The centrality of the police in everyday life means police officers are in position of power to actively support or threaten democratic activities (Sklansky, 2008) for example during protests. In democracies, policing duties should be performed in ways that sustain democratic values, rather than undermine them (Loader, 2006), yet that is not always the reality. Police training is one of the tools for aligning officers' behaviour with societal norms; it is considered a protection against the possibility that police officers abuse the wide-ranging powers they hold (Manning, 2010). Training programs are therefore a basic feature of all police forces' organizational approach. Despite its centrality, training has not received extensive academic attention; there is a pressing need to understand the impact of training on police behaviour and the mechanisms thorough which it operates (Skogan & Frydl, 2004). This thesis attempts to advance the evidence-base of democratic police training following the Medical Research Council's framework for the development and evaluation of complex social interventions (Craig et al., 2008). The Israeli Border Police was chosen as the context to examine the potential of training to advance democratic norms. The three stages of the research project included: theoretical modelling of the existing complex training intervention to assess its alignment with existing evidence; participatory development and piloting of a training curriculum on policing of protests in a democracy that used an Adult Education approach and introduced Procedural Justice-related components; and a pilot quasi-randomised study to evaluate this training. Analysis and reporting are carried out in a way that allows assessment of prospective scale-up and generalisability. Flowing from the empirical work, four strands of theoretical contributions are put forward. First, a theoretical model of police training is proposed, drawing on social psychology constructs. Second, contact theory, which originates in peace education, is proposed as a possible platform for designing both police training and their evaluation studies. Third, four factors limiting the efficacy of Procedural Justice & Legitimacy based training interventions in deeply divided societies are outlined. Fourth, the Border Police case study is used to substantiate the value of participatory research methods for advancing knowledge translation and evidence-based policing.

abstract: ABSTRACT Following the tragic events of 9-11, top Federal policy makers moved to establish the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This massive realignment of federal public safety agencies also loosely centralized all U.S. civilian security organizations under a single umbrella. Designed to respond rapidly to critical security threats, the DHS was vested with superseding authority and broad powers of enforcement. Serving as a cabinet member, the new agency was administered by a secretary who answered directly to the President of the United States or the national chief executive. At its creation, many touted this agency as a new security structure. This thesis argues that the formation of DHS was not innovative in nature. Rather, its formation was simply the next logical step in the tiered development of an increasingly centralized approach to policing in the United States. This development took place during the early settlement period of Texas and began with the formation of the Texas Rangers. As the nation's first border patrol, this organization greatly influenced the development of centralized policing and law enforcement culture in the United States. As such, subsequent agencies following this model frequently shared a startling number of parallel developments and experienced many of the same successes and failures. The history of this development is a contested narrative, one that connects directly to a number of current, critical social issues regarding race and police accountability. This thesis raises questions regarding the American homeland. Whose homeland was truly being protected? It also traces the origins of the power to justify the use of gratuitous violence and the casting of particular members of society as the symbolic enemy or outsiders. Lastly, this exploration hopes to bring about a better understanding of the traditional directionality of the use of coercive force towards particular members of society, while at the same time, justifying this use for the protection of the rights and safety of others. It is hoped that the culmination of this work will assist American society in learning to address the task of redressing past wrongs while building more effective and democratic public security structures. This is of the utmost importance as the United States continues to weigh the benefits of centralized security mechanisms and expanding police authority against the erosion of the tradition of states' rights and the personal civil liberties of its citizens. Because police power must continually be monitored and held in check, concerns regarding the increasing militarization of civilian policing may benefit from an objective evaluation of the rise of centralized policing as experienced through the development of the Texas Rangers and rural range policing. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. History 2012

