ABSTRACT INVESTIGATON OF CHEMOPREVENTIVE PROPERTIES OF URTICA DIOICA L., IN MCF-7 AND MDA231 BREAST CANCER CELL LINES. G&uuml / ler, Elif Ph.D., Biological Sciences Department Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Mesude

published_or_final_version / Anatomy / Master / Master of Philosophy

Prevention of HIV following sexual assault is an important aspect of rape care. This includes taking Post Exposure Prophylaxis for 28 days. The present study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of social and environmental factors that predisposed, promoted and also served as barriers to adherence to post exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection after sexual assault in women in the Eastern Cape Province. The study involved a purposive sample of women who were offered Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) after a sexual assault. Sixteen women were accessed at the Sinawe Referral Centre and participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 16 to 73 years. An interview guide was developed to assist the researcher, and semistructured, in-depth interviews were used to collect data. These women were interviewed at the end of 28 days of taking the prophylactic medication. The data were analyzed inductively using grounded theory. Only three women completed the 28 days of PEP treatment. Participants gave different explanations for why they did not complete the treatment with only four participants returning to the centre for their medication. Some reported having no money for transport; others mentioned deciding to discontinue the medication because of its side-effects. Poor support systems, both within the community and the health services, including the provision of conflicting information also played a role. The study showed that few women were able to complete their PEP medication and knowledge about the service and access to it were the main factors that lead to non-adherence. There is an urgent need for the improvement of PEP services particular in the support to the women during the period of taking the PEP treatment to ensure protection from HIV after a sexual assault. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Subcellular fractionation (together with immunocytochemical localisation studies) showed that the parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei possesses a multicatalytic protease complex (MCPTb). This complex is predominantly cytosolic but some activity is also present in the nuclear fraction. MCP-Tb was isolated from T. b. brucei and compared to the properties of other proteasomes reported in the literature and to the 20S MCP isolated from bovine red blood cells (MCP-rbc). The isolation procedure employed four-steps: anion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose, adsorption chromatography on HA-Ultrogel, molecular exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 and glycerol density gradient sedimentation. The molecular mass of intact MCP-Tb was shown to be smaller than that of MCP-rbc. Separation of the different proteasome subunits by 2D-PAGE showed that MCP-Tb has 12 different polypeptide components compared to the 28 different polypeptide components of MCP-rbc. The N-terminal sequence of an MCP-Tb subunit showed that this subunit did not have any obvious sequence homology with the subunits of proteasomes from other cells. Furthermore, anti-MCP-Tb antibodies (which exhibited the in vitro inhibitory activity of MCP-Tb) did not cross-react with MCP-rbc showing that MCP-Tb and MCP-rbc are antigenically distinct. The basic enzymatic properties of MCP-Tb were fairly typical of other 20S proteasomes. MCP-Tb had multiple peptidase activities (identified as chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and peptidyl glutamylpeptide hydrolase activities) that are characteristic of proteasomes. Furthermore, the characteristics of inhibition by a variety of inhibitors were similar to those of other proteasomes, including MCP-rbc. The activities of 20S proteasomes from most cell types are activated by endogenous high molecular mass complexes such as the bovine 19S complex called PA700. These complexes form end-on associations with the 20S proteasome. However, no endogenous MCP-activator was found in T. b. brucei. Nevertheless, MCP-Tb was activated in an ATP-dependent manner by bovine PA700. Inhibition of the intrinsic phosphatase activity of PA700 inhibited the protease enhancing effect of PA700. Electron microscopic examination of negatively stained MCP-Tb and MCP-rbc showed particles that were morphologically indistinguishable. However, the MCP-Tb also exhibited unique end-on associations between individual units forming long (up to 200 nm) ribbon-like chains. Since access to the active sites of proteasomes occurs through the pores at the end of the complexes, this end-on association, when coupled to our observation of an apparent lack of an endogenous activator, suggests that T. b. brucei may have evolved an alternate mechanism for controlling their proteasome activity. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes nagana in cattle and is a widely used model for human sleeping sickness. The major lysosomal cysteine proteinases (trypanopains) of African trypanosomes may contribute to pathogenesis by degrading proteins in the mammalian bloodstream and also appear to be essential for the viability of T. cruzi and T. congolense. This study describes the first purification to electrophoretic homogeneity of trypanopain-Tb from T. b. brucei and the first reported characterisation of its enzymatic properties. Trypanopain-Tb was purified from bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei by a combination of three phase partitioning (between ammonium sulfate and tertiary butanol), and chromatography on quaternary amine or pepstatin A-Sepharose resins. Trypanopain-Tb was found to be a typical cysteine proteinase, in that it is inhibited by typical cysteine proteinase inhibitors and requires reducing agents for full activity. Trypanopain has cathepsin L-like specificity for synthetic substrates and readily degrades various proteins. In vitro analysis of the kinetics of trypanopain interaction with cystatins suggested that these are likely to inhibit any trypanopain released into the mammalian bloodstream. Furthermore, no trypanopain-like activity was detectable in the blood of infected hosts, so it appears that trypanopain is unlikely to contribute directly to pathogenesis by degrading bloodstream host proteins. Antibodies against a peptide corresponding to a region of the trypanopain active site were produced in rabbits and chickens. Both enzyme activity-enhancing and enzyme activity inhibiting antibodies were produced and these effects varied with the substrate tested. Thus, the in vivo effects of anti-trypanopain antibodies will only become clearly understood once the physiological substrates of trypanopain have been identified. Various cysteine proteinase inhibitors, including peptidyl diazomethylketones, killed cultured bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei. Use of biotinylated derivatives of peptidyl diazomethylketone and fluoromethylketone inhibitors suggested that trypanopain is the likely intracellular target of these inhibitors, indicating that the enzyme is essential for parasite viability. Furthermore, chalcones (a class of reversible cysteine proteinase inhibitors) killed in vitro cultured parasites and also prolonged the life of T. b. brucei-infected mice. Thus, trypanopain-Tb seems to be a possible target for new anti-trypanosomal drugs. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

Submitted by Nelci Antunes de Moura (nelcimoura@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T00:29:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese Nelci final.pdf: 3449766 bytes, checksum: 82850e9746cb84286bf3b3204344f1e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-23T19:39:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_na_dr_bot.pdf: 3449766 bytes, checksum: 82850e9746cb84286bf3b3204344f1e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T19:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_na_dr_bot.pdf: 3449766 bytes, checksum: 82850e9746cb84286bf3b3204344f1e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O ferro heme presente na carne vermelha está associado ao aumento da incidência do câncer colorretal (CCR). O heme pode catalisar a formação de compostos nitrosos e a peroxidação lipídica no lúmen intestinal. No entanto, os efeitos pró-carcinogênicos do heme podem ser inibidos por alguns compostos como os sais de cálcio, clorofila entre outros. Sabe-se que o indol-3-carbinol (I3C), presente nas plantas da família das Brassicas e os simbióticos são compostos promissores na prevenção do câncer de cólon, atuando em via de proliferação, apoptose e modulação da microbiota intestinal. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar os efeitos da ingestão de simbiótico (prebiótico inulina associado ao probiótico Bifidobacterium lactis bb-12) e de I3C, isolados ou em associação sobre o processo de carcinogênese de cólon induzido pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina (DMH) em ratos Wistar alimentados ou não com dieta suplementada com heme. Os animais foram alocados em 9 grupos, os grupos 1 a 8 (n=12) receberam quatro doses de DMH (40 mg/Kg) nas duas semanas iniciais do experimento. Os grupos 1 e 9 (n=12 e 5) receberam ração basal até o final do experimento e os grupos 2 a 8 receberam ração basal suplementada com heme, heme+I3C, heme+simbiótico, heme+I3C+simbiótico, I3C, simbiótico e I3C+simbiótico, respectivamente. A eutanásia ocorreu ao final da 25ª semana. Neste momento foi realizada a coleta do cólon com os respectivos tumores