A presente pesquisa tem por foco a intervenção da técnica e da ciência na transformação de determinado ambiente. Para tanto foi escolhida para objeto de análise a atuação da Comissão Federal de Saneamento da Baixada Fluminense. Formada exclusivamente por engenheiros, a Comissão, possibilitou o estudo desta categoria profissional num campo ainda pouco abordado pela literatura: a relação entre os engenheiros e o saneamento em regiões rurais. A trajetória profissional do Engenheiro Fábio Hostílio de Moraes Rego, engenheiro responsável pela Comissão, é apresentada no propósito de evidenciar o contexto técnico e científico que justificou as escolhas de intervenção realizadas durante o período de atuação da CFSBF. Além de destacar características peculiares à carreira de um politécnico, são buscados na história profissional de Moraes Rego, elementos que fundamentassem sua nomeação para o cargo de chefia da Comissão. Assim, procedeu-se a um estudo acerca da atuação dos engenheiros no saneamento de áreas rurais durante o período da Primeira República, com os seguintes objetivos: analisar o processo de formação e instauração da CFSBF, bem como seus trabalhos realizados (1910-1916); contribuir para a historiografia da região da Baixada Fluminense, considerando a história ambiental da região; e finalmente, contribuir para a historiografia da engenharia no Brasil. / The focus of this research is the intervention of technology and science in the transformation of a given environment. For this purpose, the actions of the Federal Commission on Waste Management of the Baixada Fluminese were chosen. Made up exclusively of engineers, the Commission made possible the study of this professional field in a sector as yet little covered in the literature: the relationship between engineers and waste management in rural areas. The professional history of the engineer Fábio Hostílio de Moraes Rego, the head engineering expert on the Commission, is presented for the purpose of showcasing the technical and scientific context that justified the choices of types of intervention carried out during the period of activity of the CFSBF. In addition to highlighting characteristics particular to the career of a polytechnic, elements of Moraes de Rego\'s career that were the basis for his nomination as head of the Commission are brought out. There thus results a study of the activities of the engineers in waste management in rural areas during the time of the First Republic, with the following objectives: to analyze the process of constituting and setting up the CFSBF, along with the projects it carried out (1910-1916); to contribute to the historic records of the region of the Baixada Fluminense, from the point of view of it\'s environmental history; and lastly, to contribute to the recorded history of engineering in Brazil.

O descarte de medicamentos envolve dois fluxos: o fluxo institucional, dos resíduos de fármacos, classificados como resíduos de serviços de saúde, utilizados na indústria e nas instituições de saúde; e o fluxo domiciliar, dos medicamentos vencidos/em desuso em poder da população. O descarte dos resíduos de medicamentos de origem domiciliar pode ser promovido pela logística reversa, onde este tipo de resíduo é devolvido ao setor empresarial para destinação final ambientalmente segura. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as estratégias mais viáveis para operacionalização da logística reversa de medicamentos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. As estratégias foram avaliadas junto a atores da cadeia de valor farmacêutica: representantes do poder público, da indústria e distribuição farmacêutica, e consumidores/potenciais consumidores de medicamentos. Foram elaborados três questionários de avaliação de estratégias segundo seis critérios: mediação (articulação entre atores da cadeia produtiva farmacêutica por meio de políticas públicas); fiscalização (das ações); complexidade (de implantação e operacionalização); custos (de implantação e manutenção); adesão (potencialidade de ser inserida no cotidiano da população) e abrangência (potencialidade de alcançar a população). As estratégias foram hierarquizadas em ordem decrescente de viabilidade: rientações à população por profissionais de saúde, farmácias e internet, sinalização de informações nas embalagens e bulas de medicamentos, campanhas publicitárias e de educação ambiental e a disponibilização de postos de entrega voluntária. Os resultados poderão contribuir para a operacionalização de um sistema de logística reversa de medicamentos, considerando todos os atores envolvidos e buscando conciliar suas necessidades, possibilidades, limitações e interesses / The medication disposal involves two settings: the institutional setting, waste of drugs, classified as medical waste, used in industry and healthcare facilities; and the household setting of expired/unused medicines at home. Disposal of medicine waste can be promoted by reverse logistics, where the waste is returned to the business sector to environmentally safe disposal. This study aimed to identify feasible reverse logistics strategies for medicine waste. It is an exploratory, descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The strategies were assessed by representatives of government, industry and pharmaceutical distribution, and consumers/potential consumers of medicines. We constructed three questionnaires to strategies assessment according to six criteria: mediation (articulation among actors of the pharmaceutical supply chain by means of public policies); inspection (of initiatives); complexity (set up and operation); costs (implementation and maintenance); adherence (potential to be inserted into the daily life of the population) and scope (potential to reach the population). The strategies were hierarchize in decrescent order of feasibility: information to people provided by health professionals, pharmacies and internet; signaling information on the packages and leaflet of medicines; advertising and environmental education campaigns; and the provision of waste stations for people to deliver medicine waste. The results can contribute to implement a reverse logistics system for medicine waste, considering all stakeholders in an attempt to reconcile their needs, possibilities, limitations and interests

