Rubriken till detta arbete kommer från Matematikdelegationens betänkande, ”Att lyfta matematiken”. Utbildningsdepartementet fick i uppdrag att ta fram en handlingsplan som skulle syfta till att förändra synen på matematik och öka intresset för matematikämnet hos Sveriges elever. I betänkandet presenteras fyra huvudmål för matematiksatsningen: 1. Stöd och utveckla aktiviteter som ökar intresset för och insikterna om matematikens värde, roll och betydelse i vardag, yrkesliv, vetenskap och samhälle. 2. Utbilda kvalificerade lärare i matematik för alla barn, ungdomar och vuxna. 3. Stöd och samordna alla goda krafter som verkar för bättre lärande och undervisning i matematik. 4. Tydliggör och utveckla syfte, mål, innehåll och bedömning i matematik för hela utbildningssystemet. (SOU 2004:97, s.99) Mitt syfte med detta arbete har varit att undersöka om matematiken verkligen lyfter, har matematiksatsningen gett de önskade resultaten? I detta arbete behandlas skolutveckling först ur ett mer generellt perspektiv för att därefter behandla matematikutvecklingen som en specifik del av skolans utvecklingsarbete. Matematik, som en del av skolutvecklingen, kan stöta på svårigheter som ibland kan vara generella för hela skolkulturen, men ibland även vara speciella för matematikämnet. Med utgångspunkt från Matematikdelegationens fyra huvudmål synliggörs i arbetets resultat vissa av de möjligheter och svårigheter som utvecklingen av matematikundervisningen kan innebära. Av attitydundersökningens resultat kan även utläsas att flertalet lärare innehar ett stort intresse för matematik. Detta står i motsats till Matematikdelegationen, som istället skriver att många lärare har en negativ inställning till matematik. Undersökningens resultat visar att många lärare efterfrågar fortbildning, före¬läsningar, studiecirklar och pedagogiska diskussioner inom skolämnet matematik. Brist på fortbildning visar sig även vara det näst största hindret till matematikutveckling när respondenterna själva får rangordna olika utvecklings¬hindrande faktorer. Enligt undersökningens resultat ses bristen på tid p.g.a. övriga arbetsuppgifter som inte innefattar undervisningstimmar som det största hindret för att utveckla matematik¬undervisningen. / The title of this study originates from the report of the Mathematics Delegation under the heading of " Enhancing the status of mathematics". The Ministry of Education was commissioned to produce a plan of action with the purpose to change the opinion about mathematics and to raise the interest in mathematics among Swedish pupils. In the report four main goals for the mathematic venture are presented: 1. Support and develop activities to increase interest in and provide greater insight into the value, role and significance of mathematics in everyday and working life, science and society. 2. Train qualified teachers in mathematics on all levels for all children, young people and adults. 3. Support and coordinate all the positive forces promoting better mathematics learning and teaching. 4. Clarify and develop aims, goals, content and assessment in mathematics for the entire education system (SOU 2004:97, p.30-33) My intention with this report has been to investigate if the status of mathematics really has been enhanced, has the mathematics venture resulted in its desired goal?This report opens with a discussion around development of education seen from a general perspective. Development of mathematics will thereafter be handled as a specific part of the educational development. Mathematics development encounters difficulties that sometimes are common within educational culture as such, but sometimes unique for the subject. With the Mathematics Delegation's four main goals as a starting-point, some opportunities and difficulties in development of Mathematics education are visualized. Replies to the questionnaire show that a majority of the teachers have a big interest in mathematics. This is quite the contrary of what is said by the Mathematics Delegation, where many teachers are said to have a negative view upon mathematics. In this report it is shown that many teachers request further education, lectures, study circles and pedagogic discussions around the school subject mathematics. The shortage of further education is also identified as the second largest obstacle when the respondents rank obstacles for development. The results from the questionnaire pinpoints lack of time due to tasks outside actual teaching as the largest obstacle for development of mathematics education.

The mobile technology is being developed very fast and it is a general situation where people can fetch or edit files via the Internet by mobile devices such as notebooks, smart phones, and so on. Due to possible possession of various devices of a user, it may be inconvenient for him to synchronize a file such that he cannot edit the same file via his devices easily. Recently, the cloud technology is becoming more and more popular and there are some new business models launched. One of them is a storage platform Dropbox which can synchronize users' files in their own devices and also allow users to share their files to others. However, Dropbox was indicated that the privacy of the files has not been protected well. Many encryption schemes have been proposed in the literature, but most of them do not support the property of secret file sharing when deploying them in cloud environment. Even though some schemes support the property, they can only provide a file owner to share all of his files with others. In some situations, the file owner may want to ensure that the receiver cannot decrypt the ciphertext until a specified time arrives. The existing encryption schemes cannot achieve these goals simultaneously. Hence, in order to cope with these problems, we propose a timed-release proxy conditional re-encryption scheme for cloud computing. Not only are users¡¦ files stored safely but also each user can freely share a desired file with another user. Furthermore, the receiver cannot obtain any information of the file until the chosen time arrives. Finally, we also demonstrate the security of our proposed scheme via formal proofs.

