Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This dissertation investigates the processes which underpin land grabbing, the diverse land grab types, actors involved and their roles in facilitating the expropriation of community land. It also interrogates the agrarian transformations and socio-economic consequences and the mechanisms employed by the local communities in Amuru district of Northern Uganda to block and resist the expropriation of their land. To achieve these objectives, this study employed a qualitative research design and methodology. The techniques that were used to collect the data are review of secondary data, individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study revealed that liberalisation of the Ugandan economy reduced the role of the state and subsequently promoted market approaches to land and agrarian reform. Market-led approaches have facilitated the commoditisation and entry of private investment in land and agriculture in Uganda. The dissertation identifies two distinct categories of land grabs in Amuru district. The first category comprises of two cases. One, large-scale land grabbing for commercial agriculture by the Madhvani Group in Lakang village; and two, large-scale land grabbing for conservation purposes by Lake Albert Safaris Limited in Apaa village. The second category encompasses localised small-scale land grabs between and among local communities of Amuru district. I further disaggregated the localised small-scale land grabs into four broad categories which are ‘inter and intra-community’ as well as ‘inter and intra-family’ land grabs, with the former encompassing the broader members of the community, while the latter involves members of related families. The actors who are directly and indirectly involved in land grabbing are domestic and foreign investors, the Ugandan state, Uganda Wildlife Authority, local governments, military personnel, the politically connected and rich peasants in Amuru district. Whereas land grabbing in Amuru district has resulted in the accumulation of more land, power and capital for domestic and foreign investors as well as local elites, loss of agrarian livelihood systems, rights to land, cultural heritage, identity, spirituality and belonging, incarceration and loss of lives as well as destruction of property have, in turn, disempowered and marginalised the local communities. A wide range of response mechanisms, including open display of nudity by elderly women, seeking legal redress from statutory courts and traditional authorities, questioning the procedure of land acquisition, acceptance and rejection of widow inheritance have been deployed by the local communities to block and resist the expropriation of their land.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第20493号 / 地博第212号 / 新制||地||76(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 岡本 正明, 教授 水野 広祐, 教授 藤倉 達郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-03T19:57:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maria Eduarda de Andrade e Sousa.pdf: 63325585 bytes, checksum: 7f551556521eeedc1bde5a1557a3cc05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T19:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maria Eduarda de Andrade e Sousa.pdf: 63325585 bytes, checksum: 7f551556521eeedc1bde5a1557a3cc05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / CAPES / This thesis addresses the issue of transnational land acquisitions – henceforth land grabbing or land grabs – which have expanded and gained visibility in the context of the food, financial and energy crises that have arisen between 2007 and 2008. The present thesis analyzes the current wave of transnational land acquisitions in Mozambique from the perspective of Post-colonialism in order to shed light on the dynamics of domination and resistance engendered by land grabbing. For this purpose, a literature review and documentary research were carried out, based on the information collected in the Land Matrix database and in specialized publications. As a result, the paper presents an overview of current transnational land acquisitions around the world followed by a post-colonialist re-interpretation of land grabs, with the aim of identifying the key features of postcolonial domination inherent in land grabbing legitimation discourse, along with the main forms of local and global resistance to these processes. For a better understanding of land grabbing dynamics, this thesis has focused on the case of Mozambique, one of the African countries which have been most engaged in attracting foreign investment into the agricultural sector in recent years. / Esta dissertação aborda a questão das aquisições transnacionais de terra – doravante land grabbing ou land grabs – que se expandiram e ganharam visibilidade a partir de 2008, no contexto das crises alimentar, financeira e energética que eclodiram no biênio 2007-2008. A presente dissertação analisou a atual onda de aquisições transnacionais de terra na África Subsaariana, com ênfase para o caso de Moçambique, sob o prisma das perspectivas pós-colonialistas a fim de lançar luz sobre as dinâmicas de dominação e resistência engendradas pelo land grabbing. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica e documental, ancorada nas informações colhidas na base de dados Land Matrix e nas publicações especializadas. Nesse sentido, o trabalho apresentou o panorama atual das aquisições transnacionais de terra no mundo seguido de uma releitura pós-colonialista dos land grabs, cujo objetivo foi identificar as principais manifestações da dominação pós-colonial presentes nos discursos de legitimação das apropriações de terra, juntamente com as principais formas de resistência local e global a esses processos. Para uma melhor compreensão dos processos de land grabbing, foi selecionado o caso de Moçambique, considerado pertinente por ser um dos países que mais têm atraído investimentos estrangeiros no setor agrícola nos últimos anos.

