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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette thèse portée sur l'émergence d'une identité musulmane européenne aspire à mettre en lumière les mécanismes qui sous tendent ce phénomène social. Au travers de la question de l'identité sociale, nous avons émis l'hypothèse d'une corrélation existante entre les deux concepts d'intériorisation en sciences sociales, et d'internalisation intrinsèque à la mondialisation en économie. La conceptualisation d'un processus d'"intériorisation-internalisation" que nous proposons dans cette thèse, permet d'une part, d'inscrire le processus de construction de cette identité sociale dans le contexte de la mondialisation. D'autre part, elle permet de proposer une nouvelle grille d'analyse quant à la lecture de certains faits sociaux relatifs aux Européens de confession musulmane. / This study, which is dedicated to the emergence of a European Muslim identity, shed light on the mechanisms underlying this social phenomenon.Through the issue of social identity, I suggest that there is a correlation between two concepts: "interiorization" as defined in social studies, and the concept of "internalization " defined in the economic field as being intrinsic to globalization. Based on these two concepts, my own observations and research made among European Muslims, I suggest in this thesis the formulation of a concept of "interiorization-internalization". On one hand, this new concept allows the process of the formation of a European Muslim social identity within the context of globalization to be described. On the other hand this new concept suggests a new standard of analysis regarding some social phenomena European Muslims.

Les pathologies du foie représentent une des causes les plus fréquentes de mortalité. Ceci provient sans doute de la difficulté de poser le diagnostic à un stade précoce de leur développement malgré les très bonnes performances de l'échographie et de la tomographie de rayons X. On espère que l'IRM dont les résultats spectaculaires dans le diagnostic des tumeurs cérébrales sont aujourd'hui incontestés améliorera la situation. Malheureusement, comme les autres techniques et en dépit de son excellent contraste inhérent, l'IRM se heurte aussi au problème de la mise en évidence des maladies hépatiques. Afin de remédier à cette situation, la recherche s'est orientée vers l'élaboration de produits de contraste spécifiques. La stratégie suivie jusqu'ici est double: d'une part, des complexes d'ions paramagnétiques sont développés pour favoriser leur incorporation par les hépatocytes, et, d'autre part, des nanoparticules superparamagnétiques sont synthétisées afin de cibler les cellules de Kupffer, les macrophages fixes du foie.

Background:           Literature suggests that franchising as an entry mode for internalisation gains more and more popularity. However, existing literature shows many studies concerning franchising do not focus on industries. Hence, very little research is done when it comes to franchising in the low-to-medium cost fashion apparel industry. At the same time, the growing fashion apparel industry is becoming more and more important due to the business opportunity it brings for organisations. In this context, Germany as being the biggest apparel market in Europe is attractive for international organisation to expand to. For entering the German market through the franchising entry mode, the information about underlying market environment and relevant actors play a vital role to reduce risk of encountering uncertain obstacles in the process.   Purpose:                  Entering a new market as a franchisor can be challenging due to different dynamics that can be found in different markets. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to explore institutional conditions of the current fashion apparel industry in Germany and to find out which institutions in Germany could help an organisation in terms of information on prevailing conditions, to successfully enter the German market.   Method:                   To attain the purpose of the research, a qualitative approach employing a single case with two embedded units of analysis is used. Purposive sampling is used to select research participants based on their expertise about the topic. The empirical data is collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 participants, which resemble 3 different actors, the German consumers, the German Franchise Association and Tijarat AB, a fashion apparel company seeking to expand to Germany. Supplementary data, such as official governmental and associations website, is used to support the empirical findings. Secondary data is acquired using literature, web sources and legal documents. The empirical findings are analysed with the help of the thematic analysis and the institutional theory as well as the Uppsala internalisation model.   Findings:                 The empirical findings present that there are several normative conditions which depict behaviours and what is considered to be acceptable in the German market. Firstly, there is no franchise fee collected by the franchisor in the fashion apparel industry. Furthermore, brand awareness, consistency, reputation and quality as well as price, design and variety play an important role in the consumer shopping behaviour and decisions. It was also found that there is no specific franchise law but rather a combination of existing legislation, such as the German Civil and Commercial Code, Competition law, Consumer law and Unfair trade law that form the jurisdiction for franchising in Germany.

