Tvångsmässig shopping, compulsive buying, är en störning som innebär att individen har svårigheter att motstå shoppingimpulser. I huvudsak är det kvinnor som uppvisar tvångsmässig shopping och genomsnittsåldern är 30-31 år. Det finns dock forskningsresultat som tyder på att genus- och åldersskillnaderna minskar (Dittmar, 2005). Tvångsmässiga shoppare har också framträdande materialistiska värderingar och/eller svårigheter att reglera känslor visar separata studier. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationen mellan tvångsmässig shopping, materialistiska värderingar och emotionsregleringsförmåga i en och samma studie. Tre etablerade mätinstrument användes i studien. Deltagarna, 136 varav 94 kvinnor,var huvudsakligen studenter vid Mälardalens högskola. Resultatet visade dessutom att kvinnor tvångsshoppar mer. Det fanns inget signifikant samband mellan tvångsmässig shopping och ålder. Studien visade att tvångsmässig shopping var signifikant relaterat till både materialistiska värderingar och bristande emotionsregleringsförmåga oberoende av varandra. Framtida forskning bör testa ytterligare hur emotionsreglering och materialistiska värderingar tillsammans eller var för sig producerar tvångsshopping.

<p>The effect of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training on experimental measures of attention and emotion regulation was assessed. Two laboratory based measures of attention and emotion regulation were employed. Amongst a number of hypotheses, the effect of MBSR on return to emotional baseline was assessed. Analyses indicated that MBSR training had no effect on physiological indices of emotion regulation. Self-report measures indicated that MBSR training led to faster return to baseline negative emotional experience following a stressor. Implications and future directions are discussed.</p> / Dissertation

<p>In most aspects of music--e.g., tempo, intensity, and rhythm--the emotional coloring of a melody is due at least in part to physical imitation of the characteristics of emotional expression in human behavior. Thus excited, happy melodies are fast and loud, with syncopated rhythms, whereas subdued sad melodies are slow and quiet, with more even rhythms. The tonality of a melody (e.g. major or minor) also conveys emotion, but unlike other aspects of music, the basis for its affective impact is not clear. This thesis examines the hypothesis that different collections of musical tones are associated with specific emotions because they mimic the natural relationship between emotion and tonality present in the human voice. To evaluate this possibility, I have conducted acoustical analyses on databases of music and speech drawn from a variety of cultures, and compared the tonal characteristics of emotional expression between these two forms of social communication. I find that: (1) the melodic characteristics of music and the prosodic characteristics of speech co-vary when examined across cultures; (2) the principal tonal characteristics of melodies composed in tonalities associated with positive/excited emotion and negative/subdued emotion are much the same in different cultures; (3) cross-cultural tonal similarities in music parallel cross-cultural tonal similarities in vocal expression; and (4) the tonal characteristics of emotional expression in the voice convey distinct emotions, thereby accounting for the specificity of emotional association in musical tonality. These findings, and the implausibility of alternative explanations that could account for them, suggest that the affective impact of musical tonality derives from mimicry of the tonal characteristics of vocalization in different emotional states.</p> / Dissertation

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of elementary school students¡¦ positive emotion and assess the similarity and difference among different background students while they attending this quasi-experimental study. A nonequivalent pretest-posttest design was conducted on this study. The experimental group students who were taught by 9-weeks of ¡§Inquiry Teaching¡¨; on the other hand, the control group students who were taught by the traditional teaching method. During the beginning and end of courses, all participants conducted investigator-developed instrument ¡§Elementary School Students Positive Emotion Scale¡¨. In addition, 6 target students with more improvement scores on the post-test of positive emotion scale were recruited a follow-up interview for finding the effects of inquiry teaching project. Independent-samples t-test, paired-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA were conducted for comparing the similarity and differences between two groups. A theme content analysis was conducted to analyze the qualitative data. The major findings are as follows: 1.After the use of ¡§Inquiry Teaching¡¨, the experimental group students¡¦ self-confidence score is significantly higher than the control group¡¦s. 2.The experimental group students¡¦ ¡§self-confidence¡¨ score is significantly higher than ¡§optimistic¡¨ or ¡§gratitude¡¨. 3.The experimental group moderate academic achievers present significantly more improvement on self-confidence than those of the highest academic achievers. According to those significant findings, educational recommendations and suggestions are also provided toward teachers and researchers who can discussfurther .

