Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_11568_ATA Fernanda.pdf: 447917 bytes, checksum: 0119e4f43a4160d7e4cb10f3e8083814 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Políticas governamentais para a melhoria do transporte público são importantes para aumentar o desempenho e a qualidade do transporte público, conter o uso de veículos particulares e, consequentemente, favorecer a mobilidade nas cidades. Diante deste cenário, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o eventual aumento da velocidade e a redução dos tempos de viagem dos ônibus do sistema BRT, proporcionado pela utilização da tecnologia Transit Signal Priority (TSP), tornando-os mais atrativos que o transporte particular. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica dos conceitos: Intelligent Technology System e de Transit Signal Priority. A seguir, foi elaborada uma microssimulação, através do software PTV Vissim®, do tráfego na Avenida Nossa Senhora da Penha em Vitória/ ES, inserida no projeto BRT Grande Vitória, em 3 cenários: situação atual da via; a via com a configuração do projeto BRT Grande Vitória; e a via com o BRT e a Priorização Semafórica. Os resultados demonstraram que a implantação do Sistema do BRT e da Priorização Semafórica melhoram o desempenho dos ônibus, reduzindo o tempo de percurso e, consequentemente, aumentando a velocidade deles, de acordo com a literatura.

Recent field observations have demonstrated that supposedly poorly mobile metals can be detected at long distances from their source, highlighting the importance of poorly predicted transport processes. The fast mobilisation of metals by the colloidal and mobile fraction of soils and in particular biotic colloids (bacteria, algae, fungi, virus, etc.), is now identified as an important secondary transport process that can lead, under specific conditions, to accelerated and potentially dominant pollutant transfer towards aquifers. In order to better understand the role of the bacterial compartment of soils to metal leaching, we conducted a coupled study under static and dynamic conditions. Firstly we evaluated Zn and Cd metal biosorption onto active or inactive Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34) by characterizing the sub-cellular distribution of the metals through a cell disruption approach. The quantification of Zn and Cd in extracellular, membrane and cytoplasm compartments of the cells permitted to show that metals are unequally distributed between the three cell compartments and also between the two bacteria. Surprisingly, metals internalization appeared to be the dominant accumulation process of metals (high cytoplasm contents). The physiological state of the cells was also shown to be important in metal management by the bacteria, since metal accumulation in active cells was reduced due to enhanced efflux and/or EPS production mechanisms. These results suggest bacteria can internalize important amounts of heavy metals and also that adsorption onto cell surface is only a first step in metal management by bacteria. The so-determined thermo-dynamic reactivity constants were used to fit metal breakthrough curves performed in natural sand columns. The transport experiments of bacterial cells, metals or mixtures of bacteria and/or metals performed in the second part of the study, demonstrated that bacteria are able to accelerate the in situ mobilization of Cd and Zn retained in natural sand columns. This transport process was shown to be dominant upon aqueous transport and was correctly fitted using a combined transfer and geochemical modelling approach. Altogether, these results showed that, under specific conditions, heavy metal transport by bacterial cells can dominate aqueous transport processes in soils. / Recent field observations have demonstrated that supposedly poorly mobile metals can be detected at long distances from their source, highlighting the importance of poorly predicted transport processes. The fast mobilisation of metals by the colloidal and mobile fraction of soils and in particular biotic colloids (bacteria, algae, fungi, virus, etc.), is now identified as an important secondary transport process that can lead, under specific conditions, to accelerated and potentially dominant pollutant transfer towards aquifers. In order to better understand the role of the bacterial compartment of soils to metal leaching, we conducted a coupled study under static and dynamic conditions. Firstly we evaluated Zn and Cd metal biosorption onto active or inactive Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34) by characterizing the sub-cellular distribution of the metals through a cell disruption approach. The quantification of Zn and Cd in extracellular, membrane and cytoplasm compartments of the cells permitted to show that metals are unequally distributed between the three cell compartments and also between the two bacteria. Surprisingly, metals internalization appeared to be the dominant accumulation process of metals (high cytoplasm contents). The physiological state of the cells was also shown to be important in metal management by the bacteria, since metal accumulation in active cells was reduced due to enhanced efflux and/or EPS production mechanisms. These results suggest bacteria can internalize important amounts of heavy metals and also that adsorption onto cell surface is only a first step in metal management by bacteria. The so-determined thermo-dynamic reactivity constants were used to fit metal breakthrough curves performed in natural sand columns. The transport experiments of bacterial cells, metals or mixtures of bacteria and/or metals performed in the second part of the study, demonstrated that bacteria are able to accelerate the in situ mobilization of Cd and Zn retained in natural sand columns. This transport process was shown to be dominant upon aqueous transport and was correctly fitted using a combined transfer and geochemical modelling approach. Altogether, these results showed that, under specific conditions, heavy metal transport by bacterial cells can dominate aqueous transport processes in soils.