are placed in open areas, there are many chances that birds mayenter the wind farms and get killed or damaged. Some wind farms usepulse radar systems for saving the birds from windmills. In this pulseradar technology, the turbines are turned off automatically when a birdis detected. Another technology is ultrasonic "boom boxes", which areattached to turbines and produce high-frequency noises continuouslyto repel birds. The system we are going to propose detects the birdsentering the farm using Bluetooth technology and alerts the windmill farm operator. Using Bluetooth technology can be power efficient, ac-curate, and mainly useful for avifauna method of protection. Objectives: The main objective of the Bluetooth bird detection sys-tem is to make distance estimation possible with the help of signal strength that is measured between two Bluetooth devices where oneis placed at the wind farm and another on bird. Methods: Bird detection and distance measurement is done using a BGX13P Bluetooth transmitter and receiver. According to the distance to the bird, further steps can be taken to protect it. Simplicity Studio application is used to take the readings of the Bluetooth signalstrength of the transmitter and receiver. Results: As a result, the birds are detected at two distances from awindmill, the first distance is 250 m and the second is 175 m from thewindmill. The windmill operator is alerted when the bird is detectedat either of these distances. Conclusion: A bird detection system is built with the help of Blue-tooth technology. This system helps saving the birds from collisions with windmills. However, there is a need for further quantitative andqualitative validation of the models in full-scale industry trials.