e amostras de fezes do ceco. Em seguida, procedeu-se a medida dos tumores e coleta de amostras para biologia molecular. Após a fixação em formalina tamponada e a retirada dos tumores, realizou-se a contagem de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) pela coloração de azul de metileno. Realizou-se a análise histológica dos tumores e a análise da expressão de 95 genes relacionados a via da carcinogênese colônica, pela técnica Taqman Low Density Array, e a expressão proteica da E-caderina, TGFB1 (Transforming growth factor beta 1) e RAF1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase) por Western Blotting. Foram analisados os índices de proliferação celular e apoptose pelo PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) e caspase 3-clivada, respectivamente, tanto nos cólons como em tumores, e a expressão de β-catenina e E-caderina nos tumores, por imunoistoquímica. Células da linhagem Caco-2 foram incubadas com água fecal extraída das fezes do ceco e submetidas a testes de citotoxicidade e genotoxidade pelos testes do MTT (mitochondrial tetrazolium test) e Cometa, respectivamente. Os dados foram comparados utilizando-se o software Sigma Stat 3.5 e Expression Suíte para expressão gênica. Foi observado aumento significativo no número de criptas aberrantes (CA) no grupo que recebeu heme (G2) quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu apenas ração basal (G1). Redução significativa no número de CA foi observada no grupo que recebeu heme+I3C (G3) e heme+simbiótico (G4) quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu heme (G2). O número de FCA totais com ≥ 9 criptas aberrantes foi significativamente menor no grupo que recebeu heme+simbiótico (G4) quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu heme (G2). Entretanto, aumento significativo no número de tumores com mais de 60 mm3 foi observado no grupo suplementado com heme+I3C+simbiótico (G5), quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu heme (G2). Além disso, foi observado aumento significativo na incidência de tumores invasivos no grupo que recebeu heme+I3C+simbiótico (G5) quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu heme (G2). Os tumores do grupo suplementado com heme+I3C+simbiótico (G5) apresentaram baixa expressão dos genes Cdh1, Tgfb1, Appl1 e alta expressão do Raf1, já os tumores do grupo suplementado com heme +I3C (G3) apresentaram baixa expressão do Cdh1. A água fecal do grupo que recebeu heme (G2) apresentou significativamente maior citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu ração basal (G1). Com relação aos tratamentos, a água fecal do grupo que recebeu heme+I3C (G3) e heme e simbiótico (G4) apresentaram água fecal significativamente com menor potencial genotóxico quando comparada ao grupo que recebeu heme (G2). No entanto, o grupo que recebeu heme+I3C+simbiótico (G5) apresentou aumento significativo na genotoxicidade da água fecal. Dessa forma, concluímos que o heme associado a uma dieta com níveis normais de cálcio não é um potente indutor de FCA, mas aumenta a citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade da água fecal. No entanto, tanto o I3C como o simbiótico reduzem os efeitos citotóxicos/genotóxicos da ingestão de heme. Contudo, a associação do heme+I3C+simbiótico apresentou efeito promotor da carcinogênese de cólon. / Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Hemin iron, which is found in red meat, catalyzes the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and lipid peroxidation end-products in the colon lumen. The procarcinogenic effect of hemin is known to be inhibited by molecules, such as calcium, chlorophyll and others. However, the preventive effect of indole 3-carbinol and synbiotics on colon carcinogenesis remains uninvestigated. The aim of this study was to assess the modifying effects of a synbiotic (inulin+ Bifidobacterium lactis) and/or I3C against dimethylhidrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in hemin-fed male Wistar rats. Nine groups of animals were evaluated. Groups 1–8 received a total of four s.c. DMH injections (40 mg/kg b.w.) over 2 weeks, whereas group 9 was given EDTA solution (vehicle). Two weeks after DMH-initiation, G1 and G9 were fed a basal diet while groups G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7 and G8 received a basal diet containing hemin, hemin+I3C, hemin+synbiotic, hemin+I3C+synbiotic, I3C, synbiotic and I3C+synbiotic, respectively, during 23 weeks. At 25 week, all animals were killed and their colons were removed. Cecal contents were collected to determine fecal water cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (DNA damage) in Caco-2 cells. Colon tumors were measured and samples were collected and stored at -800C. The colons were fixed flat in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and stained with 1.0% methylene blue for classical ACF analysis