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 14937178 bytes, checksum: 2d050b1b9181c5ee1558e2d89937784b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In João Pessoa the study of movements and school transports have been made being just taken in consideration distance aspects, flow and width of streets and sidewalks. Was identified that the students of the municipal net in your great majority are put close to your residences, but they use the motorized transport, partly, influenced by the dangers in the school courses as for the lack of physical conditions of many itineraries. Considering that this process reaches in an unequal way the areas of inclusion of each school, the objective of this work is to evaluate as the accessibility level it can influence on the choice of the route and in the way of the transport used by the municipal net. With this end, a methodology of evaluation of the spaces for pedestrians, developed by Ferreira and Sanches in 1998, and a theory of Space Syntax, developed by Hillier and Hanson in 1984, they were used to confront the users' perception with relationship to the accessibility and to analyze the roads graphically used by the students. The work shows that accessibility has great influence in the choice of the path as well as in the transport type used in the house course to the study place. / Em João Pessoa o estudo de movimentos e transportes escolares tem sido feito levando-se em consideração apenas aspectos de distância, fluxo e largura de ruas e calçadas. Identificou-se que os estudantes da rede municipal de ensino em sua grande maioria são locados próximos à suas residências, mas utilizam o transporte motorizado, em parte, influenciados pelos perigos nos percursos escolares como pela falta de condições físicas de muitos trajetos. Considerando que este processo atinge de forma desigual as áreas de abrangência de cada escola, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar como o nível de acessibilidade pode influir na escolha da rota e no modo do transporte utilizado pela rede municipal de ensino. Com este fim, uma metodologia de avaliação dos espaços para pedestres, desenvolvida por Ferreira e Sanches em 1998, e uma teoria de Sintaxe Espacial, desenvolvida por Hillier e Hanson em 1984, foram utilizadas para aferir a percepção dos usuários em relação à acessibilidade e analisar graficamente os caminhos utilizados pelos alunos. O trabalho mostra que acessibilidade tem grande influência na escolha dos trajetos como também no tipo de transporte utilizado no percurso de casa para o local de estudo.

Les biofilms bactériens se développent sur toute interface liquide-solide dès que les conditions sont favorables. Ils correspondent à des assemblages de microcolonies qui baignent dans une matrice extracellulaire polymérique. Parmi les facteurs contrôlant le développement des biofilms, l’hydrodynamique est un paramètre clé qui affecte la morphologie et la composition du biofilm. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement dans cette thèse à l'influence du gradient de vitesse pariétal sur la formation du biofilm. Pour cela, nous utilisons un réacteur Couette-Poiseuille qui permet de travailler sous écoulement laminaire stable dans différentes conditions d'écoulement. Les biofilms obtenus après circulation d'eaux usées, sont prélevés sur des coupons et visualisés par microscopie confocale à balayage laser. Différents paramètres caractérisant la morphologie du biofilm sont déterminés après reconstruction 3D de leur structure à l'aide du modeleur GOCAD. Nous montrons que le transport convectif constitue une étape essentielle dans la formation initiale du biofilm, et qu'un gradient pariétal nul permet d'inhiber le développement de celui-ci / Bacterial biofilms develop on any solid-liquid interface whenever conditions are appropriate. They correspond to microcolony assemblages embedded in an extracellular matrix. Among the factors controlling biofilm growth, hydrodynamics is a key parameter affecting both biofilm morphology and composition. In this thesis we investigate the influence of hydrodynamics, and more precisely the wall shear rate effect on biofilm development. For this purpose, a Couette-Poiseuille reactor, allowing to work under stable laminar flow with different flow velocities, was used. Biofilms grown from urban wastewater on coupon surfaces were observed with confocal scanning microscopy. A 3D modeling using GOCAD software was established, thus allowing the determination of various biofilms structural characteristics. The results show the essential role of convective mass transport in biofilm formation, actually a zero wall shear rate inhibited bacterial deposition, and hence biofilm growth

This bachelor degree project presents an extension of a base optimization model for a transit line which can be used to evaluate the efficiency of different configurations of a platoon with different scenarios of berths. Furthermore, different levels of autonomous vehicles are studied, three cases are presented. The first case implies that every vehicle has a driver, the second, semi-autonomous vehicles are used in the platoon which has a leading vehicle with driver. Then, the fully autonomous vehicles represent the last studied case. A new method to compute the service time in the stops which differentiate the time that passengers are boarding or alighting from delays or time lost in queues that may appear with an increasing demand is added to the base model. It is introduced also a two-step non-linear approach to the crowding factor that consider the sharp deterioration when the load factor of the bus is almost one. In this project the bus capacity has been considered as a variable to see if there is an optimum vehicle size that cover different values of demand. Numerical results are provided and the result show that vehicle platooning with equal number of vehicles than stop berths is always competitive in high-demands. Moreover, if semi-autonomous case is found the bus platooning gain effectiveness and is competitive with lower demand values. In the case of fully autonomous vehicles the gain of bus platooning is not as high as in the semiautonomous but has still an improvement and is competitive with medium demand values.