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L'inactivation des gènes p53 et pten présente un facteur de mauvais pronostic et de résistance à différents traitements anticancéreux incluant les thérapies ciblées. Le cétuximab (Erbitux®) est un anticorps monoclonal chimérique dirigé contre le domaine extracellulaire du récepteur à l'EGF. Son mécanisme d'action est fortement lié à la fonctionnalité des voies de signalisation de PI3KJAKT et des MAPK. Nous avons évalué l'influence de la réintroduction des gènes p53 et pten par vectorisation non viral à base de polyéthylènimine, couplée ou non à l'internalisation photochimique sur l'induction de l'apoptose et l'inhibition de la croissance cellulaire dans des cellules P53 et pten mutés d'une part, et sur l'impact de ce transfert de gène sur la fonctionnalité des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la réponse cellulaire au cétuximab. Nous avons montré que la transfection des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs p53 et pten par polyétylènimine couplé à la PCI rétablit l'expression de P53 et de PTEN et permet de restaurer l'inhibition de croissance et l'induction de l'apoptose. Associée au traitement par cétuximab La restauration de PTEN et P53 réprime l'activation constitutive des voies de signalisation PI3K et MAPK et potentialise l'inhibition de la croissance et l'induction de l'apoptose induites par le cétuximab. Ces résultats montrent que l'inactivation de p53 et pten pourrait être prédictive de la résistance au cétuximab à travers l'activation constitutive de la voie de signalisation PI3/AKT et confirme que la détennination de la fonctionnalité des voies de signalisation des rtiveaux d'expression des phosphoprotéines de signalisation permettrait de prédire la réponse au cétuximab et de proposer des options thérapeutiques originales. / P53 and PTEN abnormalities are early events in carcinogenesis and are associated with poor prognosis and resistance to cancer therapies including targeted therapy. Cetuxirnab (Erbitnx®) is a IgG chimeric monoclonal antibody, directed against the extracellular dornain of EGFR. !ts activity has been shown to be dependent on the functionality of PI3KJAKT and MAPK signaling pathways as weil as the apoptosis induction capacity of the cells . The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of pten and p53 gene transfer using polyethylenimine with or without photochemical internalisation on cell apoptosis induction and cell growth in cells bearing p53 and pten mutations and on the response to cetuximab. The results presented show that pten and p53 gene transfer using polyethertimine and PCI restored P53 and PTEN expression, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. Associated with cetuximab treatrnent, pten and p53 reintroduction, restored the functionality of AKTIPI3K and MAPK signaling pathways and increased cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by cetuximab. The results achieved in the present study show that pten and p53 mutations could be predictive of cell response to cetuximab through the functional impact of these mutations on cell signaling. The data presented put forward the interest of the analysis of EGFR phosphoproteins downstream signalling to evaluate the functionality of the signaling pathways implicated in the cell response to cetuximab and could be used to propose the original targeted therapies.

Recent field observations have demonstrated that supposedly poorly mobile metals can be detected at long distances from their source, highlighting the importance of poorly predicted transport processes. The fast mobilisation of metals by the colloidal and mobile fraction of soils and in particular biotic colloids (bacteria, algae, fungi, virus, etc.), is now identified as an important secondary transport process that can lead, under specific conditions, to accelerated and potentially dominant pollutant transfer towards aquifers. In order to better understand the role of the bacterial compartment of soils to metal leaching, we conducted a coupled study under static and dynamic conditions. Firstly we evaluated Zn and Cd metal biosorption onto active or inactive Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34) by characterizing the sub-cellular distribution of the metals through a cell disruption approach. The quantification of Zn and Cd in extracellular, membrane and cytoplasm compartments of the cells permitted to show that metals are unequally distributed between the three cell compartments and also between the two bacteria. Surprisingly, metals internalization appeared to be the dominant accumulation process of metals (high cytoplasm contents). The physiological state of the cells was also shown to be important in metal management by the bacteria, since metal accumulation in active cells was reduced due to enhanced efflux and/or EPS production mechanisms. These results suggest bacteria can internalize important amounts of heavy metals and also that adsorption onto cell surface is only a first step in metal management by bacteria. The so-determined thermo-dynamic reactivity constants were used to fit metal breakthrough curves performed in natural sand columns. The transport experiments of