Dans le cadre de l’implantation de la compagnie d’eau et d’électricité Jirama, depuis 1978, plusieurs types de migration interne ont été pratiqués dans la commune rurale de Lohariandava, dans la région Atsinanana, sur le côte-est de Madagascar. Ces déplacements ont l’aspect transrégional du fait que ces migrants investissent sur deux ou sur plusieurs régions de la grande île pour les développer. Les résultats des enquêtes socioanthropologiques ont permis d’expliquer comment le transrégionalisme influe non seulement sur la vie économique mais aussi sur la vie éducative des enfants des migrants et des autochtones à Lohariandava. Les caractéristiques rurbaines de la zone d’études participent effectivement à la mise en place de toute sorte d’action de développement. La non-considération de la culture de chaque Acteur peut entraver à l’éradication des sentiments d’incompréhension et de la xénophobie. La théorie multirationnelle de Jean-Pierre Olivier De Sardan permettra de confronter et de considérer les différentes logiques de la présence de tous les Acteurs dans la zone migratoire, et elle propose des solutions pour aboutir à un seul but : le développement réel du pays. / As part of the implementation of the Jirama water and electricity company since 1978, several types of internal migration are practiced in the rural commune of Lohariandava in the Atsinanana region on the east coast of Madagascar. They have the transregional aspect of the fact that the migrants invest on two or more regions of the island’s hill to develop them. The results of the socio-anthropological surveys helped explain how transregionalism affects not only the economic life but also the educational life of the children of migrant and indigenous people in Lohariandava. The rurban characteristics of the study area participate in the implementation of all kids of development action. Each transmigrant is a development Actor. The non-consideration of the culture of each Actor can hamper the eradication of feelings of incomprehension and xenophobia. The multirational theory of Jean-Pierre Olivier De Sardan will make it possible to confront and consider the different logics of the presence of all Actors in the migratory zone and proposes solutions to achieve a single goal: the real development of the country.

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Le changement climatique et les migrations humaines constituent deux problématiques majeures de notre époque. Et, partant du constat d’une connaissance fragmentée entre maximalistes et minimalistes, qui s’est traduite par une capacité limitée de la recherche scientifique à prendre en compte les interactions complexes entre le climat et les migrations humaines, cette thèse propose, à travers une approche renouvelée (celle de la vulnérabilité du système socio-écologique), une meilleure compréhension et explication des relations climat- migrations. Elle cherche à répondre à deux objectifs. D’une part, produire des connaissances nouvelles en nous appropriant de façon sélective et ordonnée les apports empiriques produits par les approches précédentes. Et, d’autre part, par une analyse instrumentée des interactions mises en évidence, générer des informations chiffrées pertinentes permettant un ciblage plus efficace des politiques. Cette thèse insiste en premier lieu sur une certaine difficulté à mettre en évidence une relation robuste entre changement climatique et migrations à l’échelle Sahélienne. Contrairement aux idées reçues sur l’image type du « migrant/réfugié climatique » sahélien véhiculée par les médias et reprise, sans un recul critique, dans la littérature grise et certaines études scientifiques, la région, souvent vue et analysée comme une entité relativement homogène, présente de fortes hétérogénéités spatiales physico-climatiques, outre celles socio-économiques. Et, ces dernières ne permettent pas une compréhension des migrations, une des expressions des transformations sociétales. Il convient de repenser la problématique sur des échelles plus homogènes (Sénégal des zones agro-écologiques et régions administratives)Nos résultats montrent un effet climatique accélérateur/amplificateur des migrations interrégionales sous-jacent aux conditions de vie des populations. Généralement, le climat ne suffit pas, à lui seul, à « produire » des migrations. Il transite par les variables socio-économiques (vulnérabilité initiale). Ce qui nous a amené à retenir l’appellation de «migrants éco-climatiques ». Ainsi, les politiques devraient aller à la fois vers : (i) des questions de développement en réduisant des vulnérabilités socio-économiques (pauvreté et inégalités) en agissant sur l’environnement d’action et les acteurs respectivement de manière cohérente et extensive ; mais, également, (ii) des questions d’économie du climat par la réduction de la vulnérabilité