Corruption continues to be a problem, while anti-corruption reforms have stalled. Although much work has been done on the causes and consequences of corruption they are yet to lead to significant reductions in corruption around the world. In response to such findings, I suggest disaggregating corruption and acknowledging that grand and petty corruption are not only different in terms of their level, but are substantively different in terms of their nature, causes and impact. The types of corruption have different negative effects and are remedied by different mechanisms. This dissertation makes theoretical, empirical and practical contributions to the field of comparative politics. I incorporate rational choice perspective to explain the differences between grand and petty corruption. I also develop new measures of grand and petty corruption and construct a panel dataset. The second chapter of this dissertation explains the differences between grand and petty corruption and introduces the dataset. The subsequent chapters apply the typology to the problems of democratic and economic development. In particular, I show their substantive differences in the analysis whether improvements in democratic institutions help reduce corruption or not. Grand corruption remains resilient even in more democratic countries; however, petty corruption can be almost eliminated. Then, to address the substantive differences, I employ the typology of corruption to the question whether democracy is a useful tool to reduce corruption. Next, I analyze which type of corruption is more detrimental for economic development and what can be done to ameliorate the harm. Grand corruption is more harmful, however predictability of corruption can work as a constraining factor in certain contexts. The final chapter concludes with the summary of the findings, limitations, and suggestions for future research, which include causal analysis of anti-corruption reforms given the differences in approaches to grand and petty corruption. Ultimately, knowing the nature of corruption and the contexts within which it operates is instrumental for planning the reforms and succeeding.

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The fluvial geomorphology of the Colorado River cutting across the Colorado Plateau in the western United States is bedrock controlled and largely governed by rapids. Rapids on the Colorado River control the water-surface profile and influence the bathymetry, the storage of sand, and the aquatic ecology. Despite their importance, little data on the hydraulics, sediment transport, and long-term stability of rapids have been collected. By comparing water-surface profiles, the average rate of aggradation at the head of 91 rapids in Grand Canyon between 1923 and 2000 was calculated to be 0.26 ± 0.15 m. In addition, while in 1923, 50% of the cumulative drop through the river corridor occurred in just 9% of the distance, by 2000, the cumulative drop over the same distance increased to 66%. A new hydraulic model, incorporating one-dimensional step-backwater theory, was constructed for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The model includes 2,690 cross sections and simulates discharge up to 5,600 m³/s, offering the opportunity to simulate large floods, rare under the current regulated flow regime. Flow velocities were measured directly in rapids using three separate flow measurement instruments. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure velocity in five Grand Canyon rapids. While the instrument was able to measure velocity in three dimensions up to 3.0 m/s, limitations rendered data unusable for flow above 3.0 m/s. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used to measure the flow field in rapids throughout the water column in Cataract Canyon. The peak average velocity measured by the ADCP was roughly 4.0 m/s. Similarly, average flow velocity of 5.2 m/s was measured in a Cataract Canyon rapid using a pitot-static tube. The pitot-static tube measured instantaneous flow velocities up to 6.5 m/s, one of the fastest velocity measurements made in a river. Using the combination of the ADCP and pitot-static tube, the flow structure and nature of turbulence within rapids were analyzed. Finally, techniques were developed to enable the measurement and construction of detailed water surface, shoreline, and bathymetric maps directly in rapids on the Colorado River.

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A Government is an entity of a society exercising authority over its subjects, preferably with their compliance. It is however not always agreed by the citizens that the government is acting in their interest, this making the relation in-between them lacking in legitimacy. This presents problems not only for the stability of a country, but for the expansion of financial markets, limiting the sources of finding finance to invest in development and infrastructure as it limits financing from within.  In this paper I look at Ethiopia where the government is perceived to have a generally low legitimacy, in 2010 they lunched the GERD* bond to finance a hydropower station on the Blue Nile. Ethiopia has a small economy thus the government asked its citizens to purchase savings bonds into the project, as international financing was not an option due to geopolitics. As the GERD is a €3.3 billion project many Ethiopians have inverted one full month salary. The question addressed in this paper it that of the willingness in entering in to this scheme, this due to legitimacy concerns within the country. More precisely the research question is formulated: is there a justifiable concern of legitimacy when rapidly intensifying a bond market in a developing country in which freedom is limited?  To address this field interviews was conducted in Addis Ababa and analysed via Weber’s three types of pure authority this to indicate the correlation of legitimacy dominations in-between the government and the investors. It is found that the GERD has common legitimacy dominations by both actors and as such the expansion of the bond market through the GERD has the preconditions to increase the trust level in the Ethiopian government. This is needed to increase legitimacy in the government, stabilize the country and expand the financial markets further.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references. / Microfiche. / xii, 148 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 1999. / Director: W. Anthony Mann. Submitted to the Dept. of Physics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-176). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis (MS )--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2008. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mark L. Taper. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-68).