This research developed a pro forma document for use in police rape investigations in South Africa. The immediate context for the research is the alarmingly high incidence of rape in South Africa. The rape statistics vary to an extent, largely due to the fact that a large proportion of the rapes that occur in South Africa are not reported to the police. These statistics expose the limited success of the South African Police Services (SAPS) in terms of investigating rape cases in this country, as well as the public perception of the effectiveness of the South African Police Services in this regard as evidenced by the non or under-reporting of rape in South Africa. The pro forma document is an investigative tool designed to standardise and systematise rape investigations by providing set guidelines for obtaining the essential information about each rape case. This is a prerequisite for Tender profiling, which involves predicting the relationship between offence and offender variables. Profiling can only be successful if the investigator obtains all the information about a crime. Hence the pro forma document, as an investigative instrument designed to access essential information about a crime, is a key requirement for the development of informed and accurate profiles of offenders. As a standardised form, the document will allow for systematic and thorough rape investigations in South Africa. The researcher employed the qualitative methodology of action research. This entailed involving the participants in all stages of the research process. The data was collected by means of focus group interviews with detectives from the Serious and Violent Crimes Unit and the Child Protection Unit in Grahamstown. Additional sources of data were various investigative documents that originated from a number of different countries. Analysis of the data followed a number of procedural steps specifically suggested for focus group interview research and involved a process of coding. The codes identified during the analysis provided the foundation for the items that were included in the pro forma document. In keeping with the action research approach, the participants were caned upon to evaluate the progress of the research after the initial data collection and analysis were completed, and a draft version of the pro forma document had been compiled. This feedback provided another source of data which contained suggestions for amendments to the pro forma document which the researcher implemented. The research process was hindered to a certain extent by the unpredictable nature of police work which influenced the data gathering procedure. This could point to a possible limitation of the research. Furthermore, the aim of the research was to develop a pro forma document for use in rape investigations in South Africa. This aim did not encompass marketing the document. Herein lies another possible limitation of the research in that the document has not yet been used and tested in real cases. A discussion of the research process includes issues involved in practically implementing the pro forma document in rape investigations.

The primary purpose of this thesis was to determine whether self-legitimacy impacted police officer satisfaction. Using data collected through an online self-reported survey, perceptions of satisfaction among 266 St. Louis County police officers were analyzed, controlling for other factors previously determined to be important to satisfaction such as race, gender, educational achievement, stress, relationships with supervisors, and years of experience. Results showed that self-legitimacy did not significantly affect officer satisfaction; however, relationships with supervisors and stress were significant in determining officer satisfaction. A possible explanation is offered that takes into account the nature of law enforcement around the time of survey collection (i.e., in the aftermath of the Michael Brown shooting).