physico-climatique à travers des politiques d’atténuation et d’adaptation du milieu et des populations face au changement climatique. / Climate change and human migration are two major issues of our time. Starting from the observation of a dichotomous knowledge between maximalists and minimalists, which results in a limited capacity of scientific research to take into account the dynamic and complex interactions between climate and human migrations, this thesis proposes a better understanding and explanation of the climate-migration relations through a renewed and integrative approach (the vulnerability of the socio-ecological system). It aims to fulfill two objectives. On the one hand, to produce new knowledges those take into accounts socio-ecological interactions and feedbacks at different spatial and temporal scales and, on the other hand, to propose a quantified instrumentation of these social-ecological interactions and feedback. This contribution could serve as a starting point for a decision-making tool to evolve towards more targeted and effective policies.This thesis emphasizes a certain difficulty in highlighting a robust relationship between climate change and migration in the Sahel region. This latter, often seen as a relatively homogeneous entity, presents complex socio-economic and physical-climatic spatial heterogeneities that do not allow a stronger understanding of migratory movements which are in change since the 1970s. For this purpose, a reduced complexity model, based both on a partitioning of the study area (Senegal) and a partitioning of data (agro-ecological zones and regions of Senegal), is mobilized as a framework for the analysis of social-ecological migrations in terms of vulnerability induced by climate change. Thus, the innovative heuristic framework built (knowledge model with a sequencing of variables) has made it possible to instrument the climate-migration relationships within Senegal.Our results show an accelerating/amplifying climatic effect of interregional migrations underlying the living conditions of populations. In general, climate alone is not sufficient to "produce" migration. The climatic effects channel through the socio-economic variables (initial vulnerability). Under these results, we retained in fine the name of "eco-climatic migrants". Thus, policies relating to eco-climatic migration in this western part of the Sahel should move towards both: (i) development issues by reducing socio-economic vulnerabilities (poverty and inequality) by acting on the environment and the populations consistently and extensively respectively; and (ii) climate economics issues by reducing the physical-climatic vulnerability through appropriate mitigating and adapting policies to face climate change.

Située dans les Andes sud-centrales du Pérou, la ville d’Ayacucho a connu une expansion urbaine accélérée à partir des années 1950, nourrie par l’arrivée massive de migrants andins originaires des districts ruraux de la région. Aujourd’hui peuplée de plus de 151.000 habitants, elle apparaît comme un ensemble de quartiers agglomérés autour du centre historique colonial. La très grande majorité de ces quartiers est le résultat d’une invasion collective de terrains organisée par les migrants. Ce travail analyse les processus de formation et les modalités du fonctionnement quotidien de ces quartiers. Il montre comment, pour les fonder et assurer leur pérennité, les migrants ont reproduit les structures et les mécanismes sociaux andins traditionnels en les accommodant au milieu urbain. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer comment ces migrants ont ainsi inventé une culture andine urbaine. Ces quartiers qu’ils ont construits constituent en effet une transposition en milieu urbain de la « comunidad » andine, généralement considérée comme une institution rurale. / Located in the south-central Andes of Peru, the city of Ayacucho underwent an accelerated urbanization process from the 1950’s, nourished by the massive arrival of immigrants from the Andean rural districts of the area. Peopled today with more than 151.000 inhabitants, it appears like a conglomerate of settlements gathered around the historical colonial centre of the city. A large majority of these settlements is the result of collective lands invasions organized by the immigrants. This work analyses the formation process and daily functioning of these settlements. It shows how, to found them and ensure their permanence, the immigrants reproduced the traditional Andean social structures and mechanisms, adapting them to the urban context. The objective of this study is to show that, by doing so, these immigrants invented an urban Andean culture. Those settlements they built are indeed a transposition in the urban environment of the Andean “comunidad”, generally considered a rural institution.