The effectiveness of manager¡¦s management leadership is potentially affected by the interpersonal interactions with and delegation to its employees. At the same time, the level of employee job satisfaction is also affected by such relationships. How much trust does a supervisor has in this subordinate? What level of delegation is exercised by supervisors? In a business organization, what kinds of relationships exist between supervisor¡¦s trust in employees, delegation to employees and employee job satisfaction? When a supervisor¡¦s trust in and delegation to employees are met with employee with orientation toward theory X, or theory Y, what kinds of relationships exist for internal and external job satisfaction? Two sets of samples were collected in this study. One set of data were collected from a group of Taiwanese employee, the other set from a group of Chinese employee employed by Taiwanese business enterprises in the Gungdong district of China. The results of the two groups in different geographic regions were compared. Differences in trust, delegation and employee job satisfaction in the two groups with similar Chinese culture were identified. The research findings are as follows: 1. Trust and delegation are moderately and positively correlated. In this relationship, the Taiwanese employee group exhibits no significant difference with the Chinese employee group.¡@The correlation for this relationship was not highly correlated in for both employee groups. 2. Trust and employee overall job satisfaction showed moderate positive relationship. The results indicate that the Chinese employee group exhibit higher level of job satisfaction relative to the Taiwanese employee group in respect of trust. In the Taiwanese employee group, there was no significant difference between internal and external job satisfaction. But in the Chinese employee group, internal job satisfaction was higher than external job satisfaction with respect to trust. 3. In the sample of Chinese employee studied, there was no employee with theory X orientation. In the Taiwanese employee group, when theory X and Y was introduced as a factor moderating the relationship between trust and internal job satisfaction, employee with theory Y orientation showed higher level of internal job satisfaction with respect to trust than employee with theory X orientation. For both groups of employee with theory Y orientation, the Chinese employee group showed higher level of internal job satisfaction than the Taiwanese employee group. 4. Delegation and overall job satisfaction showed moderate level of positive relationship. There was no difference between the Taiwanese and Chinese employee group. 5. The relationship between delegation and internal and external job satisfaction was moderated by theory X and Y orientation. In this study, the Chinese employee group has no employee with theory X orientation. In the Taiwanese employee group, employee with theory Y orientation exhibit higher level of correlation between delegation and internal job satisfaction than employee with theory X orientation. In both groups of theory Y orientation, there was no significant difference between the Chinese and Taiwanese employee group with respect to internal job satisfaction. With respect to the relationship between delegation and external job satisfaction, in the Taiwanese employee group, the correlation between delegation and external job satisfaction for employee with theory Y orientation was much higher than that for theory X. For both groups of theory Y, the internal job satisfaction in Taiwanese employee group was higher than the Chinese employee group. This study reviews the relationship between supervisor¡¦s trust and delegation with respect to subordinate¡¦s level of job satisfaction. The results serve as reference for supervisors and managers in their management or leadership. For the business managers and supervisors of Taiwanese business enterprises in China, this study has made comparison between the Taiwanese group and Chinese group, which may be beneficial in understanding the organizational behavior of local Chinese employee when considering investment in China.

M. Tech. Education / The purpose of this study was to determine how delegation, as a management tool, is being used in primary schools in the Tshwane West District. There are indications in Tshwane West District primary schools which suggest that delegation is improperly employed or not used at all. In some cases, workloads become so unbearable that many people even at management level resign their posts. Many of the primary schools in Tshwane West District have been identified as underperforming primary schools by the GDE through the Gauteng Province Literacy Strategy. The study therefore endeavoured to determine the use of this most important tool in the daily duties of school managers.