bacterial cells, metals or mixtures of bacteria and/or metals performed in the second part of the study, demonstrated that bacteria are able to accelerate the in situ mobilization of Cd and Zn retained in natural sand columns. This transport process was shown to be dominant upon aqueous transport and was correctly fitted using a combined transfer and geochemical modelling approach. Altogether, these results showed that, under specific conditions, heavy metal transport by bacterial cells can dominate aqueous transport processes in soils. / Recent field observations have demonstrated that supposedly poorly mobile metals can be detected at long distances from their source, highlighting the importance of poorly predicted transport processes. The fast mobilisation of metals by the colloidal and mobile fraction of soils and in particular biotic colloids (bacteria, algae, fungi, virus, etc.), is now identified as an important secondary transport process that can lead, under specific conditions, to accelerated and potentially dominant pollutant transfer towards aquifers. In order to better understand the role of the bacterial compartment of soils to metal leaching, we conducted a coupled study under static and dynamic conditions. Firstly we evaluated Zn and Cd metal biosorption onto active or inactive Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34) by characterizing the sub-cellular distribution of the metals through a cell disruption approach. The quantification of Zn and Cd in extracellular, membrane and cytoplasm compartments of the cells permitted to show that metals are unequally distributed between the three cell compartments and also between the two bacteria. Surprisingly, metals internalization appeared to be the dominant accumulation process of metals (high cytoplasm contents). The physiological state of the cells was also shown to be important in metal management by the bacteria, since metal accumulation in active cells was reduced due to enhanced efflux and/or EPS production mechanisms. These results suggest bacteria can internalize important amounts of heavy metals and also that adsorption onto cell surface is only a first step in metal management by bacteria. The so-determined thermo-dynamic reactivity constants were used to fit metal breakthrough curves performed in natural sand columns. The transport experiments of bacterial cells, metals or mixtures of bacteria and/or metals performed in the second part of the study, demonstrated that bacteria are able to accelerate the in situ mobilization of Cd and Zn retained in natural sand columns. This transport process was shown to be dominant upon aqueous transport and was correctly fitted using a combined transfer and geochemical modelling approach. Altogether, these results showed that, under specific conditions, heavy metal transport by bacterial cells can dominate aqueous transport processes in soils.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) constituent la plus grande famille de protéines transmembranaires et régulent une panoplie de processus physiologiques. La densité de récepteurs exprimés à la surface d'une cellule dicte l’intensité de la réponse cellulaire suite à l’activation par un ligand. Un débalancement dans les niveaux d’expressions protéiques est la cause de plusieurs pathologies. C’est pourquoi il est d’une importance capitale de comprendre les mécanismes qui régissent les niveaux d’expressions totaux et membranaires des RCPG. Dans un premier temps, nos travaux ont permis de caractériser la dynamique d’internalisation et de recyclage du récepteur CRTH2. Nous avons identifié les domaines qui sont impliqués dans la régulation du trafic du récepteur. Des essais d’expression de surface ont révélé les cibles majeures des GRK2, GRK5, de la PKC et de l’arrestine-3 pour l’internalisation de CRTH2 suite à une stimulation du récepteur. De plus, nous rapportons la présence d’un motif de recyclage interne de type PDZ dans la queue cytoplasmique de CRTH2. Avant de se rendre à la membrane plasmique, les RCPG doivent être synthétisés au réticulum endoplasmique (RE), subir des étapes de maturation au Golgi et être transportés à la membrane plasmique. Les évènements coordonnant ces processus sont encore très peu étudiés. La dernière partie de nos travaux a permis d’élucider différents mécanismes régulant le contrôle qualité des RCPG à un stade précoce de synthèse. Tout d’abord, une nouvelle stratégie de purification protéomique a été développée et validée dans le but d’identifier des nouveaux partenaires d’interaction des RCPG dans un contexte cellulaire. Les résultats des criblages ont montré une interaction entre le récepteur [beta indice inférieur 2]AR et l’ubiqutine ligase RNF5. Ceci a conduit à la découverte d’un nouveau mécanisme de contrôle qualité des RCPG faisant intervenir les protéines RNF5 et JAMP comme étant des composantes importantes d’un système de régulation qui module la stabilité des RCPG. En dernier lieu, une nouvelle protéine, ANKRD13A, régulerait l’expression des RCPG par un mécanisme encore inconnu. Des évidences nous permettent de croire que les protéines RNF5, JAMP et ANKRD13A feraient partie d’un complexe protéique régulant le contrôle qualité des RCPG au RE.