ABSTRACT This study examines the implementation of the education decentralisation process and its effect on secondary schools in Botswana in the case of the South Central Region. This topic was chosen against the wide-scale adoption by African countries of the international policy of educational decentralization, which takes different forms in different purposes. Literature on decentralization and school monitoring and support was consulted as well as evidence from different African countries. The study uses a qualitative approach and case study of a region to collect data through interviews and document analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from the Ministry of Education headquarters, national Secondary Education Department and the South Central Region Office. Six Secondary Schools were sampled for the purpose of illustrating the impact of the regional administrative decentralization on different kinds of schools. The research findings reveal that Botswana has adopted the particular form of regional administrative decentralization for the purpose of administrative efficiency and the improvement of its school monitoring and support functions. The study revealed that some benefits, such as speedier response to teachers’ welfare matters, facilitation of distribution of resources in particular, learner- support materials and teachers, did occur. However, contrary to expectations, it surfaced that the process was ridden with more problems than solutions, mainly because many of the preconditions necessary for effective administrative decentralization were not present. For example, there was a lack of common understanding of the form and extent of decentralisation, human and other resources, role clarity and proper accountability lines, resulting in duplication of effort and tension between the regional and national offices as well as misaligned decentralization functions within the education bureaucracy. The main recommendations of the study are that the Ministry of Education should revisit the strategy to take on board and empower the regions to effectively execute their mandate of monitoring and supporting secondary schools in their jurisdiction. This will require increased capacity and resources as well as strategic leadership on behalf of the region.

Predator policy is a controversial area that includes problems with hunting and handling of wild animals. This is the reason why the government decentralized some of the work to the regions in 1998. During 2008, the Swedish government produced a proposal regarding the conduct of wildlife management delegations. The purpose of this essay is to study the relationship between politicians and officials in the wildlife management delegation with a specific focus on a polarized issue, the wolf question. We do this by studying roles and politicization. Based on the purpose, the following questions have been formulated: What is the role of officials and politicians in wildlife management delegations? How are these roles affected by how politicized the wolf issue is in the region? These delegations include politicians and officials. Based on the theory of the dichotomy between politicians and officials, politicians have a stance and biased role, while officials have a role that is about being impartial and working on the basis of the regulations. This essay consists of a comparative case essay with a content analysis and thematic analysis as a method. The material used has been collected through semi-structured interviews and printed material. This essay shows that the politicization of the wolf question to some extent affects the representatives in the wildlife management delegation.

One of the most widespread access control model that assigns permissions to a user is Role Based Access Control (RBAC). The basic idea is to limit the access to resources by using the indirection of roles, which are associated both to users and permissions. There has been research conducted with respect to clarifying RBAC and its components, as well as in creating mathematical models describing different aspects of its administrative issues in RBAC. But, till date no work has been done in terms of formalization (Mathematical Modelling) of delegation and revocation of roles in RBAC. Which provides most important extensions of the policy and provides flexibility in the user to user delegation of roles, especially in the environment where roles are organized in a hierarchy. The process allows a user with a role that is higher in the hierarchy to assign a part of the role to someone who is lower in the hierarchy or at the same level. This can be done for a limited time or permanently. The reverse process is called revocation and it consists of ending different types of delegations. This thesis has found the answer to the following research question i.e. how different mathematical Modelling for delegation and revocation of Roles in RBAC can be performed? This thesis presents different types of delegation and techniques for revocation with a comprehensive mathematical Modelling of both processes. As this can be clearly visible that this thesis objective is to derive a mathematical models for delegation and revocation of roles in RBAC policy, for deriving mathematical models formal method is applied. The mathematical models developed include grant and transfer delegation with and without role hierarchy, time based revocation, user based revocation and cascading revocation. The case scenario of an organization using RBAC is used to illustrate and clarify the mathematical models. The mathematical models presented here can serve as a starting point for developing, implementations of delegation and revocation on top of existing authorization modules based on the RBAC model.