Bakgrund: Delegering av hälso- och sjukvårdsuppgifter från legitimerad sjuksköterska till icke-legitimerad personal är vanlig. Tidigare forskning har visat att delegering kan leda till att sjuksköterskans roll blir otydlig. Syfte: Att undersöka hur sjuksköterskors professionsutövning påverkas av att delegering till icke-legitimerad personal förekommer. Metod: Tio vetenskapliga artiklar studerades enligt metod för kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre huvudteman framstod: ”Sjuksköterskor och inflytande”, ”Sjuksköterskor och interaktion” samt ”Sjuksköterskor och säkerhet”. Sjuksköterskor tyckte om att dela med sig av sin kunskap och uppskattade den avlastning som delegering kunde innebära. Emellertid uttryckte sjuksköterskor i en majoritet av studierna förlust av kontroll i samband med delegering. Många sjuksköterskor brast också i delegeringskompetens. Konklusion: Delegering kan försämra sjuksköterskors helhetssyn och kontroll över omvårdnadssituationen, vilket kan försvåra för dem att ta sitt fulla omvårdnadsansvar. Det finns också brister i sjuksköterskors kunskaper och färdigheter i att delegera. Impliktioner: Sjuksköterskor behöver delta mer i den patientnära omvårdnaden. Delegeringarna bör minska, och sjuksköterskor behöver återta sitt ansvar för omvårdnaden. Sjuksköterskor behöver också mer utbildning och träning i konsten att delegera. Ytterligare forskning kring delegering är nödvändig, särskilt i Sverige. / Background: Delegation of health care tasks from registered nurse to non-licensed personnel is common. Earlier research has shown that delegation can lead to blurring of the nurse’s role. Aim: To examine how the existence of delegation to non-licensed personnel influences the professional work of registered nurses. Method: Ten scientific articles were studied using content analysis. Results: Three major themes emerged: “Nurses and influence”, “Nurses and interaction” and “Nurses and safety”. Nurses enjoyed sharing their knowledge and appreciated the relief that delegation could entail. However, in a majority of the studies nurses expressed loss of control associated with delegation. Many nurses also showed lack of competence with regard to delegation. Conclusion: Delegation can diminish nurses’ holistic view and control of care situations, which may make it difficult for them to take full responsibility for the care. There is also a lack of knowledge and skill concerning delegation among nurses. Implications: Nurses need to participate more in direct patient care. Delegations should be fewer, and nurses need to reclaim their responsibility for nursing. Nurses also need more education and training in the art of delegating. Further research on delegation is necessary, especially in Sweden.

<p>Namibia was under South African rule until March 1990. On 11 September 1962, the Odendaal Commission was set up by the State President of South Africa to enquire into the welfare and progress of all the inhabitants of South West Africa, particularly the African people. The Commission was required to make recommendations for the development of the various African people inside and outside their designated areas. The outcome of the Commission was the division of South West Africa into ten designated areas for the various native nations. These areas later became the homelands for the Africans in South West Africa. This thesis was concerned with examining the Kavango Legislative Council, its constitution, its powers, the role of the traditional authorities within the body, and the legislation passed by the Council.</p>

Bakgrund: De äldre i Sverige blir allt fler och allt äldre. Många får leva ett friskt och aktivt liv som äldre och andra drabbas av sjukdom och ohälsa redan i ett tidigt stadie av ålderdomen. Sjuksköterskan inom kommunal hemsjukvård ansvarar idag för ett stort antal patienter och har inte möjlighet att gå ut och träffa alla sina patienter dagligen. Det krävs därför att många av de hälso- och sjukvårdsuppgifter som förekommer ute i patienternas hem utförs av delegerad hemtjänstpersonal. Deras ansvar har ökat och de står ofta ensam ute i hemmen med beslut om när patientens hälsotillstånd kräver kontakt med sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hemtjänstpersonalens upplevelser av att arbeta med delegerade hälso- och sjukvårdsuppgifter. Metod: Åtta Narrativa intervjuer genomfördes vilka analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys Resultat: resultatet visar hemtjänstpersonalens upplevelser av att arbeta med delegerade hälso- och sjukvårdsuppgifter. Analysen av resultatet utmynnade i sex kategorier: tillfredsställelse, ansvar och gemenskap som beskrev bra upplevelser och tre kategorier: tidsbrist, otillräcklighet och krav som beskrev dåliga upplevelser. Då samtliga respondenter återgav både bra och dåliga upplevelser i arbetssituationen skapades temat: Att arbeta med motsägelsefulla känslor. Slutsats: Genom att ta del av hemtjänstpersonalens upplevelser kan sjuksköterskan utveckla delegeringsförfarande. Ge stöd till personalen och skapa tillfällen för att undervisa och handleda, vilket leder till trygghet och ökad patientsäkerhet i vård och omsorg av den äldre / Background: The elderly population in Sweden is increasing and people tend to live longer. Some people live a healthy and active lifestyle until they reach an old age. Others are affected by an illness or disease in the early stages of old age. The nurse in the Swedish municipal home care is responsible for a large number of patients and has therefore gotten less close to his or her patients. The nurse is not able to see his or her patients every day and therefore many health care tasks in patients' homes are conducted by delegated home care assistants. The responsibilities of the assistants have increased and they are often alone in the home with the decision of when the nurse must be contacted due to the patient's health status. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the health care assistant's experiences of working with delegated health care tasks. Method: Data was collected through eight conducted narrative interviews. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of the results led to six categories. Three categories, satisfaction, responsibility, and fellowship, described the good experiences. Three categories, lack of time, the feeling of being inadequate, and feeling of being forced, described bad experiences. The respondents described both good and bad experiences in the work situation. From the categories, the theme of working with conflicting emotions was created. Conclusion: By taking part of the assisted living staff experiences the nurse could develop the delegation routine, support, educate, and supervise the staff, which leads to security and increased patient safety in health and social care of the elderly.