O objeto desta pesquisa é a rede de transporte de passageiros de alta capacidade da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - seus trens metropolitanos e seu metrô. Através do exame das políticas e planos recentes (1995-2012), buscou-se identificar os conceitos e métodos de planejamento que regeram a concepção das diversas versões dessa rede e interpretá-las no contexto maior do processo histórico de reprodução da sociedade brasileira, a acumulação entravada. Simultaneamente, foram estudados aspectos técnicos selecionados dos sistemas de transporte urbano de alta capacidade, visando a identificação de seus traços distintivos e dos principais critérios de escolha entre os mesmos. Ao fim, procurando sintetizar os conceitos e parâmetros técnicos estudados, é apresentada uma proposta de rede de alta capacidade para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, mas que se reporta a um contexto de planejamento urbano distinto do atual, em que as redes de transporte e infraestruturas urbanas, de modo geral, assumem plenamente seu papel na organização e qualificação do espaço social. / The subject of the following thesis is a high capacity passenger transit network for the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo - its metropolitan trains and subway system. Through the examination of recent policies and plans (1995 to 2012) we identified the planning concepts and methods that ruled the conceiving of the several versions of this network and interpreted it in the scale of the historical process of reproduction in the Brazilian society, that is, the hindered accumulation. Simultaneously we studied selected technical aspects of the high capacity urban transit systems, to reveal its distinctive features and the main criteria for selecting one or the other. By the end, in order to summarize the studied technical concepts and parameters, we presented one design proposal of a high capacity transit network for the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, that relates to a context of urban planning, different than the current one, in which the transit networks and general urban infrastructure fully take its role in organizing and qualifying social space.

O objeto desta pesquisa é a rede de transporte de passageiros de alta capacidade da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - seus trens metropolitanos e seu metrô. Através do exame das políticas e planos recentes (1995-2012), buscou-se identificar os conceitos e métodos de planejamento que regeram a concepção das diversas versões dessa rede e interpretá-las no contexto maior do processo histórico de reprodução da sociedade brasileira, a acumulação entravada. Simultaneamente, foram estudados aspectos técnicos selecionados dos sistemas de transporte urbano de alta capacidade, visando a identificação de seus traços distintivos e dos principais critérios de escolha entre os mesmos. Ao fim, procurando sintetizar os conceitos e parâmetros técnicos estudados, é apresentada uma proposta de rede de alta capacidade para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, mas que se reporta a um contexto de planejamento urbano distinto do atual, em que as redes de transporte e infraestruturas urbanas, de modo geral, assumem plenamente seu papel na organização e qualificação do espaço social. / The subject of the following thesis is a high capacity passenger transit network for the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo - its metropolitan trains and subway system. Through the examination of recent policies and plans (1995 to 2012) we identified the planning concepts and methods that ruled the conceiving of the several versions of this network and interpreted it in the scale of the historical process of reproduction in the Brazilian society, that is, the hindered accumulation. Simultaneously we studied selected technical aspects of the high capacity urban transit systems, to reveal its distinctive features and the main criteria for selecting one or the other. By the end, in order to summarize the studied technical concepts and parameters, we presented one design proposal of a high capacity transit network for the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, that relates to a context of urban planning, different than the current one, in which the transit networks and general urban infrastructure fully take its role in organizing and qualifying social space.