La thèse vise principalement à étudier la décision de migration aussi bien interne qu’internationale des femmes et des hommes individuels ou en couple. Nous essayerons d'étudier les facteurs déterminants de la migration interne et internationale masculine et féminine en Tunisie, et de voir particulièrement comment les relations de genre influencent la décision de migrer, les raisons de la migration et la destination des femmes et des hommes individuels et en couple. Nous stipulons que le phénomène migratoire est en grande partie lié aux exigences économiques. Les inégalités régionales de développement sont la cause principale des flux migratoires internes et internationaux. Mais, nous considérons que les hommes et les femmes n’ont pas les mêmes contraintes, les mêmes conditions de vie, et ne sont pas autant susceptibles de migrer |'un que l’autre. Bien que les relations de genre aient évolué en Tunisie, la décision de migrer est encore influencée par le modèle social et culturel traditionnel. Nos analyses se situent à la croisée de plusieurs disciplines et de plusieurs approches: démographiques, économiques, sociologiques, etc. Nous utilisons plusieurs méthodes d'analyse, notamment l’analyse descriptive, l'analyse multivariée et l'analyse multiniveaux. Notre principale source des données est l'Enquête nationale «Population et emploi » (2005-2006). Mais nous avons également eu recours à d’autres sources de données telles que : les données individuelles de l’enquête Papfam (2001), les données individuelles du recensement général de la population réalisé en 2004, et des séries des indicateurs statistiques officiels publiés par l’institut national de la statistique. / The thesis aims mainly to study the decision to migrate, both intemally and intemationally, for women and men, individual or in couple. We will try to study the determinant factors of internal and intemational migration of men and women in Tunisia, and especially to see how gender relations influence the decision to migrate, the reasons for migration and the destinations for women and men, individual or in couple. We stipulate that migration is largely due to the economic requirements. Regional inequalilies in development are the main cause of intemal and international migration. But we believe that women and men do not have the same constraints, the same living conditions, and have not the same chance to migrate. Although gender relations have changed in Tunisia, the decision to migrate is still influenced by the social and cultural traditional model. Our analyses are at the crossroads of several disciplines and several approaches: demographic, economic, sociological, etc. We use several methods of analysis, including descriptive analysis, multivariate analysis and multilevel analysis. Our main data source is the National Survey "Population and Employment" (2005-2006). But we also used other sources of data such as individual data from the survey PAPFAM (2001), the individual data of the population census conducted in 2004, and series of ofücial statistical indicators published by the National institute of Statistics.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 970970 bytes, checksum: 7ab873a057fd663cf490e9fc229a6ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The seasonal migration remains a remarkable social fact in reality of Vale do Jequitinhonha- MG. This process that intensified in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the development model adopted by the country - known as conservative modernization - causes changes both to those who migrate as to those who don ́t in their place of origin. From a qualitative and descriptive approach, this study sought to identify which factors influence the seasonal migration in the twenty-first century. Fieldwork was conducted at Tabuleiro Grande Community, in the municipality of Francisco Badaró, micro Médio Jequitinhonha region. From a historical reconstruction of the formation of livelihoods strategies and the changes brought by the implementation of the development model, we tried to show how some strategies have become less important, while others began to set as a condition for the social reproduction of the group itself, as migration. Still, other strategies have emerged in recent decades, especially since the 2000s, such as Bolsa Familia program. The closer look at migration through the perspective of translocality allowed realized the importance that the various flows that arise beyond the physical displacement of people, to assume the continuity of the migration process, but also to the changes in sociability and peasant identit. Noteworthy are the flows of information and goods, which means new skills, new behaviors and new patterns of social need of established consumer and family welfare. It was noticed, too, that it is in the social space of migration that these changes must be understood, thus avoiding views on the phenomenon of migration as a process of rupture of the subjects with the peasant sociability. / A migração sazonal continua sendo um fato social marcante na realidade do Vale do Jequitinhonha-MG. Este processo que se intensificou nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 em decorrência do modelo de desenvolvimento adotado pelo país conhecido como modernização conservadora provoca transformações tanto naqueles que migram quanto naqueles que ficam, ou seja, no local de origem. Partindo de uma abordagem qualitativa e descritiva, esta pesquisa buscou identificar quais fatores influenciam a migração sazonal no século XXI. O trabalho de campo foi realizado na comunidade de Tabuleiro Grande, no município de Francisco Badaró, microrregião do Médio Jequitinhonha. A partir de uma reconstrução histórica da formação dos meios de vida e das transformações neles provocadas pela implantação do modelo de desenvolvimento, buscou-se mostrar como algumas estratégias perderam importância, enquanto outras passaram a se configurar como condição para a própria reprodução social do grupo, como a migração. Ainda, outras estratégias surgiram nas últimas décadas, especialmente a partir dos anos 2000, como o programa Bolsa Família. O olhar mais atento para a migração através da perspectiva de translocalidade permitiu percebeu a importância que os diversos fluxos, que surgem para além dos deslocamentos físicos de pessoas, assumem para a continuidade do processo migratório, mas também para as transformações na sociabilidade e na identidade camponesa. Destacam-se os fluxos de informações e de mercadorias, que significam novos conhecimentos, novos comportamentos e novos padrões da necessidade socialmente estabelecida de consumo e bem estar da família. Percebeu-se, também, que é no espaço social da migração que estas transformações devem ser entendidas, evitando, assim, visões acerca do fenômeno da migração como um processo de ruptura dos sujeitos com a sociabilidade camponesa.