The study evaluated the questions used in a polygraph test. It focused on criminal investigative tests (also referred to as “criminal specific tests”), those tests conducted when a criminal offence has been committed and the in-test phase questions (those test questions asked to address what is under investigation). To conduct a successful criminal investigative polygraph test, it is important that polygraphists be familiar with the types of questions used in a polygraph test and how they should be formulated for more effective outcomes. The recognition of these questions and how they are formulated is of utmost importance as it determines the success of the criminal investigative polygraph test. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Trata do indulto, modalidade coletiva da graça, procurando estabelecer seus limites e finalidades no âmbito do Estado moderno. Após a delimitação do tema, distinguindo-se a graça das demais modalidades de clemência estatal, e justificação das escolhas terminológicas, passa-se à evolução histórica do instituto e, em seguida, à sucinta exposição sobre a configuração atual nos ordenamentos estrangeiros. Identifica-se, não obstante a concretização da graça na maioria das Constituições modernas, uma tendência de restrição do âmbito de aplicação do instituto, tanto por parte da doutrina quanto pela jurisprudência e produção legislativa. As restrições são impostas com base na suposta necessidade de adequação da graça, cuja origem remete às prerrogativas monárquicas típicas do Estado absolutista, aos princípios fundamentais do Estado Democrático de Direito, especialmente os princípios da separação de poderes e da igualdade. Adentrando o núcleo do trabalho, procura-se estabelecer a relação entre indulto e os princípios do Estado Democrático de Direito, de forma que sejam identificados limites ao exercício da atribuição, com fulcro no texto constitucional. Afere-se, assim, a legitimidade da restrição do indulto a hipóteses caracterizadas pela excepcionalidade e irrepetibilidade, baseada em alegada relação de contradição entre a atribuição de indultar do Poder Executivo e o princípio da separação de poderes, o princípio da igualdade e os eventos regulares do mecanismo sancionatório. Delimitadas as possibilidades de exercício legítimo da atribuição, busca-se, então, fixar os parâmetros que devem pautar o conteúdo dos atos de indulto, com base nas teorias da pena. Adota-se, para tanto, a teoria preventiva positiva, procurando-se identificar hipóteses em que a execução da pena aplicada não contribuiria para a realização de suas finalidades, para elaborar, a partir disso, casos de cabimento do exercício do indulto. / As a heritage of monarchical prerrogative, the presidential pardon has been restricted, put on statutory basis or even abolished in some modern States. However, it survived centuries of radical political change and is still frequently used by heads of States for many political purposes. Nevertheless, its necessary to make a distinction between legitimate legal limits and theoretical unjustified restrictions. This work addresses the presidential pardon power, specially the collective pardon, in the modern democratic rule of law States and its relation to basic statements of modern Constitutions. The theme is developed from a constitutional perspective, in order to identify the pardon limits and possibilities in the rule of law State. Although many see the collective pardons as a violation of the institutional separation of powers, this analyse will try to question that interpretation and its consequences, seeking to review the standard model by which executive pardon should be restricted to exceptional and unique situations. The core idea is to point precisely the limits to legitimated use of executive pardon in our criminal system and, based on the answers to those questions, list some situations as guiding models to the future use of collective pardon power.

abstract: Following a sexual assault, victims are advised to have a medical forensic exam and undergo a sexual assault kit (SAK) collection. The SAK is then held in police storage until it undergoes testing at a crime lab. Unfortunately, tens of thousands of SAKs in the United States remain untested. This thesis examines SAK submission by organizational decision makers in sexual assault case processing. Guided by Black's theory of law, this paper seeks to examine if white and minority victims systematically experience differential access to justice in terms of getting their respective SAKs submitted. Using data from a 1982-2012 Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Study in Los Angeles, California, the current study explores the relationship between race and SAK submission, legal (eg., case specific) and extralegal (eg., victim characteristics) variables across 1,826 backlogged SAKs and 339 non-backlogged SAKs. Results from the logistic regression analysis indicate that victims of nonstranger sexual assault are more likely to experience backlog of their SAK while victim race does not appear to affect SAK submission. Implications for theory, research and criminal justice practice are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

abstract: The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program was mandated legislatively, as part of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. This study replicated earlier research that investigated pilots’ opinions of the current state of the FFDO program based on interviews. A Likert survey was created to allow simpler quantitative collection and analysis of opinions from large groups of pilots. A total of 43 airline pilots participated in this study. Responses to the Likert questions were compared with demographics, searching for significance through a Pearson chi-square test and frequencies were compared to earlier research findings. Significant chi-square results showed that those familiar with the program were more likely to agree the program should continue, it was effective, the screening and selection process of program applicants was adequate and the Federal Air Marshal Service’s management of the FFDO program was effective. Those with Military experience were more likely to disagree it was reasonable that FFDOs were required to pay for their own room and board during training or train on their own time. All those who shared an opinion agreed there should be a suggestion medium between FFDOs and their management. Unlike the prior study, all those familiar with the program agreed the weapons transportation and carriage procedures were adequate. Furthermore, all those who shared an opinion found the holster locking mechanism adequate, which was another reversal of opinion from the prior study. Similar to the prior study, pilots unanimously agree FFDOs were well trained and agreed that the program was effective and should continue. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Aerospace Engineering 2017