Analysis of flow and solute transport problem in porous media are affected by uncertainty inbuilt both in boundary conditions and spatial variability in system parameters. The experimental investigation reveals that the parameters may vary in various scales by several orders. These affect the solute plume characteristics in field-scale problem and cause uncertainty in the prediction of concentration. The main focus of the present thesis is to analyze the probabilistic behavior of solute concentration in three dimensional(3-D) heterogeneous porous media. The framework for the probabilistic analysis has been developed using perturbation approach for both spectral based analytical and finite element based numerical method. The results of the probabilistic analysis are presented either in terms of solute plume characteristics or prediction uncertainty of the concentration. After providing a brief introduction on the role of stochastic analysis in subsurface hydrology in chapter 1, a detailed review of the literature is presented to establish the existing state-of-art in the research on the probabilistic analysis of flow and transport in simple and complex heterogeneous porous media in chapter 2. The literature review is mainly focused on the methods of solution of the stochastic differential equation. Perturbation based spectral method is often used for probabilistic analysis of flow and solute transport problem. Using this analytical method a nonlocal equation is solved to derive the expression of the spatial plume moments. The spatial plume moments represent the solute movement, spreading in an average sense. In chapter 3 of the present thesis, local dispersivity if also assumed to be random space function along with hydraulic conductivity. For various correlation coefficients of the random parameters, the results in terms of the field scale effective dispersivity are presented to demonstrate the effect of local dispersivity variation in space. The randomness of local dispersivity is found to reduce the effective fields scale dispersivity. The transverse effective macrodispersivity is affected more than the longitudinal effective macrodispersivity due to random spatial variation of local dispersivity. The reduction in effective field scale longitudinal dispersivity is more for positive correlation coefficient. The applicability of the analytical method, which is discussed in earlier chapter, is limited to the simple boundary conditions. The solution by spectral method in terms of statistical moments of concentration as a function of space and time, require higher dimensional integration. Perturbation based stochastic finite element method(SFEM) is an alternative method for performing probabilistic analysis of concentration. The use of this numerical method for performing probabilistic analysis of concentration. The use of this numerical method is non common in the literature of stochastic subsurface hydrology. The perturbation based SFEM which uses FEM for spatial discretization of the steady state flow and Laplace transform for the solute transport equation, is developed in chapter 4. The SFEM is formulated using Taylor series of the dependent variable upto second-order term. This results in second-order accurate mean and first-order accurate standard deviation of concentration. In this study the governing medium properties viz. hydraulic Conductivity, dispersivity, molecular diffusion, porosity, sorption coefficient and decay coefficient are considered to vary randomly in space. The accuracy of results and computational efficiency of the SFEM are compared with Monte Carle Simulation method(MCSM) for both I-D and 3-D problems. The comparison of results obtained hby SFEM and MCSM indicates that SFEM is capable in providing reasonably accurate mean and standard deviation of concentration. The Laplace transform based SFEM is simpler and advantageous since it does not require any stability criteria for choosing the time step. However it is not applicable for nonlinear transport problems as well as unsteady flow conditions. In this situation, finite difference method is adopted for the time discretization. The first part of the Chapter 5, deals with the formulation of time domain SFEM for the linear solute transport problem. Later the SFEM is extended for a problem which involve uncertainty of both system parameters and boundary/source conditions. For the flow problem, the randomness in the boundary condition is attributed by the random spatial variation of recharge at the top of the domain. The random recharge is modeled using mean, standard deviation and 2-D spatial correlation function. It is observed that even for the deterministic recharge case, the behavior of prediction uncertainty of concentration in the space is affected significantly due to the variation of flow field. When the effect of randomness of recharge condition is included, the standard deviation of concentration increases further. For solute transport, the concentration input at the source is modeled as a time varying random process. Two types of random source at the source is modeled as a time varying random process. Two types of random source condition are considered, firstly the amount of solute mass released at uniform time interval is random and secondly the source is treated as a Poission process. For the case of multiple random mass releases, the stochastic response function due to stochastic system is obtained by using SFEM. Comparing the results for the two type of random sources, it sis found that the prediction uncertainty is more when it is modeled as a Poisson process. The probabilistic analysis of nonlinear solute transport problem using MCSM is often requires large computational cost. The formulation of the alternative efficient method, SFEM, for nonlinear solute transport problem is presented in chapter 6. A general Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm is considered to model the equilibrium mass transfer between aqueous and sorbed phase. In the SFEM formulation, which uses the Taylor Series expansion, the zeroth-order derivatives of concentration are obtained by solving nonlinear algebraic equation. The higher order derivatives are obtained by solving linear equation. During transport, the nonlinear sorbing solutes is characterized by sharp solute fronts with a traveling wave behavior. Due to this the prediction uncertainty is significantly higher. The comparison of accuracy and computational efficiency of SFEM