Pour beaucoup de Thaïlandais, les pays occidentaux représentent la richesse, le développement et la modernité. Comme les hommes et les femmes Thaïlandais, les kathoeys ou les personnes transgenres MTF (male-to-female) Thaïlandaises cherchent aussi à partir à l'étranger en espérant réussir leur vie. Cette étude anthropologique, basée sur un travail de terrain dans quatre pays européens : France, Allemagne, Pays-Bas et Suisse, tente de donner une vision globale de la migration des kathoeys et leur lutte pour une meilleure vie dans leur pays d'accueil. Cette recherche considère leur processus migratoire comme une quête de soi, une recherche d'un bien-être et de la vie dont elles rêvent, ce qui n'est pas seulement économique, mais aussi sentimental et personnel : possibilités de devenir une femme, de trouver un partenaire et d'avoir une relation de couple, possibilités de changer leur statut légal etc. Différentes formes d'échanges économiques-sexuels-affectifs entre les kathoeys et leurs partenaires Européens doivent être pris en compte comme faisant partie de leurs stratégies migratoires, ce qui peut contribuer à améliorer leur condition économique et sociale, et les aider à accomplir leur quête intime personnelle et sentimentale. / For many in Thailand, Western Countries evoke visions of wealth, development, and modernity. Like other Thai men and women, kathoeys or transgender MTF persons also strive to go abroad and to attain the life they dream of in the West. This anthropological research, based on three-years of fieldwork in four European countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and Switzerland, aims at giving a full account of Thai kathoeys' settlement conditions and shows how they struggle throughout their lives and in terms of their gender. This study, drawn from interviews, discussions, and observations, considers kathoeys' migration process as a search for their own well-being and lifestyle that they long for, which is concerned not only with economical necessities, but also sentimental needs i.e. the possibilities of becoming a woman, finding a partner and having a relationship, or changing their legal status etc. The analytical part of this research explores different strategies, such as the identity camouflage or the mobilization of their social transnational relations which kathoey migrants adopt to be able to live normally as women in their new social environment. The different forms of economical-sexual-emotional relationships between kathoey migrants and European men need to be understood as a part of their migration strategy which gives them a chance to improve their economic and social status as well as to achieve their quest for intimacy.

This thesis takes as its subject Polish families who migrated to Edinburgh after Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004. It analyses the families’ post-migration trajectories and experiences, and investigates how these are influenced by factors relating to Polish history and culture, by features particular to the post-accession migration wave and by families’ individual characteristics. Theoretical approaches are drawn from a range of academic disciplines including, reference group theory, literature relating to gender-division of paid work and child-care, and ‘mobilities’ theory, and these approaches are all employed in exploring the factors that influence family members’ integration, employment and lifestyles and their plans for the future. This qualitative study focuses on the experiences of thirty families living in and around Edinburgh in the two years from 2009 to 2011, and combines a variety of methods in data-collection and in analysis. Families were interviewed twice with a year lapse between interviews, couples were interviewed jointly and conversational interviews were supplemented with questionnaires. These design features enable analysis of change over time, provide insight into family-dynamics and generate a range of forms of data. In analysis the combination of thematic coding of interview transcripts with Qualitative Comparative Analysis, allows in-depth exploration of experiences at the individual and family level to be positioned within the context of trends and patterns observed across the whole group. The study finds that the families fall into distinct types according to particular key characteristics and migration strategies, and that the different family types are linked to different experiences of life in Scotland and plans for the future. Younger migrants who arrived independently, decided to stay and later started families are found to be embarking on new careers and making use of the greater flexibility of the employment market in the UK to enact their preferred division of work and childcare. In line with previous research findings, for families whose oldest child is preschool age, school start date in Poland is identified as critical in limiting the period in which parents feel the decision about whether to return can be made. Parents who migrated with school-age children because of financial hardship in Poland are highlighted in this study as a previously under-researched post-accession migrant group; among these families most parents within the study group are found to have been considering permanent settlement at the time of migration and to be maintaining this intention; their decision to stay is particularly influenced by concerns about the difficulties that they anticipate their children would encounter in re-entering the school system in Poland and about their own reduced ability to re-enter the labour market there after de-skilling in employment in the UK. Parents who migrated to take up professional work in the UK are identified as possessing the highest levels of ‘motility’, that is, capacity to make use of mobility generally; among the study group these parents are found to have the most varied options and future plans and to be those who indicate the greatest likelihood of leaving the UK in the short term.