Nygren, M & Rygg, K. Delegering av omvårdnad –En empirisk studie om delegering. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 10 poäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, Utbildningsområde omvårdnad 2007.Som arbetsledare har sjuksköterskan flera ansvarsområden, bland annat att prioritera och fördela omvårdnadsarbetet inom teamet och att delegera omvårdnadsuppgifter. Det finns för sjuksköterskan konkreta författningar och lagar knutna till delegeringsansvaret. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder sjuksköterskan delegerade till annanvårdpersonal. Centrala frågeställningar var bland annat vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder delegeras, och hur upplever sjuksköterskorna att delegera omvårdnadsåtgärder? Studien var kvalitativ och som datainsamlingsmetod valdes semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio sjuksköterskor. Både manifest och latent innehållsanalys valdes som analysmetod. Vid den manifesta analysen framkom fem kategorier: Delegerade arbetsuppgifter, orsaker till att delegera, försäkran om kompetens vid delegering, uppföljning av delegerad uppgift och hinder för delegering. Vid den latenta analysen framkom tre teman: delegeringar är positivt, kontrollbehov och osäkerhet kring delegering. Studien visar bland annat att delegeringar när det fungerar upplevs som någonting positivt, men att det finns faktorer, exempelvis att vara nyutbildad sjuksköterska som bidrar till osäkerhet kring delegeringssituationen.Nyckelord: Delegering, kompetens, omvårdnad, sjuksköterska, undersköterska / Nygren, M & Rygg, K. Delegating nursing tasks –An empiric study of delegation.Degree Project, 10 Credit Points. Nursing Programme, Malmö University: Health and Society, Department of Nursing, 2007. As being a supervisor the nurse possesses several areas of responsibilities such as, the prioritizing and assigning of nursing tasks and delegation of nursing care. The aim of this study was to examine what kind of nursing tasks the nurses would delegate to the rest of the nursing staff. Examples of the main questions at issue were amongst others what kind of nursing tasks are delegated, and how did the nurses experience the delegation of nursing tasks? The study was qualitative and the data was collected from nine nurses using semi structured interviews. Both a manifest and a latent content analysis were chosen as methods of analysis. Five categories emerged as a result of the manifest analysis: delegated tasks, reasons to delegate, assurance of competence, the follow-up of delegated tasks and obstacles to delegations As a result of the latent analysis, three themes occurred: delegation is something positive, the need of control and finally uncertainty attached to delegations. The study revealed among other things that delegations, when well functioning, are experienced as something positive. Still there are elements, such as being a fresh educated nurse, that contribute to uncertainties as far as delegations are concerned.Key words: assistant nurse, competence, delegation, nurse, nursing.

This doctoral thesis consists of three essays within the field of human technology interaction examined through the lens of behavioural and experimental economics. The three essays in this thesis represent three strands helping to reveal the issue of human-machine interaction from different angles. The first essay contributes to human-machine relations by addressing the problem associated with the problem of an individual experiencing a relative lack of resources that affects human judgment and decision-making in the financial domain. This chapter discusses how policy can leverage emerging technologies to design specific choice architecture that may support more risk-aware decision-making of vulnerable socioeconomic groups. Furthermore, it discusses how behavioural policy initiatives aimed at helping resource-deprived individuals conduct more optimal financial decision making might be effectively assisted by recent Artificial Intelligence (AI) developments and the associated ethical considerations. The primary focus of the second essay relates to individual decision making in a risky environment with algorithm help. By conducting an online experiment, it investigates how humans cognitively offload tasks to algorithms in a risky environment with different time constraints. Results demonstrate that the presence of an AI assistant is beneficial for decision making only when its accuracy is high. The third essay continues the investigation of human-technology inter- actions. The primary attention is paid to how information about the result of the action taken by a human affects the incentive behaviour, depending on the interacting partner. The main focus concerns how the information about the result (out- come) of the investment affects the reward and punishment behaviour of the participants that interact with Human and Algorithm agents. Specifically, I conduct an experiment investigating the interaction between out- come bias and human/algorithm responsibility.

