India is currently experiencing a rapid increase in population growth and in the urbanization process leading to industrialization. This is resulting in an overcrowding of urban areas with attendent problems of illiteracy, unemployment, inadequate community facilities and service and deplorable housing conditions. The present unsatisfactory urban housing situation la due to: the comparatively small investment in housing by private enterprise; the failure of the public housing programs to cope with the complex problems of housing; the national policy of giving priority to the investment in capital asset and the inadequacies of urban-regional planning and administration. India is facing the critical problem of housing those rural immigrants in the urban areas who can not even afford to pay an economic rent, who do not want to spend money on housing, and who are not easily assimilated into the urban environment. The hypothesis of the study is that rural immigrants to urban areas in India have specific economic, physical and cultural needs which must be considered to help India solve its urban housing problem. The study was undertaken because it is felt that housing rural immigrants to urban areas is one of the most critical problems facing India, and that there is need for an approach which will achieve a balanced social and economic development program. Consideration is given to the various concepts involved and terms such as 'Housing', 'rural immigrant', 'economic absorption', 'cultural integration' and 'adjustment' are defined. Urban problems associated with the housing problem are reviewed, and the economic, socio-cultural, psychological and physical problems of the rural immigrant in the urban areas, are analysed. India's past and present policies regarding housing, urban land, and socio-economic goals are also reviewed. It is observed that the housing problem is only a "symptom" of a complex of inter-related urban problems which, if resolved, would contribute to the solution of the housing problem. The rural Immigrant requires adequate economic absorption, socio-psychological adjustment, and adequate shelter and community facilities in the urban environment. To meet the needs of the rural immigrants it la recommended that adult programs in education, work-cum-orientation, paid apprenticeships and technical and vocational training be expanded. It is recommendeds that small scale units of production and other labour intensive projects be utilised together with large scale units of production that family migration and community life be encouraged; and that community services and facilities be considerably expanded in scope and volume. It is further recommended that these facilities and services be provided as emergency measures in existing slums in order to motivate immigrants towards self-improvement. It is considered that the Government should take measures to encourage the provision of more housing by private sources and non-profit organisations using self-help and mutual-help methods. It is recommended that the government should adopt the principle of neighbourhood planning within an Urban-Regional physical planning program administered through a proposed Ministry of Urban-Regional Planning and Development at the National and Provincial levels. It is concluded that the approach to the problem of housing rural immigrants in the urban areas can not be a departmentalized one; rather a simultaneous attack on all inter-related urban problems, using a comprehensive approach is imperative. Only thus can India hope to solve its problem of housing rural immigrants in the urban areas. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This work explains the prevailing trends of internal migration in the Czech Republic, which have a major impact on the population and the overall development of individual regions. In the analysis of some key phenomena of internal migration, there have been formulated and tested four hypotheses, which were supplemented by more detailed analysis of population data. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that in the Czech Republic: (1) dominated internal migration from rural to urban than in the opposite direction, which means that they are manifested desurbanization processes; (2) total internal migration before 1989 was different than after this year; (3) are not all regions equally attractive to migrants; (4) internal migration does not meet certain defined conditions of the selectivity of migration.