Restructuring of health care has become widespread in hospitals across the United States. The emphasis on reducing healthcare costs has forced many organizations to redesign the roles and responsibilities of care givers. The American Hospital Association (1990) reported that 97% of hospitals were using unlicensed assistive personnel for care.The purpose of the study was to determine if registered nurses in central Indiana were utilizing delegation in the workplace and to determine if the use of unlicensed personnel affected nurse satisfaction with work. The theoretical framework was General Systems Theory.The population (N=292) was registered nurses working with unlicensed assistive personnel in a four-hospital network. The number of participants was 66 (23%). The questionnaire, who Helps You with Your Work?, was utilized. Participation was strictly voluntary and the identity of the participants was kept confidential.Data revealed that 95% of nurses who responded were utilizing unlicensed assistive personnel in the workplace. Delegation of certain tasks, such as bed making, weighing of delegation and the personnel should be broadened patients, and measuring and recording intake and output, was occurring. Nurses were not delegating more complex tasks, such as monitoring IV infusions or assisting physicians with examinations.Nurses, overall, were only slightly satisfied with work, as evidenced by a mean of 3.3 (3=neither satisfied or dissatisfied). Job satisfaction was not significantly related to utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel.Unlicensed assistive personnel were being utilized in hospitals in Central Indiana. Nurses were responsible for work delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel. Nurses should realize the importance of determining capabilities and limitations of unlicensed assistive personnel. Job satisfaction was not significantly related to utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel.Future research on the subject utilization of unlicensed assistive to include more than four hospitals. Job satisfaction needs to be measured using different staffing patterns and workload as well as the utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel. The data supported the need for further research on delegation, job satisfaction and the utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel. / School of Nursing

This dissertation collects five independent essays. The first essay is An Alternative Explanation of the Price Puzzle. The most widely accepted explanation of the price puzzle points to an inadequate performance of the VAR in forecasting inflation. This essay suggests that the finding of a price puzzle is due to a seemingly innocent misspecification in taking the theoretical model to the data: a measure of output gap is not included in the VAR (output alone being used instead), while this variable is a crucial element in every equation of the theoretical models. When the VAR is correctly specified, the price puzzle disappears. Building on results contained in the first paper, the second-- Stronger Evidence of Long-Run Neutrality: A comment on Bernanke and Mihov---improves the empirical performance of standard models on the prediction that a monetary policy shock should have temporary effects on output. It turns out that the same misspecification causing the price puzzle is also responsible for overestimation of the time needed for the effects on output of a monetary policy shock to die out. The point can be proven in a theoretical economy, and is confirmed on US data. Monetary Policy Without Monetary Aggregates: Some (Surprising) Evidence , joint with Giovanni Favara) is the third essay. It points to what seems to be a falsified prediction of models in the New-Keynesian framework. In this framework monetary aggregates are reserved a pretty boring role, so boring that they can be safely excluded from the final lay out of the model. These models predict that a money demand shock should have no effect on output, inflation and interest rate. However, the prediction seems to be quite wrong Inflation Forecast Targeting, joint with Paul Söderlind, takes a step outside the representative-agent framework. In RE models, all agents typically have the same information set, and therefore make the same predictions. However, in the real even professional forecasters show substantial disagreement. This disagreement can have an impact on asset prices and transaction volumes, among other things. However, there is no unique way of aggregating forecasts (or forecast probability density functions) into a measure of disagreement. The paper deals with this problem, surveying some proposed methods. The most appropriate measure of disagreement turns out to depend on the intended use, that is, on the model. Moreover, forecasters underestimate uncertainty. Constitutions and Central-Bank Independence: An Objection to McCallum's Second Fallacy, joint with Giancarlo Spagnolo , is an excursion into the field of Political Economy. The essay provides some foundations for the assumption that renegotiating a delegation contract can be costly by illustrating how political institutions can generate inertia in re-contracting, reduce the gains from it or prevent it altogether. Once the nature of renegotiation costs has been clarified, it is easier to see why certain institutions can mitigate or solve dynamic inconsistencies better than others. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001

Univ., Diss.--Osnabrück, 2004.