Bakgrund: Delegering av arbetsuppgifter till omsorgspersonal är inte unikt för svensk sjukvård utan förekommer både nationellt och internationellt. Den globala bristen på legitimerade sjuksköterskor medför ett ökat behov av personal som kan utföra rutinmässiga arbetsuppgifter under delegering. Sjuksköterskor behöver delegera arbetsuppgifter för att kunna leda, prioritera och planera patienternas omvårdnad. Delegeringen av arbetsuppgifter ingår även i sjuksköterskans yrkesroll, därmed betonas vikten av att sjuksköterskan erhåller kunskap om riktlinjer och lagar gällande delegeringen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att sammanställa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att delegera arbetsuppgifter till omsorgspersonal inom olika vårdkontexter. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på tolv studier av kvalitativ ansats. Samtliga studier inhämtades från databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed. Utvalda studier har analyserats utifrån Popenoes m.fl. guide avseende artikelmatris och dataanalystabell. Valda studier har genomgått kvalitetsgranskning enligt SBU: kvalitetsgranskningsmall. Resultat: Resultatet utgör sex kategorier som besvarar litteraturstudiens syfte. Kategorierna består av Delegeringen var förenad med stort ansvar, Delegeringen upplevdes påtvingad, Delegeringen påverkade arbetsbelastningen, Upplevelser av okunskap relaterat till delegeringen, Attityder från medarbetare påverkade delegeringen, Kommunikation och relationer påverkade delegeringen. Konklusion: När sjuksköterskan delegerar enbart på grund av påtryckning från chefer sätts sjuksköterskan i en position där hen inte alltid upplever att delegeringen sker på ett korrekt och patientsäkert sätt. Däremot bidrog delegeringen till tid för planering och prioritering av patientens omvårdnad. / Background: Delegation of tasks to healthcare assistants is not unique to Swedish healthcare but occurs both nationally and internationally. The global shortage of registered nurses’ results in an increased need of healthcare assistants who can perform routine tasks under delegation. Aim: The aim of the review was to compile registered nurses’ experiences of delegating tasks to healthcare assistants in different healthcare contexts. Registered nurses need to delegate tasks in order to lead, prioritize and plan patients' care. The delegation of tasks is also part of the registered nurse's professional role, thus emphasizing the importance of the registered nurse obtaining knowledge of guidelines and laws regarding the delegation. Method: The literature review is based on twelve studies of qualitative approach. All studies were obtained from the databases Cinahl and Pubmed. Selected studies have been analyzed based on Popenoes et al. guide regarding article matrix and data analysis table. Selected studies have undergone quality review according to SBU: quality review template. Result: The results constitute six categories that answer the purpose of the literature review. The categories consisting of The delegation was associated with great responsibility, The delegation was perceived as forced, The delegation affected the workload, Experiences of ignorance related to the delegation, Attitudes from employees affected the delegation, Communication and relationships affected the delegation. Conclusion: When the registered nurse delegates under pressure from their managers, the registered nurse is put in a position where they do not always feel that the delegation takes place in a correct and patient- safe way. However, the delegation contributed to time for planning and prioritizing the patient's care.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: I hemsjukvården spelar kommunsjuksköterskan en central roll i att planera och organisera vårdinsatser till patienter i deras hemmiljö. För att säkerställa effektiviteten och tillgängligheten av vårdresurserna måste kommunsjuksköterskan delegera vissa medicinska arbetsuppgifter till omvårdnadspersonalen. Denna delegering sker genom tydliga riktlinjer och med noggrann utvärderade kompetenskrav. Forskning visar att det finns utmaningar som sjuksköterskor möter vid delegering av medicinska uppgifter inom hemsjukvården. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter och uppfattningar av att delegera medicinska arbetsuppgifter till omvårdnadspersonal inom hemsjukvården.  Metod: En litteraturöversiktmed fokus på kvalitativa forskningsansatser och artiklar, där data analyserades med en reflexiv tematisk analys av Braun och Clark (2022) Resultat: Syftet besvarades genom tre huvudteman och åtta underteman som behandlar sjuksköterskors erfarenheter och uppfattningar angående delegering till omvårdnadspersonal inom hemsjukvården. Deras upplevelser inkluderade ansvar och förväntningar kring delegering, bristande rutiner kring delegering, delegering på grund av personalbrist, känslor av bristande kontroll och maktlöshet, bristfällig kommunikation, otillräcklig tillgänglighet, saknad kompetens hos omvårdnadspersonalen, samt möjligheter för professionens utveckling. Slutsats: Delegeringsförfarandet är avgörande för effektiv fördelning av arbetsuppgifter inom vårdteam. Det krävs tydliga riktlinjer, adekvat utbildning för vårdpersonal, tydlig kommunikation och samarbete för att säkerställa patientsäkerhet och vårdkvalitén. Genom att utveckla delegeringsprocessen kan vårdpersonalen minska riskerna för felaktigheter och fel kommunikation, vilket gynnar både patienter och vårdpersonal i deras vårdmiljö. / Summary Background: In home care, the community nurse plays a central role in planning and organizing care for patients in their home environment. To ensure the efficiency and availability of care resources, the community nurse must delegate certain medical tasks to the care staff. This delegation is done through clear guidelines and with carefully evaluated competence requirements. Research shows that there are challenges that nurses face when delegating medical tasks in home care. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe nurses' experience and perceptions of delegating medical tasks to home care workers.  Method: A literature review was conducted with a focus on qualitative research approaches and articles, with data analyzed and synthesized using a reflexive thematic analysis method based on Braun and Clark (2022). Results: The purpose was answered through three main themes and eight sub-themes dealing with nurses' experiences and perceptions regarding delegation to home care workers. Their experiences included responsibilities and expectations around delegation, lack of routines around delegation, delegation due to lack of staff, feelings of lack of control and powerlessness, lack of communication, insufficient availability, lack of competence among nursing staff, and opportunities for professional development. Conclusion: The delegation process is crucial for the effective allocation of tasks within care teams. It requires clear guidelines, adequate training for healthcare professionals, clear communication and collaboration to ensure patient safety and quality of care. By developing the delegation process, healthcare professionals can reduce the risks of errors and miscommunication, which benefits both patients and healthcare professionals in their care environment.

