Le but de notre thèse est de fournir un panorama littéraire méditerranéen en abordant les oeuvres des écrivains qui vivent la migration et l’interculturalité. Dans la première partie de notre étude nous explorons le concept d’appartenance à ’espace méditerranéen à partir d’un point de vue philosophique. À l’aide des penseurs des XIXe et XXe siècles, nous mettons en avant d’abord la spécificité de la Méditerranée « matrice de civilisations », puis la littérature méditerranéenne migrante. Nous évoquons également l’état actuel des échanges entre pays méditerranéens sur le plan culturel ainsi que géopolitique et social avec une attention particulière aux phénomènes liés à la migration clandestine qui se traduit, au large de nos côtes, par d’innombrables massacres. Notre étude sur les oeuvres de Pasolini et de De Luca, précurseurs dans l’observation de ces mouvements migratoires, illustre de façon significative nos propos. Dans la deuxième partie de notre thèse, nous nous appuyons sur deux modèles de littératures de la migration : francophone et italophone. Dans l’univers francophone nous traitons de la naissance de la littérature migrante maghrébine suite à la colonisation puis à la décolonisation française. Nous analysons la naissance du roman au Maghreb, qui coïncide avec le besoin de raconter l’invasion, l’influence de la langue française et la migration. À propos de l’Italie littéraire de la migration nous voyons qu’elle est liée à la migration en provenance des pays de l’Est européen – comme l’Albanie – mais concerne tout particulièrement des auteurs migrants en provenance du Maghreb. Ces deux exemples de littérature migrante témoignent de la transformation de l’Italie, à l’origine pays d’émigration, en un pays d’accueil. La troisième partie de notre étude se concentre essentiellement sur l’exemple italien. Nous évoquons d’abord l’apparition d’oeuvres créées par les fils des migrants, puis nous rendons compte de la perception de l’image du migrant, à travers l’oeuvre d’écrivains sensibles à la question de la migration. Nous terminons par l’étude de l’oeuvre de Carmine Abate, pour signifier l’apparition d’une génération d’écrivains migrants engagés, qui donne, selon nous, une vision concrète du phénomène récent de la migration auquel est confrontée l’Italie. En définitive, notre itinéraire de recherche entend présenter un état actuel de l’espace méditerranéen, à travers, notamment, une unité de mesure : l’écriture migrante. / The purpose of our thesis is to supply a Mediterranean and literary overview with the writers who experience migration and interculturality. In the first part of our study, we will explore the concept of belonging to the Mediterranean area using a philosophical point of view. With the help of the 19th and 20th centuries’ thinkers, we will first define the Mediterranean area as a “matrix of the civilization” and then, the Mediterranean and migrant literature. We also deal with the actual state of the Mediterranean cultural, geopolitical and social exchanges that perpetuate between the countries of the area; which must be considered in terms of clandestine migration and several conflicts. A study on Pasolini and De Luca, as pioneers writers and experts of the migratory movement, highlights the said concept. In the second part of the thesis, we will take a look at two examples of the migrant literature: a French one and an Italian one. In the French universe we will deal with the birth of a North African migrant literature after the French colonization and decolonization. We explore the arrival of the North African writing, a phenomenon that collides with the need of talking about the invasion, the francophone countries and the migration. The Italian migrant literature is linked with the migration from East Europe – like Albania – and above all, North Africa. These examples testify to the transformation of Italy from emigration country to host country. The third part of the thesis focuses on the Italian example. We will talk about the appearance of a migrant literature by writers who are the sons of migrants; then, we will explore how the migrant is seen thanks to writers aware of the migration phenomenon. We will end our study with Carmine Abate’s work, to point out the arrival of a generation full of committed migrant writers and their visions of the question. To sum up, our study’s path tries to show the actual state of the Mediterranean area with a special measurement unit: the migrant literature.

Depuis longtemps, il est connu que les immigrés s'insèrent difficilement sur le marché de travail des pays développés. Cette thèse vise à clarifier ce constat, en exploitant trois différentes bases de données. Elle est organisée autour de trois questions :(1)Quel est l'impact de la diaspora et de la qualité de l'enseignement supérieur sur le choix des étudiants étrangers des pays d'accueil pour poursuivre leurs études?(2)Obtenir un diplôme dans le pays d'accueil a-t-il un impact positif ou négatif sur le déclassement des Marocains Résidant à l'Etranger?(3)Quel est l'impact du déclassement sur le salaire dans les pays de l'Union Européenne chez les autochtones vs les immigrés ?La recherche aboutit à 3 résultats essentiels :•La qualité de l'enseignement supérieur et la diaspora des immigrés dans les pays de l'OCDE ont un impact positif sur la mobilité internationale des étudiants.•Les marocains résidant à l'étranger et ayant au moins le secondaire dans les pays d'accueil, sont les moins déclassés, et leur insertion professionnelle s'avère facile.•Les immigrés déclassés dans les pays de l'Union Européenne sont moins rémunérés que les autochtones déclassés / For a long time, it is known that immigrants have significant difficulties on the labor market in developed countries. This thesis tries, to a certain degree, to clarify theses difficulties, using three different databases. The analysis relies, mainly on econometric models. It is articulated on three questions:(1)Which factors determine the international mobility of students?(2)Is the fact of obtaining a degree in host country has an impact on the probability of Moroccans living abroad to be overeducated in the European labor market?(3)What is the incidence of the overeducation situation on wages of natives versus immigrants in European Union labour market?The research conducted here leads to three main results:• The quality of higher education and the network of immigrants in OECD countries have a positive impact on international mobility of student.• Moroccans residing abroad who have at least secondary level in the host country, have more opportunities to not be overeducated, and their professional insertion is easier• Immigrants overeducated are paid less than native overeducated in the European labour market.

Student Number : 0302103D - MA research report - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / Against the background of theories of culture, this research questions the motives and experiences of expatriates that return to South Africa, their country of origin. In re-telling their personal stories the research aims to shed light on the decisionmaking processes that repatriates go through and explores the experiences associated with such migration so as to better comprehend what social reintegration and re-adaptation means for the individual returnee. The research uses a range of interview-focused methodologies and concentrates on the interrelated topics of migration, home, identity and social experience as the primary thematic loci. In total, fourteen returnees were interviewed. The Life Histories of two of them are examined in greater detail and their fuller stories anchor the findings and research results. All interviewees stated that special emotional bonds with South Africa had brought them back “home”: they either wanted to ‘reconnect’ with their families or the country itself; they wanted to expose their children to it or they wanted to be part of the new South Africa and help bring about change. As a consequence of their migrant journeys the interviewees gained a much stronger awareness for the cultural (i.e., geographical and lifestyle) sources of their personal identities. By exposing themselves to different surroundings and cultures they developed hybrid identities, thereby layering international associations onto their established cultural traditions and senses of self. Existing models on repatriation do not adequately account for the importance culture plays in people’s experiences of repatriation; yet clearly social as well as cultural issues play an important role. The main factors relating to ease of re-integration and re-adaptation (identified by the literature as economic, logistical, financial and social support) seem to hold true - but again the current literature tends to overlook the role that culture plays in these processes. The majority of these repatriates have established strong residential ties to overseas, whether it be through multiple citizenship or a foreign spouse, and several would consider leaving again should circumstances deteriorate locally. The research was fundamentally qualitative and therefore narrowly focused in nature. A so-called ‘snow-ball’ system was used to identify possible interviewees. This resulted in findings that may have limited statistical validity in the strict sense. Nonetheless, the data generated valuable insights that might be considered applicable for later analytical incorporation and/or policy applications in regards to the continuing ‘brain drain’ out of South Africa and other countries of the Developing World.

Fondée sur une ethnographie combinant observation et entretiens, cette thèse analyse les expériences migratoires des résident·e·s français·es à Abu Dhabi. Nuançant le portrait d’« expatrié·e·s » fréquemment présenté·e·s comme hypermobiles, elle montre qu’elles et ils empruntent en fait des routes migratoires balisées. Ces routes sont notamment dessinées par la rencontre entre politiques émiriennes et État français transnational, dans un contexte de concurrences postcoloniales qui se traduisent par des stratégies de distanciation vis-à-vis du colonialisme britannique et de l’impérialisme étasunien. La construction du groupe national, encadrée par des institutions migratoires, se déploie dans la délimitation de frontières associant francité et blanchité, au travers des interactions tant avec les nationales et nationaux émirien·ne·s qu’avec d’autres groupes migrants. Si le rapport à la population majoritaire sud-asiatique est marqué par une mise à distance, toutefois perturbée par la fréquence de l’emploi domestique à demeure, le rapport aux citoyen·ne·s émirien·ne·s engage un trouble singulier dans l’ordre postcolonial. Les résident·e·s français·es font ainsi l’expérience d’une vulnérabilité limitée, mais anxiogène, vis-à-vis d’Émirien·ne·s perçu·e·s comme omnipotent·e·s. En cela, les migrations françaises à Abu Dhabi se révèlent le lieu d’une déstabilisation autant que d’une solidification de la blanchité. Mettant en lumière la façon dont ces reconfigurations blanches s’entrecroisent avec un régime de genre où se renforce l’hétéroconjugalité, la thèse apporte une contribution à l’analyse plurielle des rapports sociaux dans les migrations des Nords vers les Suds. / Drawing on ethnographic methods (participant observation and interviews), this research analyses the migratory experiences of French residents of Abu Dhabi – generally referred to as ‘expats’ rather than ‘migrants’. It describes their migratory paths, and explores how migration affects their social positions, relations, and representations. While these ‘expatriates’ have been described as ‘hypermobile,’ they actually proceed along marked trails. Their migratory routes are shaped by the encounter of Emirati public policies and the French transnational state, in a context where postcolonial competition involves complex distancing strategies vis-à-vis British colonialism and U.S. imperialism. While the construction of the national group is supported by those migratory institutions, it also delineates symbolic boundaries and blends Frenchness and whiteness, through interactions with Emirati nationals as well as with other migrant groups. Although there appears to be little contact with the majority, South-Asian population, this remoteness is complicated by the massive institutionalization of ‘live-in’ domestic services. Relations to national citizens trigger an interesting trouble in the postcolonial order: French residents experience a limited, albeit anxiety-ridden, vulnerability vis-à-vis omnipotent-reputed Emiratis. To that extent, French migrations to Abu Dhabi enact an ambivalent social theater where whiteness is both destabilized and solidified. Showing how the reconfigurations of whiteness intersect with a gender regime which bolsters heteroconjugality, this research contributes to the analysis of the plurality of power relations in North-South migrations.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Conflict between returning and non-migrant populations is a pervasive yet frequently overlooked issue in post-conflict societies. While scholars have demonstrated how out-migration can exacerbate civil war, less is understood about what happens when the same populations return. This dissertation interrogates how legacies of forced migration influence conflict dynamics in countries-of-origin. I argue that return migration creates new social divisions in local communities based on where individuals lived during the war – in-country or abroad. These new cleavages become sources of conflict when institutions – like land codes, citizenship regimes, or language laws – provide differential outcomes to individuals based on their migration history. Using ethnographic evidence gathered in Burundi and Tanzania between 2014 and 2016, I demonstrate how refugee return to Burundi after the country’s 1993-2003 civil war created new identity divisions between so-called rapatriés and résidents. Local institutions governing land disputes hardened competition between these groups, leading to widespread, violent, local conflict. Consequently, when Burundi faced a national-level political crisis in 2015, prior experiences of return shaped both the character and timing of renewed refugee flight. By illuminating the role of reverse population movements in shaping future conflict, this study demonstrates why breaking the cycle of return and repeat migration is essential to conflict prevention.

The central hypothesis of this dissertation is based on the finding that, like in the countries of Western Europe under the influence of various circumstances, in the Czech Republic, too, there is a shift from the originally proclaimed multicultural concept of integration towards individual civic integration. The objective of the treatise is not only to verify the anticipated trend in the development of the migration policy, but also to seek causes of its modification. The formulation of a hypothesis that would apply equally to the Czech Republic and Slovakia was more complicated. While the formation of migration policies in the area of integration of immigrants into an autochthonous society enjoys a longer tradition in the Czech Republic -- also due to the higher number of immigrants -- in Slovakia it is in its beginnings so far. Even some of the recently adopted outcomes of public policy proclaimed the objective to implement the multicultural dimension vis-a-vis foreigners. The actual policies, however, bore witness to a completely different approach. The core hypothesis of this treatise has thus been complemented by a subhypothesis relating to the conditions of Slovakia: the multicultural dimension of the approach to immigrants in the past only existed at a theoretical level, and only partially. Given the recent adoption of the concept of integration policy, which is not based on the principles of multiculturalism, references to it represent a residual manifestation of the preceding non-systematic treatment of migration and integration in the outcomes of public policy. In real life, several steps hindering the application of this model's principles have been undertaken. Content analysis and diachronic comparative method applied on the documents under review show that there is a change occurring in the Czech Republic in the area of immigration policies. Whereas prior to the financial crisis the government would willingly employ foreigners, the impact of the crisis has led it to a restrictive immigration policy. Demonstrated was also a content shift in the approach to the integration of foreigners. As regards the formation of Slovak migration policies, the process of policy development proved to be more complicated to follow. Public policies in the area of migration and integration of foreigners since 2009 and the stance of the governmental bodies towards them have been largely indifferent. The Czech Republic clearly displays, over the course of the past several years, a shift from the communitarian/multicultural model toward the individual civic integration. The command of the language is considered to be the main vehicle of integration. The Slovak Republic declared multiculturalism only as a remnant of the non-systematic treatment of integration policies, with virtually nothing changing in the real life of immigrants. There had been practically no integration policy in Slovakia up to 2009. Similarly to the outcomes of public policies, the shift in the perspectives on migration away from multiculturalism has occurred in the political programs of Czech political parties as well. The issue of migration in Slovakia has so far not affected election campaigning. Slovak political parties do not have a clear idea of the possibilities of related to the integration of immigrants.

Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF) is an oncofoetal protein which is constitutively produced by both epithelial and stromal cells during foetal development, not expressed by the majority of their normal adult counterparts, but re-expressed during pathological processes such as cancer and wound healing. Scotland has the highest occurrence of oral cancers in the UK; the incidence is still increasing, but patient survival remains very poor. The expression of MSF in oral tumours has not been previously reported. The aims of this study were: • To determine the effects of MSF on the migration of oral tumour cell lines and normal stromal cells in culture (chapter 3), • To ascertain the possible presence, diagnostic and prognostic value of MSF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; chapter 4), and salivary gland tumours (SGT; chapter 5). • To identify the putative MSF receptors in oral tumour cell lines (chapter 6). For tissue culture studies, the effects of rhMSF (wild type and mutant proteins) were examined on human cell lines TYS, HSG, Endo 742 and FSF44. These cells were derived from OSCC, SGT, microvascular endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts, respectively. For ex-vivo studies, paraffin embedded archival specimens of OSCC and SGT were stained with specific MSF antibodies and the level of staining was assessed by consensus of 2-4 independent observers. The association between MSF expression and patient survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Results presented in this thesis indicate that TYS and HSG cells secrete bioactive MSF in culture. rhMSF stimulated the migration of these tumour cells. The use of mutant proteins demonstrated marked differences among the cells examined: Five bioactive motifs (4x IGD and 1x HEEGH) were required for MSF bioactivity on TYS and HSG cells, whereas only one of these motifs was required for Endo 742 and two for FSF44. MSF+aa and MSF-aa showed the same migration-stimulating activity, but differ in their interaction with the MSF-inhibitor Neutrophil Gelatinase-Asscciated Lipocalin (NGAL). NGAL was shown to bind to and inhibit MSF+aa, but not MSF-aa. The bioactivity of MSF+aa and MSF-aa was inhibited by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-7 (IGFBP7), MSF-function-neutralising antibody and antibody to the integrin avß3. This integrin was identified in the cell membrane material bound to MSF, suggesting that avß3 is a receptor for MSF.

La problématique de cette thèse s'articule autour de deux questions centrales, lesquelles ont servi de fil conducteur pour la recherche menée. La première question interroge le sens que prend la migration quand elle nous concerne en tant que résidents d’un quartier, citoyens d’une ville et nationaux d’un pays. La deuxième question est de savoir comment on parvient à ces moments pendant lesquels les germes d’une sorte de transformation sociale s'enracinent dans la vie politique. Notre travail s’inscrit dans une approche qui regarde dans la migration ces occasions de subjectivation civique et politique et ces émergences de types d’engagements politiques dans le quotidien. Notre intérêt porte plus précisément sur ce que produisent les différentes négociations qui ont lieu dans ce que nous nommerons « paysages d’attribution » vis-à-vis de l’immigration et ce que l’on regarde comme géographie du vécu de celle-ci. Il s’agit de négociations qui se font entre les pouvoirs qui dictent les politiques et les pratiques liées aux migrations, les autorités et autres instances qui recourent à ces politiques et pratiques, les expériences que font les migrants au contact de ces réalités vécues et les engagements des citoyens par rapport à elles. C’est à travers ces négociations que nous tentons de lier ensemble les deux questions présentées plus haut, dans le cas grec. Pour ce faire, notre recherche mobilise des outils de la géographie sociale, des sciences politiques, des ressources anthropologiques et littéraires, et de la philosophie politique / The issue raised on this thesis revolves around two central questions, which have guided the research. The first question investigates the meaning that migration takes when it becomes an issue that concerns us in our daily encounters as residents of a neighborhood, citizens of a city, nationals of a country. The second question investigates how we arrive at those moments during which the seeds of social transformation take root in political life. The research explores these questions by looking into migration processes as creative of opportunities for civic and political subjectivity in the everyday life and through the different encounters with the locals. More precisely, the thesis focuses on the various negotiations that take place in what is called "landscapes of attribution", which is related to the policies and practices of migration and the way migrants experience them through the different strategies of survival. These are negotiations between those that dictate policies and practices related to migration, the authorities and other bodies that implement these policies and practices, the migrants and the way they experience these policies on their everyday encounters with other citizens in local communities. They are also negotiations that produce proximities with local communities and create new spaces of commons. By looking into such negotiations in the Greek case, the thesis links together the two questions presented above. It does so by using tools from social geography, political science, anthropological and literary resources, and political philosophy

This study assesses effects of contextual and personal characteristics on the migration propensities of individuals, with primary focus on several measurements of individual poverty status and the poverty level of the residential areas. The restricted opportunity perspective on poverty, the human capital perspective and the microeconomic perspective on migration, are the major frameworks guiding the study. Logistic regression analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of the Youth Cohort and from the 1983 County and City Data Book is employed to investigate differences in the Migration behavior between the poor and nonpoor, and significant main and interactive effects of the macrolevel and microlevel factors on the migration behavior of American youth. The major findings are: (1) youth living in areas with less employment opportunities are more migratory; (2) poor youth are less migratory than the nonpoor; and (3) the poor living in areas with less employment opportunities are least migratory. These findings are consistent when migration is classified into primary and repeat migration, but are not consistent across the ethnic groups.