Les Rhabdomyosarcomes (RMS) sont des sarcomes qui touchent préférentiellement les enfants et les adolescents. Les RMS sont à l'origine de nombreuses métastases qui sont responsables d'une réduction importante de l'espérance de vie du malade. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-tendant la migration et l'invasion des RMS pourrait orienter vers de nouvelles thérapies visant à enrayer le développement de métastases. La dissémination métastatique fait intervenir de nombreuses protéases dont la µ- et la m-calpaïne, cystéine-protéases, constituant avec leur inhibiteur endogène, la calpastatine, le système protéolytique neutre calcium-dépendant. Dans différents travaux, l'activité de ces calpaïnes a été montrée comme dérégulée, notamment dans le cancer du rein, de la peau ou encore les adénocarcinomes colorectaux. Une connaissance approfondie de l'impact de la dérégulation de l'activité des calpaïnes sur la dissémination métastatique pourrait en faire des cibles thérapeutiques de choix. L’étude de l’activité, de l’expression et de la localisation des différents composants du système protéolytique neutre calcium-dépendant a permis de mettre en évidence une activité dérégulée des calpaïnes dans les RMS. Cette forte activité serait due à une expression très faible de la calpastatine. L’analyse comparative des caractéristiques adhésives et cinétiques des RMS par rapport aux cellules témoins, des myoblastes humains (LHCN-M2) montre un faible taux d’adhésion associé à une vitesse de migration élevée des RMS. L’activité calpaïne présente une corrélation linéaire positive avec la vitesse de migration ; les calpaïnes se présentent donc comme marqueur de l’agressivité tumorale. L’inhibition des calpaïnes par la calpeptine réduit fortement cette vitesse. Le cytosquelette des RMS est désorganisé et ne présente pas, contrairement à celui des cellules non-tumorales, de fibres de stress. À ce niveau, les études pour tenter de discriminer le rôle de la µ-calpaïne et de la m-calpaïne, utilisant des oligonucléotides antisens, montrent que dans les LHCN-M2, la µ-calpaïne jouerait un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation de l’alpha-actine en régulant de manière négative son expression. Quant à la béta-actine, elle serait régulée, aussi de manière négative, mais, uniquement par la m-calpaïne. Dans les ARMS, la µ-calpaïne et la m-calpaïne jouent un rôle similaire en stimulant l’expression des deux isoformes. De plus, le pouvoir invasif important des RMS est fortement diminué lorsque l’activité calpaïne est inhibée. L’implication des calpaïnes tant au niveau de l’adhésion, de la migration que de l’invasion des RMS font de ces dernières une cible d’étude importante pour tenter de contrecarrer le développement de métastases. / Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are a soft-tissue sarcoma commonly encountered in childhood and adolescence. RMS cells can acquire invasive behaviour and can form metastases which decrease less than 20% the patients healing. The comprehension of mechanisms that regulate cancer cells migration and invasion may be a key for development of new therapies for limiting metastasis. The metastatic dissemination implicates lots of proteases of which µ-calpain and m-calpain. Calpain activity is Ca2+-dependent and is principally regulated by calpastatin, its specific endogenous inhibitor. The deregulation of calpains has been involved in tumour invasion and metastasis in several different cell types. Then, calpains would be a good target for development of novel therapies to control metastasis. Study of calpain activity, expression, and localisation underline the deregulation of calpain activity in RMS. This high activity may be due to weak expression of calpastatin. The comparative analysis of adhesive and kinetical characteristics of RMS cells, compared to human myoblasts, LHCN-M2 cells, show a weak adhesiveness and an important migration velocity in RMS cells. The calpain activity presents a positive linear correlation with the migration velocity; so, calpain may be considered as marker of tumoral aggressiveness. The inhibition of calpain by calpeptin reduces significantly the migration velocity. The cytoskeleton RMS cells is disorganised and does not present stress fibers, contrary to LHCN-M2 cells. At this level, discrimination of µ- and m-calpain role, using antisens oligonucleotides, shows that in LHCN-M2 myoblasts, µ-calpain may negatively regulate the alpha-actin expression and that béta-actin may be positively regulated by the m-calpain. In ARMS cells, both µ- and m-calpain positively regulate alpha- and béta-actin. Moreover, the invasive behaviour of RMS cells is importantly decreased when calpains are inhibited. In summery, calpains may implicate in the anarchic adhesion, migration and increase of invasion. In this way, targeting calpain activity may represent a good strategy for limiting development of RMS tumour as well as their metastatic behaviour.

This master thesis describes impacts of economic crisis on migration in the European Union. It analyzes migration flows within the European Union and from the third countries in the time period between 2004 and 2008. The goal of this thesis is to either confirm or deny the hypothesis: the number of people migrating from the southern parts of Europe to the more economically developed central and northern parts of Europe has increased as a consequence of the financial crisis in 2008. The impact of financial crisis on the intra-European migration is analyzed with a migration potential applied on an example of two countries: Italy and Germany.

This thesis provides an overview of the development of international migration in the Czech Republic to determine the aspects affecting migration. The Czech Republic has become a destination country for many immigrants, not only from the European Union, but also from countries outside the European union. The main goal of this paper is to outline the development of migration movements in the Czech republic before 1989 and in the context of legislative and methodological changes that occurred after 1989. The paper also describes the changes in international migration movements between 2002 -- 2012 in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. These countries belong to the alliance called the Visegrad four. In recent years, they became a new place of migration flows, particularly from countries with less developed economies. The aim is to determine the evolution of selected indicators of migration to identify connections between the selected countries given to their common historical and legal aspects.