and quantification. Tumor incidence and multiplicity were assessed after histopathological analysis. Gene and protein expression were determined in tumor samples alone. The total number of aberrant crypts (AC) was significantly higher (p= 0.03) in the hemin group (G2) than in the group fed basal diet (G1). AC number in both hemin+I3C (G3) and hemin+synbiotic (G4) groups was also significantly lower than in the group fed hemin (G2). Tumor volume was higher in the hemin+I3C+ synbiotic (G5) group and invasive adenocarcinoma was more frequent in the hemin+I3C+synbiotic group (G5) than in the group fed hemin (G2). Colon tumor expression analysis showed that in comparison with the group fed hemin (G2), Cdh1, Tgfb1 and Appl1 were downregulated while Raf1 was upregulated in the group hemin+I3C+synbiotic (G5), and Cdh1 was down-regulated in the group hemin+I3C (G3). Fecal water cytotoxicity in the hemin group (G2) was higher than in groups fed basal diet (G1) and hemin+I3C (G3). Fecal water genotoxicity was also significantly higher in the group fed hemin alone (G2) than in the basal diet group (G1), as well as, in groups fed hemin+I3C (G3) and hemin+synbiotics (G4). However, when compared to hemin alone (G2), fecal water from group hemin+I3C+ synbiotics (G5) presented the highest DNA damage levels. Our results suggest that although hemin in a regular-calcium diet was not a powerful ACF promoter, it increased fecal water citotoxicity and genotoxicity. On the other hand, hemin associated with either I3C or synbiotics prevented ACF promotion. Nonetheless, a synergistic interaction among hemin, I3C and synbiotic did promote DMH-induced tumorigenesis. / FAPESP: 2011/23699-4

Elevated level of lipogenic enzymes and overall lipogenesis have been reported in a wide variety of cancers and blocking the lipogenic pathway by chemical inhibitors or RNA interference causes tumor cell death by apoptosis which provides a strong rationale for targeting lipogenic pathway for the treatment and prevention of cancer however the exact role of lipogenesis as a cause, facilitator or consequence is not yet clearly understood. Therefore in this dissertation research, we set up to determine the mechanism of tumor cell death by inhibiting lipogenesis and to determine the role of increased lipogenesis in the breast cancer progression. In the first part of this study, we investigated the status of fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene which is regarded as the key lipogenic gene in fatty acid biosynthetic pathway and is responsible for the synthesis of lipid molecules by facilitating the condensation reaction between acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. We observed that normal breast epithelial cells MCF10A cells have very low level of FAS expression whereas breast cancer cell lines MCF7, MDA MB231 and MDA MB231 LM have significant overexpression. Next, we observed the similar trend of FAS overexpression in breast cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) isolated from the MCF7, MDA MB231 and MDA MB231 LM cell lines using cell surface markers (CD24-/CD44+/ESA+). These cells were previously transplanted into the mammary fat pad of nude mice and the results of our limiting dilution analysis indicate that CSCs had a significantly higher ability of forming breast cancer in the injected animals which explains our rationale to use CSCs in our research. In order to exploit this lipogenic pathway for the treatment and chemoprevention of breast cancer, we then examined the effects of resveratrol on breast cancer cells. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound and has been shown to exhibit cardio-protective as well as anti-neoplastic effects on various types of cancers. However, the exact mechanism of its anti-tumor effect is not clearly defined. We observed that resveratrol significantly reduced the cell viability by inducing apoptosis in parental cells as well as in CSCs. Resveratrol also inhibited mammosphere formation which is an inherent property of CSCs. This inhibitory effect of resveratrol is accompanied by a significant reduction in lipid synthesis which is caused by the down-regulation of the FAS gene followed by up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes, DAPK2 and BNIP3. The activation of apoptotic pathway in the cancer stem-like cells was suppressed by FAS overexpression suggesting that resveratrol-induced apoptosis is indeed through the modulation of FAS-mediated cell survival signaling. Importantly, resveratrol was able to significantly suppress the growth of CSC in an animal model of human breast cancer xenograft without showing apparental toxicity. Taken together, our results indicate that resveratrol is capable of inducing apoptosis in the CSCs through suppression of lipogenesis by modulating FAS expression, which highlights a novel mechanism of anti-tumor effect of