This dissertation consists of three essays on theoretical analysis of economic agents' decision making and incentives. Chapter 1 gives an outline of the subjects to be examined in the subsequent chapters and shows their conclusions in brief. Chapter 2 explores the decision problem of a superordinate (a principal) regarding whether to delegate its authority or right to make a decision to a subordinate (an agent) in an organization. We first study the optimal contracting problem of the superordinate that specifies the allocation of the authority and wage in a principal-agent setting with asymmetric information, focusing on two motives for delegation, "informative" and "effort-incentive-giving" delegation. Further, we suggest delegating to multiple agents as a way of addressing the asymmetric information problem within an organization, focusing on another motive for delegation, "strategic" delegation. Chapter 3 analyzes the behavior of players in a particular type of contest, called "the weakest-link contest". Unlike a usual contest in which the winning probability of a group in a contest depends on the sum of the efforts of all the players in the group, the weakest-link contest follows a different rule: the winning probability of a group is determined by the lowest effort of the players in the group. We first investigate the effort incentives of the players in the weakest-link contest, and then check whether the hungriest player in each group, who has the largest willingness to exert effort, has an incentive to incentivize the other players in his group in order to make them exert more effort. Chapter 4 examines the decision making of software programmers in the software industry between an open source software project and a commercial software project. Incorporating both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on open source project participation into a stylized economic model based on utility theory, we study the decision problem of the programmers in the software industry and provide the rationale for open source project participation more clearly. Specifically, we examine the question of how the programmers' intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and abilities affect their project choices between an open source project and a commercial project, and effort incentives. / Ph. D.

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The effective oversight and management of national emergencies are critical to preserving democratic processes and norms. Congress passed the National Emergencies Act (NEA) of 1976 to regulate the open-ended and unchecked implementation of emergency authorities by the president. Notwithstanding the NEA's objectives, the number and duration of national emergencies are proliferating. National emergencies evoke a sense of urgency that results in exceptional governance procedures and alters official and public perceptions. However, national emergencies declared under the NEA rarely reflect the definition of urgency and endure for years, indicating potential oversight failures and a re-emergence of the president's unchecked use of emergency power. Concerns arise that a national emergency shifts legislative power to the executive, making government policy less democratic. The national scope of these emergencies also portends the potential for harm to a broad population. Ambiguous judicial and legislative instructions, presidential aspirations of demonstrating leadership, and congressional blame avoidance further complicate the governance of national emergencies. This research conceptualizes time as the intelligible principle that Congress used to meet the judicial requirements for delegating functional responsibilities to the executive branch while retaining constitutional obligations and maintaining oversight of executive action. Sequences, deadlines, and repetition are temporal mechanisms that help regulate government action and moderate authorities. Understanding how temporal policy mechanisms affect the use of emergency authority, shape government interaction, and adjust accountability is particularly important as the United States confronts a hyper-partisan environment and demands to confront new issues as national emergencies intensify. Employing a policy tracing methodology augmented by survival and qualitative comparative analysis, this dissertation analyzes national emergency data composed of declarations, continuations, amendments, and terminations. The analysis incorporates Supreme Court decisions, budgetary impact statements, and Federal Register data to track and evaluate national emergencies declared via presidential proclamation and executive order. The ensuing model delineates the properties of the national emergencies declared under the NEA and clarifies relational factors contributing to temporal variation amongst emergency declarations. The resulting clarity contributes to scholarly and governmental use of temporal policy mechanisms—particularly sequences, deadlines, and repetition—and offers recommendations for enhancing the oversight of U.S. national emergencies. / Doctor of Philosophy / The oversight and management of national emergencies are crucial for protecting democratic processes and norms. In 1976, Congress passed the National Emergencies Act (NEA) to prevent the president from using unconstrained emergency powers. However, the NEA has not been successful in controlling the frequency and duration of national emergencies. During a national emergency, a sense of urgency generally leads to exceptional governance procedures and changes how people perceive governance situations. This research examined national emergency declarations, continuations, amendments, and terminations to understand how the NEA governs emergencies and what principles guide it. The findings show that national emergencies declared under the NEA have limited congressional oversight and are increasingly influenced by politics. The lack of clear instructions from the judiciary and the legislature, the president's desire to display leadership, and Congress' tendency to avoid blame further complicate the governance of national emergencies, allowing them to last for many years without proper oversight. To address the weaknesses in the NEA and improve the handling of national emergencies, this dissertation proposes the concept of temporal policy mechanisms. Temporal policy mechanisms use time as a guiding principle to delegate emergency authority and ensure accountability. Examples of temporal mechanisms include sequences, deadlines, and repetition to regulate government actions and moderate authorities. The analysis also highlights origination bias, where Congress sets rules for others but fails to follow its own processes. By implementing transparent temporal policy mechanisms and reducing the sense of urgency during prolonged national emergencies, accountability and transparency can be enhanced thereby upholding U.S. constitutional principles and benefiting they citizenry.