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In modern societies foreigners are implicated in the resolution of the problem of state sovereignty. This paper clarifies how foreign groups can be used by the state to reconstitute the nation in such a way that vulnerabilities are mended. Michel Foucault's racism and bio-politics are used as conceptual tools to gain insight on how the perpetually open question of who belongs and who does not belong to the population might be settled. This theoretical problem is illustrated with the help of case studies on two significant "crisis moments" for the Swiss state: the arrival of the Hungarian refugees in the late 1950s and the arrival of the Bosnian refugees in the early to mid 1990s. / Master of Arts

This thesis explores how football (soccer) is used as a tool to promote corruption within political and economic institutions in Latin America and Europe. By drawing on international political and economic policies and analyzing work that theorizes how neoliberalism is not only an outside force that highly influences the state, but also shapes power relationships in society that are procreated by every day economic actions of the working class, this research aims to provide a more theoretically informed perspective on global politics. This thesis also examines how entrepreneurial endeavors can lead to relations of exploitation, extraction and economic dispossession in broader political society. More specifically, it analyses neoliberalism in Argentina and Germany through the perspective of state power, informal economies, and international migration. Lastly, this research portrays the mindset of Argentine and German politicians over the last century by analyzing the actions of the elites within the football clubs and organizations under the guise of entrepreneurship. / Master of Arts / This thesis aims to understand the corrupt ways in which football (soccer) is used within Latin America and Europe to illicitly gain political and economic power. More specifically, it aims at analyzing neoliberalism in Argentina and Germany through the perspective of state power, informal economies, and international migration. The aim of this research is to understand how the footballing industry can lead to relations of manipulation, extraction, and economic impoverishment within broader society seen through the connections between politicians, club officials, and third party illicit actors.

Freshwater fishes include diverse lineages collectively summing to over 18,000 species, representing ~51% of all fishes and ~25% of all vertebrates. About one-third of all freshwater species occur in the Neotropics, with an estimated 4,475 species within 71 families. Catfishes of the Order Siluriformes include 39 families with 498 accepted genera and 4,123 species. More specifically, members of the Family Pimelodidae, the long-whiskered catfishes, and the genus Pseudoplatystoma are distributed from South America to southernmost Mexico. The family Pimelodidae includes 30 genera and 116 described species. Fishes of the genus Pseudoplatystoma support important commercial and artisanal fisheries, and some species have become important to regional aquaculture. Most species of the genus are under pressure by dam construction and overfishing. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum is a catfish species that transports nutrients and connects habitats through migration. It is also a source of food security and income for riverine people in the Amazon basin. This species is heavily fished and may be threatened by the growing construction of hydropower dams. One ecological aspect lacking in the literature is how the growth of Pseudoplatystoma species is affected by interannual variations in the flood pulse. Another crucial aspect of fish ecology is migration. In this dissertation, I review the ecology and conservation of the genus Pseudoplatystoma. Then, I evaluated how inter-annual hydrological variations within the Amazon basin influence the growth of the catfish P. fasciatum. Finally, I used otolith microchemistry to understand the migration ecology of P. fasciatum in the Amazon Basin. I found an inverse relationship between increment width in fish hard parts and hydrological indices. I also found that growth of P. fasciatum was no different in years with intense and mild floods across age-classes 1-5, although different for age-class 6. However, the growth of P. fasciatum was faster in years of mild droughts for all age-classes. I found that thirty-four percent of all fish analyzed migrated between rivers with different Sr signatures, and 66% did not. Also, eighty percent of all fish migrated between rivers with the same type of water (i.e., white-water and black-water rivers), while only 10% migrated between different water types. The mean migration distance migrated was 126 km, with most specimens migrating between 72 and 237 km. I also found that no fish of age one or age six or older migrated. My results on the migratory ecology of P. fasciatum allow me to put forward two main implications for the sustainable management of its fisheries and species conservation. The growth of P. fasciatum can be affected by construction and operation of hydropower dams, climate change, and fisheries. With continued research and collaboration among research groups, understanding the biology and ecology of this genus would fill these knowledge gaps and contribute to fisheries management and conservation of the eight species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma. These actions would contribute to regional ecological and economic sustainability. / Doctor of Philosophy / Freshwater fishes are incredibly diverse, making up more than half of all fish species and a quarter of all vertebrates. In places like the Neotropics, one-third of these fish species can be found, with catfishes being particularly abundant. One group of catfishes, known as Pseudoplatystoma, is found across South America and southern Mexico and is important for both fishing and farming. Unfortunately, these catfishes face threats from things like dams and overfishing, which can harm their populations. One specific kind of catfish, called Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, is crucial for moving nutrients around in the Amazon River and is an important source of food and income for people who live nearby. However, the building of dams and fishing more than we can is putting this species at risk. In this study, I looked at how floods and droughts in the river affect the growth of P. fasciatum. I found that this species grows faster when floods and droughts are amene, and grow slower when floods and droughs are severe. I also studied how these fish move between different rivers. Ifound that some fish travel between rivers with different types of water, while others stick to rivers with similar water. This information is important for making sure we manage these fish populations well and protect them for the future. Overall, this research shows that we need to work together to learn more about these catfish and find ways to keep them safe. By doing this, we can make sure they continue to play their important roles in the environment and in people's lives.

Peruvians have migrated for centuries, but only within the past four decades have they migrated internationally in such large numbers. Scholars of Peruvian migration have studied Peruvian communities in countries such as Argentina, Spain, Italy, Chile, Bolivia, and the United States. Within the United States, however, such research is limited to a handful of cities such as Los Angeles, California, Paterson, New Jersey, and Miami, Florida. This study examines the female Peruvian community in Central Florida, including their likely path of migration to the area, what changes in gender roles and relationships that they may have experienced as a result of such migration, and how those changes are displayed. I argue that, as a result of the female-led migration chain in Florida that originally led from Peru to Miami, and then to Central Florida, women are asserting themselves in the public sphere much more than previously thought by scholars of Peruvian migration. In order to study all of these factors, I have examined literature on Peruvian migration and international Latina migration. My conclusions are based on a synthesis of this data, as well as anthropological participant observation.