with MCSM for I-D and 3-D problems, reveals that the performance of SFEM for nonlinear problem is good and similar to the linear problem. In Chapter 7, the nonlinear SFEM is extended for probabilistic analysis of biodegrading solute, which is modeled by a set of PDEs coupled with nonlinear Monod type source/sink terms. In this study the biodegradation problem involves a single solute by a single class of microorganisms coupled with dynamic microbial growth is attempted using this methods. The temporal behavior of mean and standard deviation of substrate concentration are not monotonic, they show peaks before reaching lower steady state value. A comparison between the SFEM and MCSM for the mean and standard deviation of concentration is made for various stochastic cases of the I-D problem. In most of the cases the results compare reasonably well. The analysis of probabilistic behavior of substrate concentration for different correlation coefficient between the physical parameters(hydraulic conductivity, porosity, dispersivity and diffusion coefficient) and the biological parameters(maximum substrate utilization rate and the coefficient of cell decay) is performed. It is observed that the positive correlation between the two sets of parameters results in a lower mean and significantly higher standard deviation of substrate concentration. In the previous chapters, the stochastic analysis pertaining to the prediction uncertainty of concentration has been presented for simple problem where the system parameters are modeled as statistically homogeneous random. The experimental investigations in a small watershed, point towards a complex in geological substratum. It has been observed through the 2-D electrical resistivity imaging that the interface between the layers of high conductive weathered zone and low conductive clay is very irregular and complex in nature. In chapter 8 a theoretical model based on stochastic approach is developed to stimulate the complex geological structure of the weathered zone, using the 2-D electrical image. The statistical parameters of hydraulic conductivity field are estimated using the data obtained from the Magnetic Resonance Sounding(MRS) method. Due to the large complexity in the distribution of weathered zone, the stochastic analysis of seepage flux has been carried out by using MCSM. A batter characterization of the domain based on sufficient experimental data and suitable model of the random conductivity field may help to use the efficient SFEM. The flow domain is modeled as (i) an unstructured random field consisting of a single material with spatial heterogeneity, and (ii) a structured random field using 2-D electrical imaging which is composed of two layers of different heterogeneous random hydraulic properties. The simulations show that the prediction uncertainty of seepage flux is comparatively less when structured modeling framework is used rather than the unstructured modeling. At the end, in chapter 9 the important conclusions drawn from various chapters are summarized.

Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié les fluctuations de courant, l'admittance quantique ainsi que la densité d'états pour un nano système en interaction. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié les fluctuations de courant et l'admittance pour un conducteur unidimensionnel, en décrivant le système par un liquide de Tomonaga-Luttinger. Les techniques de bosonisation et de refermionisation permettent d'avoir des résultats exacts. Ces résultats sont appliqués à un conducteur cohérent couplé à un quantum de résistance, et aux états de bord dans le régime de l'effet Hall quantique fractionnaire. Dans le cas d'un conducteur cohérent, le bruit non symétrisé à fréquence finie exhibe un profil différent de celui de la théorie de la diffusion, et la conductance à fréquence finie est directement liée au courant. Dans le cas des états de bord, nous avons établi une relation entre les corrélations de courant et l'admittance dans certaines limites. En particulier, les singularités qui apparaissent dans les corrélations de courant sont celles de l'admittance. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié un fil quantique connecté à deux réservoirs représentés par deux impuretés. Le système est décrit par un liquide de Tomonaga-Luttinger. Nous avons établi et résolu l'équation de Dyson pour la fonction de Green retardée. Ce qui permet de calculer la densité d'états pour un fil quantique homogène puis inhomogène. Dans le cas d'un paramètre d'interaction homogène, l'effet des impuretés modifie le profil de la densité d'états. Dans le cas d'un paramètre d'interaction inhomogène, le calcul de la densité d'états est plus difficile et une approche numérique est indispensable. / In this thesis we focus on the study of the current fluctuations, quantum admittance and density of states of an interacting nano system. The first part of the thesis is related to the calculation of current fluctuations and admittance for one dimensional conductor. The system is described by a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. The use of bosonization and refermionization procedures allows us to obtain exact results, valuable whatever the value of the applied voltage, for all frequencies and all temperature regimes. Tow cases are studied. In the first one, we consider a coherent conductor coupled to a quantum of resistance. We find that the finite frequency noise behavior differs from that of the scattering theory, and the finite frequency conductance is directly related to the current. In the second case, we study edge states in the fractional quantum Hall regime. We establish a relationship between the current correlations and the admittance in certain limits. Thus, the singularities observed in the current correlations are those of the admittance. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of an interacting quantum wire connected to tow leads modeled as two impurities. The system is described by a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. We derived and solved an exact Dyson equation for a retarded Green function. Than we calculate the density of states in two cases, homogeneous quantum wire, and next inhomogeneous one. The effect of the impurities changes the behavior of the density of states for the homogeneous case. In the case of a position depending interaction parameter, the calculation of the density of states is more difficult and a numerical approach is needed.