The growth of the Peruvian migration to Buenos Aires is a phenomenon highlighted in the last decades. From a gender perspective, the configuration of the nets is studied in the pre-migration stage, as well as its later composition and distribution in Argentina. Secondary sources are used, but the main contribution comes given by the «Peruvian Migration and Gender Survey» (EMIGE 2007). Main results: it is the migratory flow with smaller antiquity in Argentina. In a high proportion, they concentrate on the City of Buenos Aires and they constitute the foreign population with bigger pre-eminence of women and the less aged one. With regard to premigration stage, the study shows that the migration networks are conditioned by the gender system, but that relationship varies along the process that goes from the decision taking to the concretion of the movement, in function of the vital/familiar stage lived by who wants to move. / El crecimiento de la migración peruana en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires es un fenómeno destacado en las últimas décadas. Desde una perspectiva de género en este artículo se estudia la configuración de las redes en la etapa premigratoria, así como la composición y distribución de dicha población migrante con posterioridad al movimiento. Se han utilizado fuentes secundarias, pero el principal aporte viene dado por la «Encuesta sobre Migración Peruana y Género» (EMIGE) levantada en 2007. Entre los principales resultados se destaca que se trata del flujo migratoriocon menor antigüedad en Argentina. En una alta proporción se concentran en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y constituyen la población extranjera más feminizada y la menos envejecida. En cuanto a la conformación de redes en la etapa premigratoria, se evidencia que las decisiones y estrategias se encuentran condicionadas por el sistema de género, pero dicho condicionamiento varía desde la toma de la decisión hasta la concreción del movimiento, en función de la etapa vital/familiar transitada por los migrantes

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La progression tumorale en cancer métastatique implique la perte de fonctions oncosuppressives, comme c'est le cas dans le mélanome. Une migration cellulaire aberrante est caractéristique de la progression du mélanome. SYK (Spleen tyrosine kinase) est une tyrosine kinase cytoplasmique impliquée dans la suppression tumorale du cancer du sein et du mélanome. Dans la peau, SYK est exprimée dans les mélanocytes mais est fréquemment réprimée épigénétiquement dans le mélanome. Nous avions pu montré que cette perte était associée à un échappement de la sénescence. Qu'elle puisse réguler la migration des cellules tumorales et la formation des métastases reste peu connu. Dans mes travaux j'ai utilisé des approches gain et perte de fonction pour analyser l'effet de SYK sur les mélanomes humains et murins. Respectivement, la réexpression et l'extinction de SYK diminue et augmente la migration, l'invasion et les métastases des cellules de mélanome. L'extinction de SYK induit notamment un phénotype et une signature mésenchymateuse. Notre étude dévoile ce rôle pour SYK dans la répression d'une adhérence dépendante des intégrines, points de tractions et plateforme de signalisation de la migration, et souligne l'importance la perte de SYK dans la formation de métastases. Pour clarifier le rôle de SYK dans la progression du mélanome, j'ai généré un modèle murin de KO conditionnel de SYK spécifique des mélanocytes concomitants à une perte de Pten et de l'activation de BrafV600E. Des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que la perte de SYK n'accélère pas la formation de mélanome dans ce contexte mutationnel mais mène à une invasion plus profonde des cellules tumorales dans le derme. / The progression of tumors to metastatic disease involves the loss of metastatic suppressor functions, as it is the case in melanoma. Thus, aberrant cell migration is a key feature of melanoma progression, and is required for metastasis. SYK (Spleen tyrosine kinase) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in tumor suppression of breast cancer and melanoma. In skin cells, SYK is found expressed in melanocytes but SYK is frequently downregulated in melanoma by epigenetic silencing. We showed previously that its loss has been associated with senescence escape. Whether it also regulates tumor cell migration and subsequent metastasis remains poorly understood. In this work we used gain- and loss-of-function approaches to analyze SYK’s effects on metastatic abilities of human and murine melanoma cells. Respectively, the reexpression or knockdown of SYK results in decreased or increased migration, invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells. Notably, SYK knockdown cells displayed a mesenchymal-like phenotype with upregulation of mesenchymal markers. Our study unveils a novel role for SYK in suppressing integrin-mediated adhesion, both a points of traction and a signaling platform during cell migration, and outlines the importance of SYK inactivation in acquisition of a metastatic phenotype. To clarify the role of SYK in melanoma formation and progression, we have generated a conditional Syk KO mouse model in melanoma based on melanocyte-specific Pten loss and BrafV600E activating mutation. Preliminary results suggest that Syk loss does not accelerate Pten/Braf-driven melanoma formation but leads to deep invasion of Braf/Pten tumor cells into the dermis.