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-21T16:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO JULIANA VERSÃO DEFINITIVA - digital.pdf: 2313603 bytes, checksum: c942710229e5c789e1a4b12419ed71fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-21T16:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO JULIANA VERSÃO DEFINITIVA - digital.pdf: 2313603 bytes, checksum: c942710229e5c789e1a4b12419ed71fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-12 / Através das lentes da sociologia das profissões e da sociologia das organizações policiais, desbrava-se um espaço pouco conhecido tanto para a comunidade acadêmica quanto para a sociedade em geral: o agir da Polícia Rodoviária Federal (PRF), ou a forma de atuação de seus policiais. Para além das competências legais e da identificação do lugar da PRF no sistema de segurança pública do Brasil, o trabalho objetiva se voltar para seu modus operandi, dirigindo o olhar para o que seja o padrão operacional dos agentes que fazem o policiamento ostensivo das rodovias federais. Tal conhecimento é relevante na medida em que essas informações constituem um dos indicadores da qualidade do regime político existente em uma sociedade. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é, portanto, investigar o exercício do mandato policial pela Polícia Rodoviária Federal, através da articulação entre suas dimensões legais/abstratas, práticas e simbólicas. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa documental e vinte entrevistas semiestruturadas, cujos produtos foram interpretados com o auxílio da análise de conteúdo. Após a definição de características essenciais à função de polícia nos contextos democráticos, partiu-se para a apreciação dos elementos internos e externos, sugeridos por Manning, que dificultam a definição clara e o cumprimento adequado de seu mandato pelas instituições de segurança pública (manipulação de aparências, características ocupacionais da profissão policial, ingerência política, controle ineficiente da atividade e o dilema entre a lei e a ordem). Os resultados indicam que em determinados aspectos, como o fortalecimento do controle legal da atividade e a tentativa de blindagem em relação à (má) influência política, a PRF já se encontra num estágio relativamente avançado de desenvolvimento de medidas para se fortalecer como instituição democrática. Já em outros, como os padrões da cultura ocupacional vigente interna corporis, ainda há um longo caminho a ser percorrido para atingir a polícia se quer em contraposição à polícia que se tem. / Through the lenses of the sociology of professions and of the sociology of law enforcement organisations, an area little known to both the academic community and society in general is addressed in this paper: the actions of the Brazilian Federal Highway Police (Polícia Rodoviária Federal - PRF), or its officers’ way of working. In addition to the establishment of legal jurisdictions and the identification of the PRF’s standing in the Brazilian public security system, this work aims to look at its modus operandi, directing its gaze at the operational standard of the officers who ostensibly police federal highways. Such knowledge is relevant to the extent in which said information constitutes one of the indicators of the quality of the existing political system in a society. The overall objective of this study is therefore to investigate the practice of law enforcement by the Brazilian Federal Highway Police in linking its legal/abstract, practical and symbolic dimensions. Documentary research and twenty semi-structured interviews took place to accomplish the afore-mentioned purpose, and the data collected was interpreted with the help of content analysis. After defining essential characteristics to the police’s role in democratic contexts, the next step was the appreciation of the internal and external elements, as suggested by Manning, which hinder the clear definition and the proper fulfilment of their enforcement by the institutions of public safety (manipulation of appearances, the profession’s occupational features, political interference, inefficient control of the activity and the dilemma between law and order). The results indicate that in certain aspects, such as the strengthening of the legal control of the activity and the attempt to shield itself from (bad) political influence, the PRF is already in a relatively advanced stage in the development of measures to strengthen itself as a democratic institution. In others, however, such as the standards of the current occupational culture interna corporis, there is still a long way to go in order to achieve the desired police as opposed to police that exists.

This thesis evaluates how effectively the trilogy's laws and law enforcers further the ends of the fictional laws. The study examines the trilogy's law enforcers' responses to Snopes violations and bendings of the laws to evaluate the laws and their enforcers. The enforcers' responses to Snopes wrongs make clear how well the laws are written. These responses also reveal how well the enforcers themselves are able to achieve the objectives of the laws. It is argued in the thesis that although the laws are effectively written, the law enforcers fail to enforce the laws and, consequently, fail to achieve the laws' ends. It is also shown that the enforcers invariably harm innocent persons when they fail to enforce the law.