This essay discusses the impacts and effects on the rural population of the large-scale land acquisitions that are taking place in Africa today, with a focus on Tanzania and the activities of the Swedish biofuel company EcoEnergy in the country. The main objective is to explore the implications on the rural population and the environment created by EcoEnergy’s involvement in land acquisition in Tanzania. Large-scale land acquisitions are often said to have a positive impact on a country’s development process. Critical assessments, however, question this opinion and the method chosen for the essay is a case study analysis. For my exploration, it has been crucial to study the documents of the company, its code of conduct and also how the company adheres to Tanzanian laws while carrying out its activities. These documents, which describe expected environmental and social impacts, have been compared to field studies made in Tanzanian villages by institutes to see if EcoEnergy follow their code of conduct statements and adheres to the laws of the country. What has been found when comparing the impact on the environment and the effects on the social life of the local population is that their lives will not be improved, and that promises made by EcoEnergy have not been kept. The conclusion made in this study is that there are no satisfactory communication and information links between the government, the investors and the population. The population does not have any accountability measures towards the investors if the investors’ promises are not kept. The final conclusion is that the development process of Tanzania, as it seems, is thus not gaining on having biofuels investors in the country.

Abstract There has been an increase in land grabbing in the world over the years and the trend seems to be increasing in the same direction. Whereas, the phenomenon is said to be happening across all continents except Antarctica, in this Africa is the primary target. Uganda too has not been spared and the discovery of oil in 2006 added an insult to an injury. Though, the phenomenon has lived with the world for some good time, it continues to happen with less efforts being made to curb it. As a result, a study was carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the drivers of land grabbing in Uganda’s Albertine Graben. It was a desk study and employed an abductive approach though some primary data was also collected to back it up. The political economy approach was employed to understand the different political and economic dynamics involved in land grabbing. The study found out the issue of absentee land lords and the discovery of oil in 2006 as the main reasons that explain the occurrence of the phenomenon something that is different from the many scholars’ view that agricultural reasons are the main cause. Land grabbing was further seen as mainly negative as it leads to loss of economic livelihoods, lack of cooking energy, displacement of people among others. The study learned that massive sensitization of the people about their rights; strict implementation of the existing laws by the government would help to reduce or solve the problem. Key words, Land grabbing, land acquisition, Albertine Graben, Bunyoro, political economy approach.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This thesis examines debates concerning large-scale land acquisitions in Kenya by looking at the case of the Dominion Farms Limited takeover of Yala Swamp. The case study illustrates actual practices of Kenya’s land governance system in terms of how large-scale land acquisitions take shape and their results on the ground. The study explores changes that have taken place at Yala Swamp from 2003 to 2013 and assesses them against the backdrop of recent and emerging land governance regulatory frameworks at national, regional and global levels. The study’s research methodology and data analysis reveal that the new large-scale land acquisition phenomenon has a historical dimension in that it perpetuates a continued legacy of land dispossession of local communities of the unregistered land thereby disrupting their livelihoods. This thesis contributes to a lively intellectual debate and literature on land governance by examining land issues from a governance and political economy perspective. Yala Swamp was chosen as a case study of large-scale land acquisition. The case shows how new land regulatory policies are being shaped and constrained by what is considered beneficial for foreign investment but not necessarily in tandem with local communities’ needs and expectations. This thesis is anchored on the assumption that land governance frameworks’ transformative potential depends on the extent to which they are able to address the structural factors that entrench continued poverty, food insecurity, gender inequality, environmental degradation and land conflicts. The thesis argues that initiatives that facilitate the corporate takeover of land and other resources from the poor in order to give to large-scale investors foreclose the smallholder agricultural space for future expansion. It further argues that an understanding of land reform processes from a governance and political economy perspective offers insight that could not only improve the design of land governance regulatory frameworks, but also provide pathways to support implementation.