resveratrol. Taken together, our results indicate that resveratrol is capable of inducing apoptosis in the cancer stem-like cells through suppression of lipogenesis by modulating FAS expression, which highlights a novel mechanism of anti-tumor effect of resveratrol. In the second part of research, we tried to determine the role of elevated level of lipogenesis in normal to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) progression. For this, we first analyzed the expression profile of various lipogenic genes using an expression microarray and found that CSCs from DCIS.com showed significantly higher level of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and FAS than the normal non-tumorigenic stem-like cells obtained from MCF10A. The result was also confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot as well as in clinical specimens of DCIS by immunohistochemistry. In the next step, we detected that SREBP1, the master regulator of lipogenic genes, is also upregulated in DCIS and further identified that SREBP1 regulates the co-ordinate expression of ACLY, ACC and FAS ultimately resulting in the elevation of lipogenesis. In order to determine the role of SREBP1 overexpression in normal to DCIS transition, we overexpressed the SREBP1 in MCF10A cells which induced a significant increase in the downstream key lipogenic genes ACLY, ACC1 and FAS which resulted in the clear upregulation of total lipid content in the cells. Furthermore, we found that this elevation of lipogenesis in MCF10A-SREBP1 stem-like cells confers proliferative advantage as well as a significant increase in mammosphere forming ability and anchorage independent growth (3D culture). Thus, our results showed a possibility that increased lipogenesis in normal stem-like cells may be responsible for providing oncogenic transformation properties which can be confirmed at least in our in vitro model. We then examined the effects of resveratrol on CSCs sorted from DCIS.com. We found that resveratrol decreased the cell viability and increased apoptosis by reducing the total lipid content by inhibiting the expression of SREBP1 and downstream lipogenic genes. Resveratrol also hindered the stemness of the DCIS CSCs by inhibiting its mammosphere forming ability. When DCIS CSCs were transplanted into mammary fat pad of nude mice which were on resveratrol treatment, we observed that resveratrol significantly suppressed the formation of DCIS by downregulating lipogenic genes and by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes, DAPK2 and BNIP3. Collectively, our results indicate that lipogenic genes SREBP1 co-ordinately regulates the overexpression of ACLY, ACC1 and FAS in DCIS CSCs at an early stage of breast tumorigenesis and thus confer proliferative and survival advantages. Anti-growth effect of resveratrol on DCIS CSCs also provides us with a strong rationale to use this agent for chemo-prevention against DCIS.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_mcc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 1408212 bytes, checksum: c1d67dd20ca622443f0331dff47792b5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A quimioprevenção do câncer é definida como o uso de produtos naturais ou sintéticos para atrasar, bloquear ou reverter o processo de carcinogênese. Produtos naturais apresentam uma diversidade de estruturas químicas que servem de modelo para o desenvolvimento de novos princípios ativos antitumorais e quimiopreventivos. Alcaloides guanidínicos presentes nas folhas de Pterogyne nitens apresentam atividade antitumoral e foram selecionados para os ensaios. O ácido gálico foi escolhido como modelo e seus derivados tiveram atividade quimiopreventiva descrita por ser produto natural antioxidante presente nas folhas de Alchornea glandulosa. Uma coleção de 70 substâncias foi classificada em 6 grupos de acordo com sua estrutura. Derivados de ácidos fenólicos, alcaloides guanidínicos, fenamatos, carvonas, xantonas, flavonas e chalconas preniladas foram avaliadas em ensaios de citotoxicidade por SRB em células MCF-7 e MDA-MB-231, e a atividade quimiopreventiva por meio de indução da enzima quinona-redutase (NQO1) em células Hepa 1c1c7, inibição in vitro de aromatase (CYP19), inibição de NF-κB ativado por TNFα e inibição da produção de NO em células RAW 264.7 estimuladas por LPS. Além disso, alcaloides guanidínicos nitensidina A (NTA), nitensidina B (NTB) e nitensidina T (NTT) foram avaliados pelo ensaio de MTT e a indução de apoptose por coloração com Hoechst 33342 e iodeto de propídio, ambos em células HepG2. A genotoxicidade do ácido gálico (GA) e galato de metila (G1) foi avaliada em células HepG2 pelo ensaio do cometa. GA e G1 apresentaram inibição de NF-κB (CI50 = 19,8 μM e 12,1 μM, respectivamente), sendo que GA provocou quebras de DNA significantes (P < 0,05) nas concentrações de 12 μM e 40 μM verificados pelo ensaio do