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-11T20:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaOliveira.pdf: 794704 bytes, checksum: 3f1d91b8a1b80a262ace702ca551779d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T20:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaOliveira.pdf: 794704 bytes, checksum: 3f1d91b8a1b80a262ace702ca551779d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Waste of health services (RSS) are all waste generated in health establishments. When the hospital waste are managed inadequately in any of the stages, can cause pathological risks to public health and environmental destruction. Therefore, the nursing team stands out through its activities exercised, generating the greater part of the waste produced in the hospital. It has as objective to investigate the implementation of the waste of health services by the nursing team. Performed a cross-sectional analytical study, composed of 461 nursing team professionals of a large public hospital of the sphere of the state in the period of june 2014 to january 2016. The response variable was the management of RSS, classified as adequate management and inadequate handling, and independent variables were categorized into three groups: sociodemographic characteristics (distal), hospital routines (intermediate) and knowledge on the RSS (proximal). The non-adjusted analysis was performed and in the second phase, we used analysis adjusted hierarchical type. Were considered associated with the management of RSS those that presented pvalue <0,05. Of 461 nursing team professionals, 40,13% had 30 to 39 years old, 92,84% were female, 63,99% had <12 years of study, 54,88% were single, 63,12% with a family income of up to two minimum wages, 50,3% with 1-5 years of service time, the majority (78,04%) was nursing technician, and 63,99% make the management of RSS adequately. At the end of the hierarchical analysis remained protective association at the management of RSS, age of 20-29 years (PR= 0,90; p< 0,016) and schooling < 12 years of study (PR= 0,90, p< 0,021). The inadequate definition of RSS (RP= 1,30; p< 0,001) showed a statistically significant association with outcome. It is concluded that the knowledge about the RSS may influence the inadequate management. The inappropriate management is still a reality among nursing professionals, and highlights the importance of continued education and curricular changes for adequacy of reality found. / Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) são todos os resíduos gerados em estabelecimentos de saúde. Quando os resíduos hospitalares são gerenciados de forma inadequada em qualquer uma das etapas, podem causar riscos patológicos à saúde pública e a destruição ambiental. Logo, a equipe de enfermagem por meio de suas atividades exercidas, gera a maior parte dos resíduos produzidos no hospital. Tem-se como objetivo investigar o manejo de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde pela Equipe de Enfermagem. Realizou-se um estudo analítico transversal, constituído por 461 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem de um hospital público de grande porte de esfera estadual no período de junho de 2014 a janeiro de 2016. A variável resposta foi o manejo dos RSS, que é a ação de gerenciar os resíduos em seus aspectos intra e extra estabelecimento, desde a geração até a disposição final. Foi realizada análise não ajustada e na segunda fase, utilizou-se análise ajustada do tipo hierarquizada. Foram consideradas associadas ao manejo dos RSS aquelas que apresentaram p-valor <0,05. Dos 461 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem, 40,13% tinham 30 a 39 anos, 92,84% eram sexo feminino, 63,99% tinham <12 anos de estudo, 54,88% eram solteiros, 63,12% com renda familiar de até dois salários mínimos, 50,3% com 1-5 anos de tempo de serviço, a maioria (78,04%) era técnico de enfermagem, e 63,99% realizam o manejo dos RSS de maneira adequada. Ao final da análise hierarquizada mantiveram associação de risco ao manejo dos RSS, idade (RP= 1,0; p<0,010), formação acadêmica técnico de enfermagem (RP= 1,13; p< 0,013) e definição inadequada dos RSS (RP= 1,29; p< 0,001). Conclui-se que o conhecimento sobre os RSS podem estar influenciando no manejo inadequado. O manejo inadequado ainda é uma realidade entre os profissionais de enfermagem, e se ressalta a importância da educação continuada e de mudanças curriculares para adequação da realidade encontrada.