La protéine SHP2 est une tyrosine phosphatase cytosolique impliquée dans la régulation des phénomènes de prolifération, migration et survie cellulaire. Elle contrôle l'état d'activation des voies de signalisation des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase faisant intervenir en particulier les protéines kinases MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT. Des mutations germinales et somatiques de SHP2 sont à l'origine de syndromes et de néoplasies. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence une nouveau partenaire pour SHP2: la protéine CDCP1. CDCP1 est une protéine transmembranaire dont la surexpression et la tyrosine phosphorylation par les kinases de la famille de SRC dans de nombreux carcinomes permet une augmentation des propriétés métastatiques des cellules. Nous avons de plus mis en évidence la régulation de la phosphorylation de CDCP1 et sa présence à la membrane cellulaire par SHP2. Dans une seconde partie de ce travail de thèse, notre attention s'est portée sur la protéine adaptatrice GAB2, partenaire et substrat principal de SHP2, dont la surexpression dans les mélanomes primaires et métastatiques commence à être décrite. Nous mettons en évidence la présence d'une boucle de régulation entre GAB2, dont l'expression est régulée par le facteur de transcription MITF et le récepteur KIT, dont l'activation, dépendante de l'expression de GAB2 régule l'activation de MITF et la motilité des cellules de mélanome.L'ensemble de ce travail met ainsi en évidence la présence d'un nouvel interacteur de SHP2, et d'une nouvelle boucle de régulation dans les cellules de mélanome. / SHP2 is a protein tyrosine phosphtase which regulates cell proliferation, mirgration and survival. It controls MAPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways activated by tyrosine kinase receptors. Germinal and somatic mutations in SHP2 lead to syndromes and neoplasia. We show a novel interaction between SHP2 and the protéine CDCP1. CDCP1 is a transmembrane protein which overexpression and tyrosine phosphorylation by SRC family kinases in carcinomas lead to an increase of the tumor cells metastatic properties. We also demonstrated that SHP2 regulates CDCP1 tyrosine phosphorylation level and its presence at the cell membrane.In a second part of this work, we focused on GAB2 anchor protein, which is one of the most important partner and substrate for SHP2. GAB2 is overexpressed in primary and metastatic melanoma. We show the presence of a regulation loop, involving GAB2 regulation by the transcription factor MITF, KIT receptor and its activation depending on GAB2, which controls MITF activation and melanoma cell motility.This thesis work demonstrate the presence of a novel partner for the protein SHP2 and of a new regulation pathway in melanoma cells.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Political Studies Bc. Kenneth C. Stein Viktor Orbán's National Hungarian Identity Construct: Securitization of the 2015/2016 European Migrant Crisis as Existential Threat? Diplomová Práce Praha 2017 Autor práce: Bc. Kenneth C. Stein Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Vít Střitecký M. Phil., PhD. Oponent práce: Datum obhajoby: 2017 Hodnocení: Abstract: The current paper examines Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's speech acts based on the preface that his language communicates political will, power, and serves as an outline for potential future political avenues. Orbán has been one of the most outspoken critics of the European Union's failure to adequately address the ongoing migrant crisis, as well as Europe's immigration issues. The aim of the thesis is to examine the language tools utilized by Orbán according to securitization theory. Utilizing elements of Wodak's Critical Discourse Analysis in combination with Tajfel and Turner's Social Identity Theory, the thesis provides analysis of the texts through the lens of Orbán's creation of a national Hungarian social identity construct as referent object being securitized against the migrant threat. Moreover, the thesis provides an overall analysis of Orbán's brand of Hungarian social identity...