In this thesis, a chorus detection and an emotion detection algorithm for popular music are proposed. First, a popular music is decomposed into chorus and verse segments based on its color representation and MFCCs (Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients). Four features including intensity, tempo and rhythm regularity are extracted from these structured segments for emotion detection. The emotion of a song is classified into four classes of emotions: happy, angry, depressed and relaxed via two classification methods. One is back-propagation neural network classifier and the other is Adaboost classifier. A test database consisting of 350 popular music songs is utilized in our experiment. Experimental results show that the average recall and precision of the proposed chorus detection are approximated to 95% and 84%, respectively; the average precision rate of emotion detection is 86% for neural network classifier and 92% for Adaboost classifier. The emotions of a song with different cover versions are also detected in our experiment. The precision rate is 92%.

In the organization environment, supervisor is the most closely person in subordinates' working interpersonal network. Supervisors and subordinates have different responsibility in the organization. In order to make subordinates complete task successfully, supervisors usually have the important mission to motivate subordinates behaviors. From the past research results shows that subordinates perceived supervisor support will affect job satisfaction, job involvement, job performance,etc. Therefore how to make subordinates feel supervisors' care, trust and support, which usually is an important key to open subordinates' inner mind. It's also that this research want to discuss subject. This research use the critical incident method to interview different seniority subordinates to understand supervisor¡¦s support / non support behavior , subordinates' emotions, follow-up reaction, and what opinion about supervisor .It also intersect analyse the correlation between behavior, reaction and opinion. Summarized the results of this research, the following conclusions as below, 1. When subordinates perceived supervisor support, whatever emotion, reaction and opinion about supervisor are all positive, active and affirmative. On the contrary , when subordinates perceived supervisor not support, it will increase turnover intention. 2.When subordinates perceived supervisor not support, their emotion and behavior are not consistent. Subordinates easily have emotional labor. 3.Junior subordinates have more positive reaction than senior subordinates to face supervisor not support behavior even they have negative emotions Finally, the discussion of the research results, this study understand what supervisor support behaviors that subordinates concerned. That also can motivate subordinates¡¦ behavior in their work or organization environment. On the other hand, we can also know supervisor not support behaviors will bring negative effect. This study can give supervisor behavior reference to manage their staff in the organization and contribute to enhance the relationship between supervisors and subordinates and organizational development.

Highly affective memories have been thought to be longer lasting and more detailed than other memories, and many experimental results have supported this assertion. The apparent robustness of these memories, however, may result from their high distinctiveness, rather than their emotional content. Two experiments tested free and cued recall for negative affect, distinctive, and neutral paragraphs. Experiment 1 compared neutral and negative affect paragraphs using a blocked and recovered memory technique. Affective paragraphs were remembered significantly better than neutral paragraphs in free recall of paragraph titles, regardless of condition. Details of neutral paragraphs were remembered significantly better than affective paragraphs, regardless of condition. No recovery effect was found. Experiment 2 compared distinctive and neutral paragraphs using the same technique. Free recall of paragraph titles did not differ between paragraph types. Neutral paragraphs were remembered better than distinctive paragraphs in cued recall, regardless of condition. Participants remembered significantly more with cued recall, and significantly more in the forget condition, and distinctive paragraphs were subject to a much greater forgetting effect than neutral paragraphs. It is unclear why a robust forgetting effect, using these stimuli, was not found. Consistent with previous literature, affective stimuli were remembered well, but inconsistently, distinctive stimuli were not. These results provide support for the claim that negative affect memories are more robust than other memories. This may result from their inherent emotional content as opposed to their being distinctive in some way.