O conceito de prevenção da poluição, já abordado em estudos sobre efluentes e outros tipos de resíduos, deve se estender também à questão das embalagens utilizadas em indústrias. Isto porque, com o aumento na complexidade dos processos produtivos, as embalagens passaram a ser empregadas também para abrigar componentes durante a fabricação e o transporte, e não mais apenas para conter o produto final; assim, sua utilização pode acarretar a geração de grandes quantidades de resíduos, caso o princípio da prevenção não seja adotado. É neste quadro que o presente trabalho se insere: inicialmente, apresenta considerações relativas às embalagens e à evolução dos conceitos do gerenciamento de resíduos, destacando a presença da prevenção da poluição em norma ISO 14001 e em dispositivos legais do Brasil e de países da Comunidade Econômica Européia.Através de estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa montadora de motores localizada em São Carlos (SP), foram identificados procedimentos adequados à prevenção da poluição por embalagens de uso industrial, como a utilização de embalagens retornáveis; observou-se, no entanto, a geração de resíduos a partir de acessórios que acompanham as embalagens, como filmes e cintas plásticas. Por fim, a partir da escolha de um modelo de motor produzido na empresa, foram analisadas as embalagens cujos componentes estão envolvidos em sua fabricação; com os dados obtidos, foram propostos e determinados índices de desempenho relativos à ocorrência de descartes de acessórios em termos quantitativos e qualitativos, segundo o tipo de material / The increasing complexity of the production processes ended up leading to an increasing need for packages of several shapes and materials. They are nowadays used not only for finished products, but also during fabrication and transportation phases, in order to protect raw materials, components and semi-finished products. Thus, the use of packages may also result in the generation of waste during production processes. The historically-new trend of priorizing pollution-prevention activities must, of course include all the packaging used in the industry. However, studies of the possibilities of pollution prevention have been concentrated on the waste originated directly from the production processes (effluents, metal scrap). At same time, studies on the pollution prevention applied to packaging have been focused on the packaging of consumer goods. There's a need for researches on packaging-related waste generated indirectly by production processes. More specifically, one must evaluate the possibilities and results of the application of pollution prevention concepts to this kind of waste, so that it can be dealt with in a proper way, and the industrial sector be informed about the new waste management paradigm. Starting with basic packaging-related definitions, and a description of the evolution of solid waste management concepts, from disposal to pollution prevention, this work, through a case study, identifies procedures directed towards waste prevention e proposes some performance indicators, related to the amount of waste generated in the fabrication of one unit of product. It also presents and establishes a comparison between brazilian and european environmental laws

abstract: The built environment is responsible for a significant portion of global waste generation. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste requires significant landfill areas and costs billions of dollars. New business models that reduce this waste may prove to be financially beneficial and generally more sustainable. One such model is referred to as the “Circular Economy” (CE), which promotes the efficient use of materials to minimize waste generation and raw material consumption. CE is achieved by maximizing the life of materials and components and by reclaiming the typically wasted value at the end of their life. This thesis identifies the potential opportunities for using CE in the built environment. It first calculates the magnitude of C&D waste and its main streams, highlights the top C&D materials based on weight and value using data from various regions, identifies the top C&D materials’ current recycling and reuse rates, and finally estimates a potential financial benefit of $3.7 billion from redirecting C&D waste using the CE concept in the United States. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / Refer to the document