A trilogia de Antônio Torres, formada pelas obras Essa Terra, O cachorro e o lobo e Pelo fundo da agulha, traz em seu corpo um expressivo número de referências musicais. A grande maioria dessas citações apresenta peças da canção popular brasileira que, de forma comparável à trilha sonora em um filme, ajuda a narrar a história. Além disso, essas referências ao universo cancional trazem para a superfície do texto uma série de informações históricas, culturais, sociais e estéticas sobre as personagens, suas trajetórias e os diferentes cenários onde atuam. Em uma narrativa sobre experiência migratória, as canções, manifestação artística amplamente explorada pelos compositores brasileiros para falar sobre esse fenômeno social, servem perfeitamente para ilustrar os diferentes momentos narrados. Para compreender a presença da canção nas obras, o presente trabalho estuda a relação intertextual entre música e literatura e retoma o passado de intersecção entre as artes. A canção na trilogia de Torres é tratada através de sua significação cultural, uma vez que quando uma obra literária evoca a letra de uma canção em seu corpo, uma série de implicações socioculturais vem à tona, o que é provado pela história da canção popular brasileira, pois essa manifestação, no Brasil, tanto quanto a literatura, sempre serviu como modo de entendimento e comentário de um espaço-tempo. / Antônio Torres‟ trilogy, formed by the works Essa Terra, O cachorro e o lobo and Pelo fundo da agulha contains an expressive number of musical references. Most of these quotations of Brazilian popular songs, just like a film soundtrack, help to narrate the story. These references to the musical universe bring to the text a treasury of historical, cultural, social and aesthetics information about the characters, their trajectories and the different settings where they act. In a novel about the migration experience, the songs, artistic manifestation very explored by Brazilian composers to talk about this social phenomenon, fit perfectly to illustrate the scenes shown by the text. To understand the presence of the songs in the novels, this work aims at studying the intertextual relationship between music and literature and recovering the past of intersection of these art forms. The popular song, in Torres‟s trilogy, is analyzed through its cultural meaning, considering that when a literary work brings excerpts from a song in its body, many cultural implications are brought to the surface of the text. It has been proved by its history that Brazilian popular song enables to understand and to discourse about space and time.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil / Federação Luterana Mundial / A presente tese estuda o fenômeno migratório para a Amazônia a partir da migração de luteranos provenientes do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil e da atuação da Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB). A área geográfica corresponde às fronteiras do Sínodo da Amazônia. O recorte temporal é delimitado pela migração dos primeiros luteranos para a região em 1967 e pela incorporação da região à estrutura eclesiástica em 1997. Neste ano, foi instituído o Sínodo da Amazônia. O estudo está subdividido em dois capítulos e é feito a partir da história social e cultural. No primeiro, aborda a iniciativa migratória com base em estudos sociológicos e antropológicos, buscando por causas e motivos da migração. Nesse primeiro capítulo, também é ressaltado o processo de encontro cultural com outros migrantes, com as populações caboclas que viviam na região e com a população indígena, uma vez que os migrantes luteranos entraram em competição com esses grupos pela posse do território. No segundo capítulo, a tese aborda a atuação da igreja para montar estruturas e acompanhar esses migrantes. A IECLB incentivou a migração e a permanência de luteranos na Amazônia. Criou e manteve projetos que atraíram e ajudaram os colonos a se fixarem. Esse trabalho visava favorecer os migrantes em geral e também a população cabocla. Durante este período a IECLB, também, começou a atuar junto aos povos indígenas da região. A idéia era atender a pessoa como um todo e todas as pessoas, como se dizia na época. Assim, nesse novo contexto, a igreja tentou ensaiar novos jeitos de ser igreja. A tese procura analisar esses diferentes jeitos e os atritos e conflitos que decorrem do embate entre eles. / This dissertation studies the migratory phenomenon to the Amazon area focusing on the migration of Lutherans coming from Southern and Southeastern Brazil and on the action of the Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB) [The Evangelical Church of Lutheran Confession in Brazil]. The geographical area corresponds with the boundaries of the Amazonia Synod. The time frame limits are the migration of the first Lutherans to the region in 1967 and the incorporation of the region into the ecclesisatical structure in 1997. The Amazonia Synod was instituted in that year. The study is subdivided into two chapters and is based on social and cultural history. In the first, the migratory initiative is approached through sociological and anthropological studies, seeking the causes and motives for the migration. In this first chapter the process of the cultural encounter with other migrants, with the cabocla (mixed Black, Indian, European) populations who had colonized and lived in the region and with the indigenous population is also highlighted since the Lutheran migrants entered into competition with these groups for the possession of the land. In the second chapter, the dissertation talks of the action of the church in mounting structures and accompanying these migrants. The IECLB encouraged the migration and the permanence of the Lutherans in the Amazon area. It created and maintained projects that attracted and helped the settlers to stay on the land. The goal of this work was to favor the migrants in general and also the cabocla population. During this period the IECLB also began to work with the indigenous peoples of the region. The idea was to tend to the person as a whole and tend to all people as the saying went at the time. Thus, in this new context, the church practiced new ways of being a church. The dissertation seeks to analyze these different ways and the friction and conflicts that result from the clash between them.

