The Master Thesis is focused on potential consequences of toll implication for vehicles under 3,5 tonnes. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate these consequences and propose a recommendation to the government whether to imply the toll or not. Quantitative research methods in a form of questionnaire were used in order to estimate the potential consequences of 0,4 CZK per km toll for vehicles under 3,5 tonnes. Moreover, was analysed the publicly accessible data of transportation, car accidents and deaths on roads in case of the Czech Republic. Theoretical part is focused on the currently used system on highways, the history of highways, system used in European countries and aspects of cost-benefit analysis. Three frequently used highways were examined in the practical part of this paper. A numerous of calculations were used in order to quantify all possible costs of toll implication. Toll implication costs and additional costs that arise due to avoiding expensive highways by some drivers represented the main aim of these calculations. Conclusion of this paper sums up key points of this paper and points out possible negative consequences of toll implication.

The work describes problems of creating CBA. The theoretical part of the work defines the CBA, its drawbacks and strengths. An important part of it is a different view of economic orientations to the CBA. The work also deals with the current institutional situation that determines the obligation of drawing up the CBA for the selected projects seeking public support. The aim of this work is to evaluate the production of any obligation of the CBA. For this purpose, will be used as well interviews with experts.

This diploma work analytically examines data resources and conditions for the implementation of an electronic identifier for an insured person in the Czech Republic with relation to the Europian Union. It describes the concept of a single electronic identification method and the possibilities for the utilization of different technologies and extreme situations that may arise in connection with the deficiencies of the judicial code, that would clearly work manipulation with the personal data, its security and access to it. Here compared in this work are the merits and disadvantages of the implementation or adversely the non-implementation of the electronic identifier via a cost-benetfit analysis that gives an answer to the economic question about the implementation of the project, and also describes the benefits for each group of beneficiaries.

The goal of the diploma thesis Evaluation of the effectiveness of public projects Cost Benefit Analysis is an application of obtained theoretical knowledge from analysis of costs and benefits on specific public project the construction of water supply and sewerage system in the city Kamenice. The introduction of the theoretical part begins with the definition of public sector, public finance, public project and describes methods of evaluation of public projects. In the next chapter of the theoretical part is dedicated in detail process of Cost Benefit Analysis. The practical part of thesis is about applying Cost Benefit analysis on a specific project from area of environment Kamenice: Water supply and sewerage system. On this real project will be analyzed the costs and benefits and after this analyse it will be possible to say if applicant held a methodology of CBA and if project is beneficial for public. The methods used in developing the topic of this diploma thesis is a literary review, descriptions, analysis, interviews, results of empirical investigations and an imperical synthesis of learned facts.

Social discounting aims to compare the respective future consequences of differing courses of action for human well-being, and so to help decide on policies for matters as varied as climate change, transport and criminal justice. Social discounting is widely used, though some decisions are too trivial, or too urgent, for it to be justified. Even so, its pervasive use is at variance with scepticism about its moral foundations, and about whether the comparisons that it claims to make can be made at all. Debate has, however, concentrated on how, rather than on whether, social discounting should be done and the conditions upon which it must be based seem never to have been set out systematically. This thesis aims to fill that gap, by explaining the moral and practical conditions that must be met for social discounting to be justified. The conditions are demanding. It behoves policy makers to satisfy themselves more carefully than is now done that the conditions are met in respect of the decisions where use of social discounting is proposed, and to consider alternatives where one or more conditions is not met. The thesis takes for granted that human well-being counts morally. But social discounting requires that well-being is capable of being described through an objective list of desiderata and that some aspect of well-being is measurable, at least on a cardinal scale and inter-personally, implying commensurabilities amongst some of the things comprising or contributing to well-being. Some moral theories incorporate priorities, such as property rights or the interests of poor people. Priorities range from easy to meet to very difficult. Priorities of the latter type are inconsistent with social discounting, and are the basis for theories as varied as those of Nozick and Nussbaum. This thesis suggests that the theories consistent with social discounting may collectively be called ‘moderate welfarism’. Moderate welfarism allows room for priorities and other moral considerations provided only that the monetisable aspect of social well-being is morally important. Moderate welfarism is necessary but not sufficient for social discounting to be justifiable. Practical difficulties may make it incapable of implementation. One such difficulty is the well-known epistemic problem, but the thesis sets out nine such difficulties, each implying a condition that must be met if social discounting is to be capable of practical use. The thesis concludes that the moral and practical conditions that must be met for social discounting to be justified are demanding and, more speculatively, that some of the conditions are not widely understood leading to inappropriate use of the technique by governments.