cometa. Galato de propila (G3) e galato de butila... / Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural or synthetic products to delay, block or reverse the carcinogenesis process. Natural products presents a diversity of chemical structures that serve as template for the development of new active antitumor and chemopreventive agents. Guanidine alkaloids from the leaves of Pterogyne nitens have antitumor activity and were selected for the assays. Gallic acid, an antioxidant natural product present in the leaves of Alchornea glandulosa, was selected as template and its derivatives chemopreventive activity is reported. A collection of 70 compounds were classified into six groups according to their structure. Phenolic acid derivatives, guanidine alkaloids, fenamates, carvones, xanthones, prenylated flavones and chalcones were evaluated in cytotoxicity assays through SRB in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, and chemopreventive activity by means of quinone-reductase (NQO1) induction in Hepa 1c1c7 cell line, in vitro aromatase (CYP19) inhibition, TNFα-activated NF-κB inhibition and NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Guanidine alkaloids nitensidine A (NTA), nitensidine B (NTB) and nitensidine T (NTT) were evaluated through MTT assay and apoptosis induction with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide stain, both in HepG2 cell line. Genotoxicity of gallic acid (GA) and methyl gallate (G1) was evaluated in HepG2 cells by the comet assay. GA and G1 presented NF-κB inhibition (IC50 = 19.8 μM and 12.1 μM, respectively), and it resulted in significant (P < 0.05) DNA strand breaks at 12 μM and 40 μM as verified by the comet assay. Propyl gallate (G3) and butyl gallate (G4) inhibited NO production (IC50 = 7.9 μM e 2.0 μM, respectively). Butyl gallate and pentyl gallate (G5) inhibited CYP19 in approximately 60% at 90 μM, allowing a structure-activity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 monfre_erm_me_arafcf.pdf: 1147104 bytes, checksum: 534bfc5215b124d9a99b52e9e8577b57 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O câncer cervical é um problema de saúde pública mundial, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento representando 12% de todos os tipos de neoplasias malignas que acometem as mulheres, configurando a segunda neoplasia ginecológica mais freqüente no mundo. Estudos epidemiológicos e moleculares demonstram a forte associação entre a etiologia do câncer cervical associado à infecção pelo HPV, especialmente para os tipos de alto risco oncogênico (HP-V16 e HPV-18). A cancerologia experimental, utilizando cultura de células, é de grande valia para se estudar os diversos aspectos relacionados aos processos neoplásicos cervicais. Alguns fármacos usados na quimioterapia são oriundas de espécies vegetais ou derivadas de um protótipo natural. Os produtos naturais têm contribuído intensamente para o desenvolvimento da terapêutica moderna. A quimioprevenção envolve o uso de substâncias naturais ou sintéticas para reduzir o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer. Por esta razão, o presente estudo foi inserido no Projeto de Bioprospecção BIOTA-FAPESP para a avaliação de dois compostos isolados da planta Pterogyne nitens, uma planta com conhecida atividade citotóxica, antioxidante e antifúngica que está distribuída do sudeste ao sul do Brasil, principalmente na Mata Atlântica e no Cerrado. No presente estudo, o potencial inflamatório, antitumoral e quimiopreventor de pteroginina e pteroginidina foram estudados em cultura de células normais e tumorais de câncer cervical (HeLa, SiHa e C33A), queratinócito normal de pele (HaCaT), corioncarcinoma (JEG-3), hepatocarcinoma murino (Hepa1c1c7) e hepatocarcinoma murino mutado (TAOc1BPrc1). Portanto foram realizados ensaios de citotoxicidade por MTT, de determinação de citocinas: IL1-β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ por ELISA, da atividade antitumoral... / Cervical cancer is a public health problem worldwide, mainly in developing countries, representing 12% of all types of malignancies that affect women, and the second common gynecologic malignancy in the world. Molecular and epidemiological research showed a strong association between infection, with HPV, especially high-risk HPV, and the etiology and progression of cervical cancer. Cell culture based on experimental oncology is valuable for study of various features of neoplasic processes. Several drugs used in chemotherapy were isolated from plants species or derived from a natural prototype. Natural products have contributed to the development of modern therapeutics. Chemoprevention involves the use of natural or synthetic substances to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Thus, this study, Bioprospecting Project BIOTA-FAPESP was aimed at assessing two compounds from Pterogyne nitens, a plant with known antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities, is distributed from southeast to southern Brazil, mainly in the Forest Atlantic and Cerrado biomes. The anti-inflammatory, antitumor and quimiopreventor potentials of the compounds pterogynine and pterogynidine was studied in normal and tumor cell lines: cervical cancer (HeLa, SiHa and C33A), normal skin keratinocytes (HaCaT), chorioncarcionoma (JEG-3), murine hepatocellular carcinoma (Hepa 1c1c7) and mutated murine hepatocellular carcinoma (TAOc1BPrc1). These compounds were assesmet for of cytotoxicity (MTT), determination of inflammatory cytokines IL1-β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ (ELISA), antitumor activity with sHLA-G molecule (ELISA) and chemoprevention with quinone reductase (QR). The results showed that both tested compounds exhibited high concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to the three cervical carcinoma cell... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Christiane Pienna Soares / Banca: Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva / Banca: Denise Coutinho Endringer / Banca: Raquel Alves dos Santos / Banca: Massuo Jorge Kato / Resumo: A quimioprevenção do câncer é definida como o uso de produtos naturais ou sintéticos para atrasar, bloquear ou reverter o processo de carcinogênese. Produtos naturais apresentam uma diversidade de estruturas químicas que servem de modelo para o desenvolvimento de novos princípios ativos antitumorais e quimiopreventivos. Alcaloides guanidínicos presentes nas folhas de Pterogyne nitens apresentam atividade antitumoral e foram selecionados para os ensaios. O ácido gálico foi escolhido como modelo e seus derivados tiveram atividade quimiopreventiva descrita por ser produto natural antioxidante presente nas folhas de Alchornea glandulosa. Uma coleção de 70 substâncias foi classificada em 6 grupos de acordo com sua estrutura. Derivados de ácidos fenólicos, alcaloides guanidínicos, fenamatos, carvonas, xantonas, flavonas e chalconas preniladas foram avaliadas em ensaios de citotoxicidade por SRB em células MCF-7 e MDA-MB-231, e a atividade quimiopreventiva por meio de indução da enzima quinona-redutase (NQO1) em células Hepa 1c1c7, inibição in vitro de aromatase (CYP19), inibição de NF-κB ativado por TNFα e inibição da produção de NO em células RAW 264.7 estimuladas por LPS. Além disso, alcaloides guanidínicos nitensidina A (NTA), nitensidina B (NTB) e nitensidina T (NTT) foram avaliados pelo ensaio de MTT e a indução de apoptose por coloração com Hoechst 33342 e iodeto de propídio, ambos em células HepG2. A genotoxicidade do ácido gálico (GA) e galato de metila (G1) foi avaliada em células HepG2 pelo ensaio do cometa. GA e G1 apresentaram inibição de NF-κB (CI50 = 19,8 μM e 12,1 μM, respectivamente), sendo que GA provocou quebras de DNA significantes (P < 0,05) nas concentrações de 12 μM e 40 μM verificados pelo ensaio do cometa. Galato de propila (G3) e galato de butila... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural or synthetic products to delay, block or reverse the carcinogenesis process. Natural products presents a diversity of chemical structures that serve as template for the development of new active antitumor and chemopreventive agents. Guanidine alkaloids from the leaves of Pterogyne nitens have antitumor activity and were selected for the assays. Gallic acid, an antioxidant natural product present in the leaves of Alchornea glandulosa, was selected as template and its derivatives chemopreventive activity is reported. A collection of 70 compounds were classified into six groups according to their structure. Phenolic acid derivatives, guanidine alkaloids, fenamates, carvones, xanthones, prenylated flavones and chalcones were evaluated in cytotoxicity assays through SRB in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, and chemopreventive activity by means of quinone-reductase (NQO1) induction in Hepa 1c1c7 cell line, in vitro aromatase (CYP19) inhibition, TNFα-activated NF-κB inhibition and NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Guanidine alkaloids nitensidine A (NTA), nitensidine B (NTB) and nitensidine T (NTT) were evaluated through MTT assay and apoptosis induction with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide stain, both in HepG2 cell line. Genotoxicity of gallic acid (GA) and methyl gallate (G1) was evaluated in HepG2 cells by the comet assay. GA and G1 presented NF-κB inhibition (IC50 = 19.8 μM and 12.1 μM, respectively), and it resulted in significant (P < 0.05) DNA strand breaks at 12 μM and 40 μM as verified by the comet assay. Propyl gallate (G3) and butyl gallate (G4) inhibited NO production (IC50 = 7.9 μM e 2.0 μM, respectively). Butyl gallate and pentyl gallate (G5) inhibited CYP19 in approximately 60% at 90 μM, allowing a structure-activity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor