This paper explores the phenomenon of suburbanization. The paper examines the small village Jirny and the influence of population migration on its evolution. In the theoretical part the paper explains the concept of suburbanization, negative effects of suburbanization and other related concepts. The empirical part describes demographic evolution of the village and specific fields that were or could be effected by the increasing number of new residents. For that purpose the paper chooses case study design and method of framework analysis or triangulation. One of the outcomes is SWOT analysis. Conclusion and recommendation are based on the survey results.

1 Abstract The submitted diploma thesis evaluates the migration movements of the population in the rural area of the Czech Republic in the period 1992 and 2018. The aim of the work is to evaluate the modern development of internal migration of rural settlements in terms of the size of migration flows and to determine the main migration directions to and from the Czech countryside. The evaluation of the size and structure of migration flows was based on the analysis of data from a non-public database on internal migration, which contains almost six million cases of intra-state migration for the given period. These data were first aggregated on the basis of the affiliation of the municipality of eviction and the municipality of immigration to rural areas of the administrative districts of municipalities with an authorized municipal office. The results, which are presented in graphical and map form, show that the countryside is gaining population through internal migration. The results of the analysis showed that the situation is very diversed. The highest rates of migration indicators are reported by defined rural administrative districts of municipalities with an authorized municipal office in the vicinity of large cities, primarily Prague, and the lowest in border areas. Based on the performed analyses of...

The purposes of this study are to examine migration disparities in primary, onward, and return migration by Hispanics, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white and to inspect the differences among the various types of migration. In addition, this study explores explanations of the migration disparities. These have been rarely studied because of a lack of proper migration data. This research employs the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) for a logistic regression of primary migration and for a hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) of the two types of repeat migration, namely onward and return. The results demonstrate that whites are more likely to make primary and onward migrations compared to blacks and Hispanics. But, with return migration, significant differences between whites and other minorities are not found. With respect to the contributors or explanations, this study indicates that the racial/ethnic migration disparities are not explained by socioeconomic status as opposed to explanations by human capital perspectives. The racial/ethnic disparities in migrations seem to be produced by discrimination and an unequal distribution of opportunities. Return migration presents several interesting different patterns compared with the other type migrations, including the effects of age and educational attainment. For return migration, old and less educated individuals have higher odds, showing reversed pattern of total, primary, and onward migration. The findings seem to indicate that different characteristics are involved in different types of migration.

This dissertation consists of three chapters concerning topics in economic history and labor economics. The first chapter studies how the 1906 San Francisco Fire impacted the biographies of those who lost their homes in the fire, while the second chapter shows that destination quality is a key determinant for the returns to childhood migration. The third chapter proposes a novel strategy to estimate the gender wage gap. The first chapter explores the short- and long-run consequences of the 1906 San Francisco Fire, one of the largest urban fires in American history. I use linked US Census records to follow San Francisco residents and their sons from 1900 to 1940. Implementing a spatial regression discontinuity design across the boundary of the razed district to identify the effect of the fire, I find that the fire displaced households away from San Francisco in the short- and medium-term, it forced men into lower-paying occupations, and out of entrepreneurship. Constructing a novel measure of kin presence, I provide suggestive evidence for risk-sharing among extended family in San Francisco, which mitigated the disruptive effects of the fire. While individuals recover over time in many dimensions, the negative effect on business ownership is persistent over decades. Moreover, affected children have lower educational attainment. Therefore, my findings reject the hope for a “reversal of fortune” for the victims, in contrast to what is found for more recent natural disasters such as hurricane Katrina. In the second chapter, I show that destination quality, measured as average educational attainment among permanent residents, is a key determinant for the returns to childhood migration in Indonesia. First, I document that average differences in educational outcomes are small between children who moved domestically and those who did not. However, conditional on having migrated, destination turns out to be very important. Exploiting variation in the age of migration, I show that children who spend more time growing up in better districts have higher graduation rates and more years of completed schooling. These effects are persistent and result in better labor market outcomes. In the third chapter (joint with Hannah Illing and Linh Tô), we propose a novel strategy to estimate the gender wage gap by comparing men and women who succeed each other in the same job position. We identify unexpected worker deaths in German social security data in 1980-2019, and then compute the wage gap between the deceased worker and their successor for different gender combinations. We find that holding the job position constant, men who replace deceased women earn substantially higher wages. The opposite is true when women follow deceased men. The implied "replacement gender wage gap" in the 1980 to 2019 period is about 15 to 19 percent. In addition, we find that the gap has decreased over time, and it is higher in West Germany compared to East Germany.

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The United Nations has projected that Africa’s urban population will expand from fourth largest to becoming the second largest of the world’s regions by the year 2050. Patterns of migration and urbanisation have therefore been highlighted as significant focus areas for research and policy. Movement has the potential to result in improved living conditions and well-being, but may also reinforce inequalities and conditions of vulnerability. These consequences may pose particular risks in the case of children, and understanding the patterns, drivers and outcomes associated with child mobility is therefore critical. South Africa provides an important setting in which to explore child movements. The shift within the country from politically controlled migration to movement based on choice has resulted in high levels of mobility both to and within urban areas. Children have been shown to participate in such movements either independently or in conjunction with connected adults. However, there is currently little knowledge of the patterns and consequences of child residential mobility in South Africa, particularly within the urban environment. This PhD thesis attempts to address this research gap. Data from Birth to Twenty, a cohort of South African urban children living in Greater Johannesburg, was used to investigate three central research questions concerning residential mobility of cohort children over a 14 year period. Specifically, the thesis aimed to determine the frequencies and patterns of residential mobility observed over the first 14 years of the children’s lives, to examine the associations with mobility of children over a set of domains relating to the child, the child’s primary caregiver, and the child’s household and to assess the relationships between residential and school mobility and a set of educational outcomes. Routine data collected over the course of the Birth to Twenty study was supplemented with data from a Residential Move Questionnaire, administered to children’s primary caregivers in order to validate and provide additional information concerning the children’s residential movements over the time frame. The research objectives were achieved through the use of cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis techniques applied to these data. In particular, multilevel event-history analysis was used to model the children’s residential movements over time. Of the 3273 children enrolled into the cohort in 1990, two thirds of the children (64%) had moved home at least once by the time they reached 15 years of age. Nonetheless, a third of the children had never moved, indicating stability or a lack of opportunity for movement amongst this urban child population. Mobility was found to be more likely amongst children whose primary caregivers had no formal education and who lived in households with fewer assets and less access to services, suggesting that residential movement within this group of children was more common in the context of disadvantage. Extending these findings to an exploration of children’s educational outcomes revealed some unexpected results. The analyses provided evidence of a positive association between changes in residence and numeracy and literacy scores, and school mobility was found to be associated with grade repetition, however, a negligible relationship was found between residential mobility and school progression. In conclusion, mobility is associated with opportunities for some children in the cohort and challenges or hardships for others. However, even in the instance of movement connected to disadvantage, changes of residence did not prejudice children in terms of the educational outcomes investigated. This is suggestive of children’s possible resilience and adaptability in the face of change and highlights the potential for mobility to influence children’s lives positively. The findings concerning the relationship between mobility and child well-being run counter to trends observed in high-income countries and on that basis, the need for further research into dynamics associated with child mobility in other low- and middle-income country settings is highlighted. There is justification for monitoring child mobility in South Africa; mobility trends provide a valuable indicator of children’s living situations as well as the spatial and social changes occurring in the country more broadly. Keywords: residential mobility; internal migration; urban children; South Africa; eventhistory models; school progression; numeracy and literacy; school mobility