Land is a fundamental resource, both as a source of livelihood and as a symbol of identity andbelonging. This is threatened by a global phenomenon, land grabbing, the practice of acquiring andinvesting in land on a large scale, often enabled by national policies. Land grabbing erodes people’sland rights and in particular women’s rights. In Tanzania, marginalisation leads women to be morevulnerable not only through the loss of land – the blanket – but as the main targets of witchcraftaccusations. The latter often arise within land disputes, where litigants might resort to accusation toprevent the woman from claiming her right to land. This thesis aims to explore the effects of landgrabbing on social and gender relations; and to provide a policy framework in response to theseeffects.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19153号 / 地環博第128号 / 新制||地環||26(附属図書館) / 32104 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 准教授 真常 仁志, 准教授 橋本 禅, 准教授 ｼﾞｪｰﾝ ｼﾝｶﾞｰ / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Orientador: Bernardo Mançano Fernandes / Resumo: O debate em torno do processo de land grabbing, entendido neste trabalho como controle do território – o poder de controlar o território e o acesso a este através de distintas relações diretas e indiretas – intensificou-se a partir da crise de sobreacumulação de 2007/2008. Concomitante a crise financeira, emergem outras crises [ou um receio ou discurso de escassez] como alimentar, ambiental, climática e energética. Os maiores alvos deste processo são os países do Sul global, porém o processo de controle do território está além da dicotomia Norte-Rico-Apropriador e Sul-Pobre-Apropriado. A América Latina é um dos principais alvos do processo e apresenta diferentes peculiaridades, como diferentes formas de apropriação e controle do território – compreendido através da multiescalaridade e multidimensionalidade; forte presença do capital regional; marcante compreensão de estrangeirização como sinônimo de land grabbing e a história do processo. O Paraguai, nosso recorte territorial, é uma nação que historicamente – desde o final da Guerra da Tríplice Aliança, em 1870 – é afetada pelo controle e estrangeirização do território, onde os maiores controladores são os empresas e pessoas físicas oriundas da Argentina, Brasil e, recentemente, Uruguai. A partir do estudo da territorialização do agronegócio argentino, brasileiro e uruguaio no Paraguai, o nosso objetivo é analisar a nova dinâmica territorial criada pelo processo de estrangeirização inserido em um processo mais amplo de contro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

[pt] Os últimos anos têm presenciado um rápido aumento nos casos de land grab em diversas regiões do mundo. Terras e outros itens relacionados a ela têm sido apropriados em uma corrida global, que têm resultado em desapropriações, violações de direitos humanos, insegurança alimentar, dentre outros. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as iniciativas de organizações internacionais para a regulação global dos investimentos em terra e discutir seus efeitos sobre o fenômeno land grabbing no início do século XXI. Para isso, o estudo busca, primeiramente, avançar na compreensão do land grabbing, entendido como apropriação de terras, ideia que está diretamente ligada aos processos paralelos de acumulação por espoliação e reprodução ampliada do capital, conforme conceitos de David Harvey, e a transformações recentes na economia e política mundiais, que contribuíram para a corrida contemporânea. Esta perspectiva é complementada pela teoria crítica neogramsciana das Relações Internacionais, que explicam como a governança global do período está entrelaçada a um modelo de desenvolvimento dominante. A governança global dos land grabs é analisada por meio do foco em duas iniciativas multilaterais, elaboradas pelo Banco Mundial e agências da ONU. Os conceitos de novo constitucionalismo e civilização de mercado são essenciais para notar como as organizações internacionais têm sido aliadas no processo de mercantilização da natureza, em uma governança pautada por um discurso neoliberal e coordenada pela disciplina de mercado e pelo poder político. Argumenta-se que tais organizações, por meio de suas iniciativas de governança da terra, legitimam as apropriações de terra e contribuem para uma despolitização do debate sobre land grabbing. / [en] Recent years have witnessed a rapid increase in land grabbing in several regions of the world. Land and other related items have been appropriate in a global race whose dynamics have resulted in expropriations, human rights violations, food insecurity, among others. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the initiatives of international organizations for the global regulation of investments on land and to discuss their effects on the land grabbing phenomenon at the beginning of the 21st century. To this end, this study seeks firstly to advance the understanding of the land grabbing phenomenon, understood as appropriation of land, an idea that is directly linked to the parallel processes of accumulation by dispossession and reproduction of capital, according to David Harvey s concepts, and to recent transformations in world economy and politics, which contributed to the contemporary race. This perspective is complemented by assumptions and concepts of neogramscian critical theory of International Relations, which explain how the global governance of the period is intertwined with a dominant development model. The global governance of the land grabs is analyzed by focusing on two multilateral initiatives, launched by the World Bank and UN agencies. The concepts of new constitutionalism and market civilization are essential to note how international organizations have been allied in the process of commodification of nature, in governance ruled by a neoliberal discourse and coordinated by market discipline and political power. It is argued that such organizations, through their land governance initiatives, legitimize land appropriations and contribute to depoliticizing the land grabbing debate.