[pt] Gaibéus, de Alves Redol e As Vinhas da Ira, de John Steinbeck são romances que apresentam semelhanças de tema e estilo, além de revelarem um retrato vivo da vida dos agricultores em Portugal e nos Estados Unidos na década de 1930. Considerando o Neo-Realismo ou Novo Humanismo como base para uma abordagem comparativa entre estas obras, esta tese propõe primeiramente uma análise de alguns aspectos culturais e sociais que influenciaram a criação destes livros, bem como da repercussão crítica que os mesmos obtiveram em seus países. O propósito principal deste trabalho é provar que, através de um duplo ponto de vista crítico englobando um enfoque marxista do materialismo histórico e a teoria da resposta no leitor, é possível determinar as semelhanças entre a dialética empregada pelos seus autores e os elementos estéticos implícitos, os quais fazem estes dois romances semelhantes em arte e conteúdo. / [en] Alves Redol s Gaibéus, and John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath are novels that present similarities in theme and style, besides revealing a lively portrait of agricultural life in Portugal and in the United States during de 1930 s. Considering the Neorealism or New Humanism as the basis for a comparative approach between these works, this thesis proposes firstly an analysis on some cultural and social aspects that influenced the creation of these books, as well as the criticism on them in their countries. The main purpose of this work is to prove that, through a double point of view, comprising both the Marxist focus of historical materialism together with the reader-response theories, it is possible to determine the similarities between the dialectics employed by the authors and the implied aesthetics elements, which make these two novels similar in artistry and content.

A trilogia de Antônio Torres, formada pelas obras Essa Terra, O cachorro e o lobo e Pelo fundo da agulha, traz em seu corpo um expressivo número de referências musicais. A grande maioria dessas citações apresenta peças da canção popular brasileira que, de forma comparável à trilha sonora em um filme, ajuda a narrar a história. Além disso, essas referências ao universo cancional trazem para a superfície do texto uma série de informações históricas, culturais, sociais e estéticas sobre as personagens, suas trajetórias e os diferentes cenários onde atuam. Em uma narrativa sobre experiência migratória, as canções, manifestação artística amplamente explorada pelos compositores brasileiros para falar sobre esse fenômeno social, servem perfeitamente para ilustrar os diferentes momentos narrados. Para compreender a presença da canção nas obras, o presente trabalho estuda a relação intertextual entre música e literatura e retoma o passado de intersecção entre as artes. A canção na trilogia de Torres é tratada através de sua significação cultural, uma vez que quando uma obra literária evoca a letra de uma canção em seu corpo, uma série de implicações socioculturais vem à tona, o que é provado pela história da canção popular brasileira, pois essa manifestação, no Brasil, tanto quanto a literatura, sempre serviu como modo de entendimento e comentário de um espaço-tempo. / Antônio Torres‟ trilogy, formed by the works Essa Terra, O cachorro e o lobo and Pelo fundo da agulha contains an expressive number of musical references. Most of these quotations of Brazilian popular songs, just like a film soundtrack, help to narrate the story. These references to the musical universe bring to the text a treasury of historical, cultural, social and aesthetics information about the characters, their trajectories and the different settings where they act. In a novel about the migration experience, the songs, artistic manifestation very explored by Brazilian composers to talk about this social phenomenon, fit perfectly to illustrate the scenes shown by the text. To understand the presence of the songs in the novels, this work aims at studying the intertextual relationship between music and literature and recovering the past of intersection of these art forms. The popular song, in Torres‟s trilogy, is analyzed through its cultural meaning, considering that when a literary work brings excerpts from a song in its body, many cultural implications are brought to the surface of the text. It has been proved by its history that Brazilian popular song enables to understand and to discourse about space and time.