Waste generation in the United States is at an all time high. Over half of the country’s waste goes to landfill, yet 70 percent of this waste can be recycled or composted. Since landfills pose one of the largest manmade threats to the environment, sustainable waste management strategies should focus on landfill diversion. A successful waste recovery program needs to engage the public, and ensure individuals participate correctly in available waste management systems. This paper sheds light on effective education and awareness strategies used to encourage participation in local waste management systems and promote landfill diversion. By highlighting successful programs employed in San Francisco, a city with the nation’s highest landfill diversion rate, and other communities around the nation, I synthesize a list of measures that can change community behavior surrounding waste management.

During the delivery of healthcare services, hospital employees use enormous amounts of water, energy, and nonbiodegradable carcinogenic plastics. In the U.S., hospital staff generate an average of over 7,000 tons of waste per day at an average cost of $0.28 per pound for the disposal of regulated medical trash, which if efficiently managed or reduced, could result in substantial cost savings. Using the organizational learning and the transaction cost economics theories as the conceptual frameworks, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore strategies healthcare leaders used to minimize their waste management operational costs. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with 4 managers at a healthcare system in the Midwestern United States and reviewing financial documents as well as the participants' hospital website. Based on the thematic analysis, 4 primary themes emerged: (a) engaged leadership, (b) incorporate sustainability into the mission, vision, and values of the organization, (c) create an organizational culture of sustainability, and (d) innovation. Because society's health is largely dependent on the environment around them, these findings could assist hospital leaders in the implementation of cost-effective waste management strategies and contribute to positive social change.

Thesis (M.Phil. (Environmental Law and Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2009 / In this study hazardous waste is defined as well as its classes.The current status of hazardous waste management, available legislation,enforcement and minimum requirements are discussed.Hazardous waste chemicals produced at University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus),their amounts and their management were determined.They are compared to minimum requirements from Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.Other Universities hazardous waste management programmes were looked at.

The use of biomass as a potential feedstock for the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels has been under investigation in the last few decades. This paper discusses a preliminary design and a feasibility study of producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass through a combined biochemical and thermochemical route. The process involves anaerobic digestion (AD) of the biodegradable portion of the biomass to produce methane rich gas. The methane rich biogas stream is purified by removing contaminants and upgraded to liquid hydrocarbon fuel in a gas to liquid facility (GTL) via thermochemical conversion route. The biogas conversion involves two major steps: tri-reforming step to produce syngas (a mixture of CO and H2), and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) step to convert the syngas to a spectrum of hydrocarbons. Separation and upgrading of the produced hydrocarbon mixture allows production of synthetic transportation fuels. AD is ranked as one of the best waste management options as it allows for: energy recovery, nutrient recovery, and reduction in greenhouse gases emission. A detailed process modeling of the process was carried out using ASPEN Plus process design software package. Data for the process was based on literature on AD combined with laboratory results on the biogas to liquid conversion process. The composition of the final liquid hydrocarbon from the ASPEN model has been compared to the composition of commercial diesel fuel, and results have shown good agreement. As a result, the most current commercial diesel prices were used to evaluate the potential revenue from selling the product in the open market. The total capital investment to construct the plant with a capacity of handling 100,000 ton per year of wet biomass is $16.2 million with a potential of producing 2.60 million gallons of diesel. The base case feedstock is corn stover. The annual operating cost to run the plant is estimated to be $8.81 million. An annual revenue from selling the diesel product is estimated to be $14.6 million taking into account a green energy incentive of $3.00/gallon of diesel sold. The net present worth at the end of the plant life is $8.76 million with a discounted cash flow of return of 26.2%. The breakeven cost of diesel is determined to be $4.34/gallon assuming no tipping fees are charged for handling the waste. Sensitivity analyses results concluded that the profitability of the process is most sensitive to variation in diesel selling price. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the process is profitable only if incentives are provided for renewable fuels due to the current low prices of fossil fuels.