Research has found that positive affect broadens attention. However, the type of positive affect previously manipulated has been low in approach motivation. High approach-motivated positive affect should reduce the breadth of attention, as organisms shut out irrelevant perceptions and cognitions while they approach and attempt to acquire desired objects. Three studies examined the attentional consequences of approach-motivated positive affect states. Consistent with predictions, participants showed less global attentional focus after viewing approach-motivating positive pictures as compared to neutral pictures (Studies 1 and 2). Specifically, Study 1 used approach-motivating pictures of appetitive desserts, while Study 2 used pictures of cute animals. Neutral pictures were of varying neutral objects. Study 3 manipulated both affect and approach motivation. Less global focus was found for participants who viewed the approach-motivating pictures and had the expectancy to obtain the items as compared to other participant groups. The results indicate that high approach-motivated positive affect reduces the breadth of attentional focus, in contrast to the broadening of attentional focus that has been found with low approach-motivated positive affect.

The goal of the present investigation was to explore the effects of automatic emotion regulation on the desirability bias. The desirability bias is the tendency to believe that one will experience desirable outcomes and not experience undesirable outcomes. Previous research has demonstrated that the desirability bias is due to affective reactions to potential events. Further, deliberate emotion regulation has been shown to reduce the desirability bias. The present investigation explored whether the desirability bias can be reduced by priming a nonconscious goal to regulate emotion before experience of affective reactions to an event. Participants were primed to either express or regulate their emotions before playing a game of chance where cards could result in positive, negative or neutral outcomes. Results showed that the method of priming emotion regulation or expression did not effectively elicit nonconscious goals. Because the manipulation was not effective, the effect of automatic emotion regulation on the desirability bias could not be examined and there was no effect of the prime on bias. Despite the failed manipulation, the findings are still beneficial to the desirability bias literature in that they demonstrate a clear desirability bias in participants' predictions with the use of a within-subjects design. A follow up study using a stronger prime of regulation to test the influence of automatic emotion regulation in reducing the desirability bias is discussed.

Consumers¡¦ misbehaviors are common in service settings today. Therefore, the traditional idea of ¡§customers first¡¨ should be challenged. Besides, the scholars are paying more and more attention on the problems and effects comes from ¡§Jaycustomers¡¨. However, there was lack of discussion on ¡§Jaycustomer behaviors¡¨ through experimental research. As a result, this research focuses on Jaycustomer¡¦s characteristics, which including the perceived severity and size, and focuses on service provider¡¦s intervention behavior. And the research purpose is finding out that if the perceived severity of Jaycustomer behaviors and the Jaycustomer¡¦s size have effects on other customers¡¦ emotional state. Furthermore, this research also aims to understand the influence of service provider¡¦s intervention to customers¡¦ emotions, satisfaction, and WOM. This research reports an experimental design in the context of coffee shop with eight (2¡Ñ2¡Ñ2) scenarios. Two hundred and nineteen questionnaires were gathered. According to the gathered data, the conclusions of this research are summarized as following: 1. Different Jaycutomer behaviors will make people have different perceived severities. And higher perceived severity of Jaycustomer behaviors makes lower degree of customers¡¦ positive emotions and higher degree of negative emotions. 2. When Jaycustomer¡¦s size is getting higher, other customers will have more negative emotions. 3. Customers being in the same service settings or having eye contact with Jaycustomers, even without physical contact, will still be affected by them. 4. Service provider¡¦s intervention will raise other customers¡¦ positive emotions and lower their negative emotions. Consumers¡¦ positive emotions with intervention will be higher than the positive emotions with no intervention. And consumers¡¦ negative emotions will be lower than the negative emotions without intervention. 5. When consumers have higher positive emotions or lower negative emotions, they will more satisfy with the service, and they will have more positive WOM behaviors.