Introdução: Estudos observacionais têm contribuído para consolidar a ideia de que os imigrantes geralmente apresentam taxas de morbidade e mortalidade diferentes dos nativos. Estudos com imigrantes podem melhorar a compreensão da influência ambiental no risco de doenças crônicas. A maioria dos estudos têm sido centrado sobre os efeitos da migração internacional, uma vez que os fatores de risco tendem a ser mais uniformemente distribuídos dentro de um único país. No entanto, o Brasil se destaca por possuir extenso território, com regiões com marcadas diferenças geográficas, sociais e culturais. Em países com dimensões continentais (p.ex. Índia e China), a migração interna foi associada com modificações na dieta e status de saúde. Objetivos: Avaliar diferenças no padrão alimentar e risco cardiometabólico entre migrantes internos e nativos e avaliar a associação entre metabolômica plasmática e síndrome metabólica. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional no município de São Paulo. Considerou-se migrantes internos, indivíduos que não nasceram na cidade de São Paulo e que apresentassem tempo de residência no município igual ou superior a dez anos. A população final (n=999) foi dividida em três grupos: nativos (n=354), migrantes do Sudeste (n=349) e do Nordeste (n=296). Para diagnóstico de síndrome metabólica foi utilizado critério harmonizado pelo International Diabetes Federation. Os padrões da dieta foram obtidos por análise fatorial por componentes principais. A quantificação absoluta (?mol/L) de metabólitos no sangue foi realizada por espectrometria de massa no plasma. As análises foram realizadas por meio de modelos lineares generalizados ajustados por fatores de confusão. Resultados: Em comparação aos nativos, os migrantes do Sudeste tiveram adesão inversamente proporcional ao padrão moderno e os migrantes do Nordeste tiveram associação inversa com o padrão prudente e moderno e positiva com o tradicional. Migrantes do Nordeste com mais de 60 anos tiveram maior chance de apresentar síndrome metabólica em comparação com nascidos em São Paulo da mesma faixa etária. Os perfis metabolômicos plasmáticos foram associados com a síndrome metabólica, destacando alguns aminoácidos e classes lipídicas. Conclusão: Nativos e migrantes internos do Brasil apresentam consumo, padrão alimentar e fatores de risco cardiovascular distintos e a metabolômica identificou modificações metabólicas em decorrência da síndrome metabólica. / Introduction: Observational studies have helped consolidate the notion that immigrants generally exhibit different morbidity and mortality rates to those of natives. Studies involving immigrants can broaden understanding of the environmental influence on risk of chronic diseases. The majority of studies have focused on the effects of international migration, considering that risk factors tend to be uniformly distributed within a country. However, Brazil differs for its large territory comprising regions with marked geographic, social and cultural disparities. In countries of continental size (e.g. India and China), internal migration has been associated with changes in diet and health status. Objectives: To assess differences in dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk among internal migrants and natives, and also to assess the association between plasma metabolomics and metabolic syndrome. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in the city of São Paulo. The study involved internal migrants, defined as individuals born outside São Paulo city who had lived in the city for ten years or longer. The final population (n=999) was divided into three groups: natives of São Paulo (n=354), migrants from the Southeast (n=349) and from the Northeast (n=296). The harmonized criteria of the International Diabetes Federation were employed for metabolic syndrome diagnosis. Dietary patterns were derived by factor and principal component analysis. Absolute quantification (?mol/L) of blood metabolites was performed by mass spectrometry in plasma. Analyses were carried out based on generalized linear models adjusted for confounding factors. Results: Compared to locals, migrants from the Southeast had an inversely proportional adherence to the modern pattern whereas migrants from the Northeast had an inverse association with the prudent and modern patterns and a positive association with the traditional pattern. Northeastern migrants older than 60 years had greater odds of having the metabolic syndrome compared to São Paulo-born individuals of the same age. The plasma metabolomic profiles were associated with the metabolic syndrome, particularly for some aminoacids and lipid classes. Conclusion: São Paulo natives and internal migrants in Brazil have different consumption, dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk. Metabolomics detected metabolic changes secondary to metabolic syndrome.

Settlement policy in the Third World has been stimulated by the availability of public land. This availability of public land has prompted many Third World countries to adopt policies or schemes called resettlement, transmigration, or land development. These have been presented as potential means for addressing numerous agendas held by Third World countries. Settlement policies have been used to increase agricultural production and make idle land productive. Spatial imbalances of population distribution have been addressed via settlement policies. For national security, settlement policies have been used to exploit frontier lands. Solutions to serious political problems including lack of agricultural self-sufficiency, poverty, landlessness, and unemployment have been sought through settlement policies. Huge amounts of financial resources have been invested in Third World planned settlements, however, their performance has not been very encouraging. If not completely abandoned by settlers, the settlements gave officials, planners, and policy makers cause for serious concern. For the most part, settlements have been costly relative to the number of settlers. In many instances, agricultural productivity was low. I have presented comparative case studies of land settlement policies which examine the factors that accounted for the success or failure of resettlement projects. I examined the resettlement projects from the point of view of the settlers in relation to the objectives of the policy makers. This study reports the findings of case studies concerning Iraq, Somalia, Ethiopia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Israel. A comparative analysis of land settlement policies in Third World nations with varying political, social, and economic conditions is presented. It will be shown that land settlement policies in Third World countries, by and large, failed to reach objectives and are not now viewed as viable options for land development.