The objective of the thesis is - with the aid of cost benefit analysis - evaluate economic impacts of planned amendment to Regulation of the Government No. 148/2006 Coll. On Health Protection from Adverse Effects of Noise and Vibration, namely based on the case of specific road track. Amendment to Regulation is aimed at making existing noise limits softer (to increase them) and thus to bring about savings in investment cost connected with anti-noise measures. The thesis intends to use a single case study to find out whether benefits resulting from price reduction in the process of road construction are higher than costs in the form of decrease of welfare caused by the higher noise exposition; alternatively at what period savings in costs connected with road construction equal to decrease in welfare (savings in costs are one-off, while increase in noise exposition and related drop in welfare are long-term). Estimated changes in welfare are based on analysis of secondary sources -- first of all on the study of traffic externalities in the Czech republic conducted by contingent valuation method. The actual core of the thesis is cost benefit analysis. Attention is paid also to broader discussion on experience in providing exceptions from noise limits in the Czech Republic.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the cost of treatment of cataracts. The intention is to compare cataract surgery by phacoemulsification by ultrasonic method and by laser method and by using a cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the effective treatment from three perspectives - patient, medical equipment and insurance. To calculate the subjective benefits of the operation the patient is using the method of VF-14, which is a tool for transferring benefits to financial units.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-17T15:08:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) CUSTO UTILIDADE DA INSULINA GLARGINA E NPH REV 4.pdf: 871032 bytes, checksum: 61243dd09cce2d9260cb9239a873d2ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T15:08:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) CUSTO UTILIDADE DA INSULINA GLARGINA E NPH REV 4.pdf: 871032 bytes, checksum: 61243dd09cce2d9260cb9239a873d2ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-31 / INTRODUÇÃO: O Diabetes Mellitus é um transtorno metabólico, caracterizado por hiperglicemia. É considerada condição sensível à Atenção Primária, tendo impacto por reduzir ou retardar as complicações da doença. A reposição de insulina para o diabete mellitus tipo 2 é indicada quando somente mudanças no estilo de vida associados a hipoglicemiante oral forem insuficientes para obter controle glicêmico. OBJETIVOS: Determinar o custo-utilidade da insulina glargina e insulina NPH para o tratamento de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos no Sistema Único de Saúde do Município de Recife – PE. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada comparação da categoria custos médicos diretos de duas intervenções terapêuticas indicadas para o tratamento do diabete mellitus tipo 2. A avaliação de custo-utilidade foi realizada a partir da perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi considerado um horizonte analítico de 10 anos. Os dados coletados foram de fontes secundárias, de sistema de informação em saúde, dados dos relatórios emitidos nos sistemas de informatização das Farmácias do Recife e da Farmácia do Estado de Pernambuco e fontes da literatura. Para a análise de decisão, foram consideradas as hipoglicemias noturnas e não noturnas graves e não graves. RESULTADOS: O indivíduo médio, representante de Pernambuco, apresenta 8,7 anos de diagnóstico do DM2, recebem aproximadamente 14,4 frascos de insulina NPH ou Glargina ao ano, dados estes, utilizados na probabilidade de transição. Para o cenário das complicações agudas, o custo do usuário foi calculado para 2013: sem complicação em uso da insulina NPH foi de R$ 1.237,95 e para insulina Glargina R$ 4.935,42. Foi considerado 12 episódios de hipoglicemia noturna grave ao ano. A redução de risco de hipoglicemia para pacientes em uso da insulina Glargina é de 50,9% apresentando cinco episódios ao ano. A razão de custo incremental (RCEI) do presente estudo, indica um valor agregado adicionado de R$ 12.987,4892 por AVAQ ganho a cada ano de tratamento com a insulina glargina em relação a NPH. CONCLUSÕES: Houve redução de episódio de hipoglicemia noturna grave da insulina glargina comparado com a insulina NPH. Os dados apresentados não permite afirmar qual da intervenção é mais efetiva, apenas mostra que a insulina glargina tem um maior custo-utilidade e um custo médico direto maior. Os custos incrementais e os benefícios alcançados em anos de vidas ganhos produziu uma Razão de R$ 12.987,4892 ao ano para a insulina glargina. Diante das incertezas acerca da efetividade das insulinas analisadas, faz-se necessário a realização de estudos aprofundados entre estas intervenções terapêuticas. / INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. It is considered sensitive to Primary Health Care, considering its impacting to reduce or delay complications of the disease. Replacement of insulin for diabetes mellitus type 2 is indicated only when changes in lifestyle associated with oral hypoglycemic agents are insufficient to obtain glycemic control. OBJECTIVES: To determine the cost-utility of insulin glargine and NPH insulin for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated at the Unified Health System of the Municipality of Recife - Pernambuco. METHODS: We compared the direct medical costs of category two therapeutic interventions indicated for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 was performed Assessment of cost-utility analysis was performed from the perspective of the Health System was considered an analytic horizon of 10 years.. The data were collected from secondary sources of health information system data reports issued in the computerization of Pharmacies and Pharmacy Recife Pernambuco State and literature sources systems. For decision analysis, were considered nocturnal hypoglycemia and nocturnal not serious and not serious. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The average individual, representative of Pernambuco, has 8.7 years of diagnosis of T2DM, receive approximately 14.4 vials of NPH or glargine per year, these data are used in the transition probability. For the setting of acute complications, the user cost was calculated for 2013: Uncomplicated in use NPH insulin was R$ 1,237.95 and R$ 4,935.42 insulin glargine. Was considered 12 episodes of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia per year. The reduced risk of hypoglycemia for patients on insulin glargine is 50.9% with five episodes per year. The ratio of incremental cost (ICER) of this study, indicates a value added of R$ 12,987.4892 per QALY gained every year of treatment with insulin glargine compared to NPH. CONCLUSION: There was a reduction of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia episode of insulin glargine compared with NPH insulin. The data presented allows not say which intervention is most effective, just shows that insulin glargine has a higher utility cost and a direct medical cost higher. Incremental costs and benefits achieved gains in years of life produced a ratio of R$ 12.987,4892 year to insulin glargine. Given the uncertainties about the effectiveness of insulin analyzed, it is necessary to conduct in-depth studies of these therapeutic interventions.

The application of retrofit options to existing heritage buildings has become one of the most interesting topics in construction. In Victoria, BC, Canada, only 4% of commercial or institutional heritage buildings have been upgraded to current building codes in the last 10 years. Remaining 96% buildings exist with poor energy performance characteristics and a risk to occupant safety in the event of a damaging earthquake. This study investigates the importance and benefits of simultaneous energy and seismic retrofitting of existing heritage buildings. It presents a case study for a building with identifiable heritage value, located in Victoria, BC, Canada, and analyzes five feasible options in terms of energy retrofitting and presents a solution for both seismic and energy upgrading. To this aim, the energy retrofit options are compared based on the amount of saved energy, annual heating demand and estimated costs. The seismic solution is designed based on the weakness and needs of the building, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, the best solution is selected for a building that dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. This study shows that the integration of energy and seismic retrofitting of heritage buildings provides economic benefits to owners while improving energy savings and building safety. / Graduate / 2021-08-31

As urban greening efforts continue, it is important to assess whether decisions to intensify street tree planting are meeting intended goals of improving urban canopy cover and increasing ecosystem services. Benefits of the urban forest take many forms, from ecological and economic to social and cultural, and are frequently cited in support of street tree planting. However, it is unknown to what extent factors such as species or nursery production method affect the ability of trees to successfully establish and provide ecosystem services in the urban environment. Using a system of oak trees planted along roads in South Amherst, Massachusetts during spring 2014, growth in caliper at six inches, diameter at breast height, and total tree height from fall 2014 to fall 2018 were modeled to determine whether species and/or nursery production method influenced street tree establishment and growth. Economic benefits were examined using a novel approach, whereby the breakeven point of costs and returns in ecosystem services was identified. Results indicated that both species and nursery production method influenced the success of these trees, which provided a return on investment by year 2018, in terms of both growth and benefits provided. This information is relevant to tree wardens and others tasked with street tree planning and maintenance, who must work within the confines of limited budgets in an environment that poses many challenges for trees.