Urbanization has for a long period of time been the dominant movement of migration in industrialized countries and still is to this day. Because of this many rural areas are faced with depopulation and the closure of local amenities. When a rural school in the northern parts of Swedish Gotland was threatened with closure a project was launched where people could come and try out living at Gotland, as a way to attract people to move to the rural areas of Gotland.  This study aims to investigate if such initiatives are a successful way to increase migration to rural areas, by examining the characteristics of the projects participants, what their motives were for moving and staying at Gotland and how they experienced the availability of local amenities. The results show that participants who moved with children had a slight tendency to be higher educated, younger and from bigger cities than those who moved without children. Participants with children tended to move because they wanted a rural, safer and calmer lifestyle for them and their children whereas people without children mainly moved because of job opportunities, mostly in creative professions. The majority of people claimed they stayed because of the kindness and openness of the locals and that they felt at home in Gotland. Most also claimed that having attained the lifestyle change they had been searching for and the proximity to nature were reasons for why they chose to stay. How people experienced the availability of amenities varied greatly amongst the participants and no clear pattern could be seen.

The Internet faces well-known challenges in realizing modifications to the core architecture. To help overcome these limitations, the use of network virtualization has been proposed. Network virtualization enables the deployment of novel network architectures and services on existing Internet infrastructure. Virtual networks run over physical networks and use Internet paths and protocols as essentially a link layer in the virtual network. Virtual networks can also share the resources in the physical substrate. Effective use of the underlying substrate network requires intelligent placement of virtual networks so that underlying resources do not incur over-subscription. Because virtual networks can come and go over time, and underlying networks can experience their own dynamic changes, virtual networks need to be migrated---re-mapped to the physical network during active operation---to maintain good performance. While virtual network placement, and to a lesser extent migration, has been studied in the past, little attention has been devoted to designing, deploying, and evaluating migration mechanisms for virtual networks. In this dissertation, we design virtual network migration mechanisms for different substrate platforms and further design a system to mitigate the effects of virtual network migration. In particular this dissertation makes the following contributions: 1. With the goal of minimizing the disruption during a virtual network migration, we design three algorithms for scheduling the sequence of virtual router moves that takes a virtual network from its original placement to its new placement. 2. We design and implement a controller-based architecture for virtual network migration on PlanetLab. This work explores the challenges in implementing virtual network migration on real infrastructure. Recommendations are given for infrastructure that support virtual network migration. 3. We propose and implement a mechanism to mitigate the performance degradation resulting from virtual network migration through transport and application layer collaboration. We utilize a centralized controller to notify the end-systems or the gateways about the time of the virtual network migration such that we prevent packet loss to the application traffic of the end-systems.

published_or_final_version / China Development Studies / Master / Master of Arts in China Development Studies

<p>This study investigates the impact of migration networks on the decision to migrate in Moldova. Using a recent cross-sectional household survey with extensive migration information I am able to disaggregate the migration networks according to kinship and further investigate the impact of different kinds of networks. The results show that migration networks have a significant positive impact on the decision to migrate, whereas the results do not reveal any conclusive evidence that certain kinships have stronger or different influence on the decision to migrate than others. The most influential determinants of migration when it comes to networks are ex-household members who migrated abroad and no longer make part of the household, and other individuals outside the household (i.e. friends, neighbours etc.) who migrated.</p>

The social sciences' interest in transnationalism has grown rapidly over the previous decade. The ethnographic case studies informing this burgeoning transnational literature, however, typically focus upon migration flows with one endpoint in the global North. This dissertation explores the experience of Indian transmigrants in contemporary Bahrain, one of the six petroleum-rich states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, as well as the impact of these transnational flows upon the Bahraini state. Like all the nations of the GCC, foreign guestworkers comprise a majority of the workforce in Bahrain, and a near majority of the absolute population--two aspects of the many that mark the transnational context of the contemporary Gulf as significantly different from those typical of the transnational literature.The arc of my ethnographic analysis draws upon transnational theory, diaspora studies, and critical approaches to the state, and visits three plateaus. First, I use migration narratives gathered from Indian transmigrants to delineate the structure of dominance that shapes relations between guestworker and citizen-host. The parameters of this structure stretch from the global political economy to the apparatuses of the Bahraini state and, through the kafala sponsorship system, to the individual relations between citizen-sponsors and guestworkers. This structure comprises the basis for the systemic exploitation of foreign labor. Second, I analyze the strategies different classes of the Indian transmigrant community utilize against this structure of dominance. For the poorest transmigrants, these strategies are often limited to movement between legal and illegal status, while the diasporic elite employ a strategic transnationalism to combat the vulnerabilities rendered by this system. Finally, I analyze the impact of these transnational flows upon the Bahraini state and citizenry. The structure of dominance, I argue, is essential to understanding the articulation of state-based power in Bahrain, for it provides a mechanism for citizens to cull profit from the private sector while maintaining a system for distributing state-controlled wealth that favors those well positioned in traditional social, familial, tribal relations. In essence, the Bahraini state comprises a form of resistance to the neoliberal logic of the global political economy--one that simultaneously structures inequities via those traditional fissures.

There are many different methods available for the solution of the heat equation and the choice of which to use is dependent upon the nature of the problem and the specific regions of the domain where the temperature is required. In the case of melting or freezing problems it is usual for the position of the boundary, at which change of physical state (phase change) occurs, to be of greater interest than the temperature at particular points. Again there are several solution methods enabling the tracking of the moving interface between the physical states of the material. For this work we begin with the isotherm migration method, which first appeared in the 1970s but is less frequently cited now. We first solve problems in one dimension with no phase change using the isotherm migration method, which is in itself new work, since all references we have found allude to it as a tool for the solution of phase change problems. We test the method using a variety of examples to explore the difficulties and challenges it produces, and we find it to be robust and tolerant of errors. We then combine it with the Laplace transform method, a well-established technique for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, in which the number of independent variables is reduced by one. The solution is then transformed back into the time domain using a suitable numerical process. The Laplace transform isotherm migration method is a new process, not mentioned previously to our knowledge, and it produces results which are comparable with the isotherm migration method. The new process is applied to one-dimensional phase change problems,where we find that due to the mathematics at the phase change boundary, we are required to make a modification to the usual manner of operating the Laplace transform. This is novel as far as we are aware. Our method is applied to a variety of problems and produces satisfactory results. We then move on to a two-dimensional setting where we find the situation to be much more complex and challenging, as it requires interpolation and curve-fitting processes. Finally we examine the possiblity of speeding up the calculation time using the Laplace transform isotherm migration method by setting problems in a parallel environment and using an MPI platform. This has not been previously attempted and we are able to show a measure of success in our objective.

Hydropower dams block migration routes and disrupt longitudinal connectivity in rivers, thereby posing a threat to migratory fish species. Various fish passage solutions have been implemented to improve connectivity with varying success. A well-functioning passage solution must ensure safe and timely passage routes that are used by a substantial portion of the migrating fish. In this thesis, I report the results from telemetry studies where the behavior and survival of migrating Atlantic salmon spawners, post-spawners and smolts have been evaluated in relation to hydropower dam passage. I evaluate downstream passage performance at dams with no passage solutions in the River Klarälven, and with simple passage solutions in in the Winooski River. In the River Ätran, I study both upstream- and downstream passage performance at a dam with sophisticated passage solutions based on the best available technology. In addition, I have studied the survival and behavior of post-spawners and hatchery-released smolts. A substantial portion of the spawners survived spawning and initiated downstream migration. Most males migrated downstream in autumn following spawning, whereas females tended to stay in the river until spring. For hatchery-reared smolts, early release was associated with faster initiation of migration and higher survival compared to late release. Multiple dam passage resulted in high mortality for both smolts and kelts. For smolts, dam passage, even with simple passage solutions, was associated with substantial delay and mortality. High spill levels were linked to high survival and short delay for downstream migrating salmon. The best available passage solution, which consisted of a nature-like fishway and a low sloping intake rack to guide fish to a bypass, resulted in rapid passage of a large portion of the adult migrants.

Autour de la dialectique perpétuation-réinvention des identités mobiles cette étude s'intéresse à un groupe de migrants amazigh (berbères), du Moyen-Atlas marocain, implanté en Ariège. Il s'agit d'aborder la thématique du lien entre le pays d'origine et le pays de vie, ainsi que les processus de passation, de transformation, de réactivation ou d'omission qui s'opèrent dans la migration, en vue de percevoir et comprendre comment se reconstruit "une berbérité" en France ; il sera question enfin de mettre en évidence les formes de construction d'identités en miroirs, « ici et là-bas », formées à partir des relations constantes qui se font entre les groupes berbères de France et du Maroc. Pour cela je présente les manières de célébrer les événements qui touchent, réunissent et transforment le groupe, ainsi que les manières de tisser le lien, de « cultiver » au quotidien sa place entre différenciation et appartenance. C'est dans la rencontre entre générations, entre migrants et sédentaires, entre homme et femme, ici comme là-bas, que je tente de questionner les processus d'affiliation et de désaffiliation, du « légitime » et de « l'illégitime », en somme les façons de penser l'inscription dans la communauté. / Built around the dialectics of perpetuation and reinvention of mobile identities, this study focuses on a group of Amazigh _ Berber _ migrants coming from the Middle Atlas in Morocco and settled in Ariège. The theme which is broached here is that of the bond between the country one comes from and the country where one lives, the aim being to perceive and to understand how a 'berberity' reconstructs itself in France ; the issue will then be to reveal the forms of mirror identity constructions - 'here and there' – shaped through the relations that are constantly being established between Berber groups living in France and in Morocco. To this end, I set out how events affecting the group, gathering it together and transforming it are celebrated, as well as how this bond is forged and how its place is 'cultivated' in everyday life between differentiation and belonging. For it is by analyzing the encounter between different generations, between migrant and sedentary people, between man and woman, here as well as there, that I attempt to question the processes of affiliation and disaffiliation, the concepts of 'legitimate' and 'illegitimate' - in short, the way inscription is conceived of within the community.