Resumo: O principal objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise de aspectos críticos que surgem na modelagem matemática do problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão a longo prazo, assim como o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para a prova de novos modelos e metodologias que possam contribuir na solução do problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica considerando as condições dos sistemas modernos de energia elétrica. Com esta metodologia, busca-se obter uma rede de transmissão mais eficiente, e com o menor custo possível, que se adapte as novas exigências produzidas pela introdução da desregulação nos sistemas elétricos. Para isto combinam-se três aspectos: rede futura livre de congestionamento, desplanificação e incerteza na geração e na demanda futura, os quais são manipuladas desde a perspectiva mono-objetivo e multiobjetivo. A possibilidade de eliminar completamente o congestionamento na rede de transmissão é analisada através da inclusão no modelo de todos os cenários de geração factíveis futuros, e não somente alguns cenários como outros estudos. Considerar uma operação sem congestionamento para o futuro está associado a grandes custos de investimento. Para atenuar este grande custo uma opção é incluir a possibilidade de desplanificação e a inclusão dos efeitos das incertezas presentes na geração e na demanda futura no problema de planejamento. O problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão é um problema de programação não linear inteira mista (PNLIM) quando é usado o modelo DC. Praticamente todos os algoritmos usados para resolver este problema utilizam uma sub-rotina de programação linear (PL) para resolver problemas de PL resultantes do algoritmo de solucão do problema de planejamento, os quais são denominados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main goal for this study is to do an analysis of the critical issues that appear in the mathematical modeling of the transmission system expansion planning problem, when long term is considered. A methodology was developed and a computational tool, to solve the transmission expansion planning in modern electrical systems. With this methodology more efficient electrical networks are obtained, at low investment costs. This is accomplished taking into account three important aspects: open access, or congestion-free planning, uncertainty in demand and generation, and de-planning. The problem is solved using mono-objective and multi-objective methodologies. For this investigation, congestion-free transmission networks should consider all the future and feasible scenarios of generation, unlike some papers, where only a few scenarios are taken in to account. This feature is associated to high investment costs. Lower costs are often obtained by the inclusion of uncertainty in future demand and future generation. The transmission system expansion planning problem is a no-linear integer-mixed programming problem (PNLIM) when the DC model is used. Practically, all the algorithms used in the solution process, for this problem, use one subroutine of linear programming (PL) for solved the PL problems that result during the solution process, in the denominated operative problem. The solution of the PL's is the part of the problem that requires the biggest computational effort, because during the solution process is necessary to solved thousands or millions of PL's, for high size problems. the PNLIM problem is solved through the combination of a meta-heuristic method and a linear programming method. The meta-heuristic method solves the denominated investment problem and the PL the denominated operational problem. The transmission planning problem considering multiples generation scenarios... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Coorientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Sérgio Azevedo de Oliveira / Banca: Ariovaldo Verandio Garcia / Banca: Ramón Alfonso Gallego Rendón / Doutor

Orientador: Edmea Cassia Baptista / Resumo: O problema de Despacho Econômico com Ponto de Válvula é um importante problema relacionado aos Sistemas Elétricos de Potência, que pode ser formulado como um problema de otimização não linear, não convexo e não diferenciável, o que dificulta sua resolução através de métodos exatos. Pode-se observar na literatura que diversos métodos heurísticos são propostos para a resolução do mesmo, os quais são eficientes e com um baixo custo computacional. Uma das desvantagens desses métodos é o tamanho do espaço de busca para realizer tais testes. Pesquisas realizadas apontam que, na grande maioria das vezes, os pontos ótimos para o problema de Despacho Econômico com Ponto de Válvula se encontram em pontos nos quais a função modular, presente na formulação do problema, possui valor nulo, ou estão na região destes e tais pontos são denominados de Pontos Singulares. Neste trabalho, com o bjetivo de propor um método heurístico com espaço de busca reduzido, é proposto um método de Busca Tabu direcionada a Pontos Singulares, o qual utiliza o método de Busta Tabu para percorrer os pontos nos quais a função modular se anula. O método se mostra eficiente para problemas de DEPV de 3, 13 e 40 geradores, com valores próximos aos valores ótimos obtidos por métodos determinísticos e com baixo custo computacional. / Abstract: The problem of Economic Load Dispatch with Valve Point (EDVP) is an important problem related to Electric Power Systems, that can be formulated as a non-linear, non-convex and non-differentiable optimization problem, that difficults resolution through deterministic methods. We can observe in the literature that many heuristic methods are proposed for the resolution of the same, being efficient with a low computational cost. One of the advantages of this methods is the size of the search space necessary to perform the tests. Researches points out that, in most cases, the optimal points for the Economic Load Dispatch with Valve Point problem are at points where the modular function present in the problem formulation has zero value, or in the region thereof, these points are called Singular Points. In this work is proposed, with the objective to propose a heuristic method with the search space reducted, a Tabu Search Directed to Singular Point Search, which uses he tatbu search method to the points in which the modular function cancels out. The method is efficient for resolution of Economic Load Dispatch with Valve Point problems of 3, 13 and 40 generators unities, with values close to optimal obtained by deterministic methods values and low computational cost. / Mestre

In dieser Dissertation werden erstmals Kenntnisse über ökologische Felder von Einzelbäumen mit Methoden der räumlichen Optimierung kombiniert, um ein Werkzeug zu schaffen, mit dem Empfehlungen für die Strukturierung von Beständen erarbeiten werden können. Dabei waren drei unterschiedliche waldbauliche Problemstellungen Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit. Die ausführliche Beschreibung der Probleme führte zur Ableitung eines allgemeinen Optimierungsproblems, das nach optimalen Stammverteilungsplänen bzgl. verschiedener, waldbaulicher Zielsetzungen sucht. Der erster Schwerpunkt war die mathematische Herleitung der Zielgrößen. Hierbei wurde die Idee der Einzelbaumeffekte und das Konzept der ökologischen Felder verwendet, um die Zielgrößen aus den Einzelbaumeffekten zu entwickeln. Der zweite Schwerpunkt umfasste die Suche nach einem geeigneten Optimierungsmodell, mit dem die Horizontalstruktur eines Bestandes basierend auf weitreichenden, stetigen Einzelbaumeffekten räumlich optimiert werden konnte. Der gegebene Überblick zum Stand der Forschung bzgl. der räumlichen Optimierung in der Forstwissenschaft zeigte auf, dass nur Teilaspekte des allgemeinen Optimierungsproblems bisher modelliert worden sind. Von den vier daraufhin neu entwickelten Optimierungsmodellen wurden ein kontinuierliches und ein diskretes Modells nach der Auswertung der Eigenschaften weiterverwendet. Die Bewertung von verschiedenen, vorgestellten Nachbarschaftsdefinitionen und Varianten von lokalen Suchverfahren, Meta- und Hybridheuristiken führte zur Verwendung von k-opt für das diskrete Optimierungsmodell, von Compass Search für das kontinuierliche Optimierungsmodell und von Threshold Accepting und Iterated Local Search für beide Modelle. Für alle drei Optimierungsprobleme wurden jeweils zwei Tests je Algorithmus mit einer in C++ implementierten Optimierungssoftware durchgeführt. Beim ersten Test sollten in kurzer Zeit wiederholt gute Lösungen berechnet werden, während im zweiten Test wesentlich mehr Funktionswertberechnungen zur Verfügung standen, um eine sehr gute Lösung zu erhalten. Die Auswertung der Testrechnungen zeigte, dass das diskrete Optimierungsmodell dem kontinuierlichen Modell außer bei einem geringen Bestockungsgrad des Bestandes vorzuziehen ist. Die Zielfunktionsdefinitionen hatten wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Lösungen, vor allem bei gegenläufigen Zielen. Sehr gute Lösungen wiesen dabei charakteristische Verteilungsschemata der Baumpositionen auf, die nur durch eine Optimierung und nicht durch das wiederholte, zufällige Verteilen von Bäumen gefunden werden konnten. Für das diskrete Modell lieferte Threshold Accepting vor 2-opt und Iterated Local Search fast immer die besten Ergebnisse. 4-opt war immer deutlich schlechter als die anderen Algorithmen. Threshold Accepting berechnete sowohl sehr schnell gute Lösungen und als auch die besten Lösungen, wenn eine intensive Suche mit sehr vielen Funktionswertberechnungen möglich war.

[ES] En esta tesis doctoral se estudia el problema de secuenciación de máquinas paralelas no relacionadas con necesidad de ajustes y recursos adicionales asignados en los ajustes. En este problema, se tiene un grupo de tareas (también llamadas trabajos), donde cada una debe ser procesada en una de las máquinas paralelas disponibles. Para procesar una tarea después de otra en la misma máquina, se debe hacer un ajuste en la máquina. Se asume que estos ajustes deben ser realizados por un recurso adicional limitado (por ejemplo, operarios). En esta tesis doctoral se estudian dos variantes del problema planteado: 1) considerando el problema con el único objetivo de minimizar el tiempo máximo de finalización de todos los trabajos (makespan), y 2) considerando el problema multi-objetivo minimizando simultáneamente el makespan y el consumo máximo de recursos adicionales. Inicialmente, se realiza una completa revisión bibliográfica sobre estudios relacionados con el problema planteado. En esta revisión se detecta que, a pesar de existir numerosos estudios de secuenciación de máquinas paralelas, no muchos de estos estudios tienen en cuenta recursos adicionales. Posteriormente, para introducir el problema a estudiar antes de plantear métodos de resolución, se realiza una breve explicación de los principales problemas de secuenciación de máquinas paralelas. El problema de un solo objetivo está clasificado como NP-Hard. Por ello, para abordar su resolución se han diseñado e implementado heurísticas y metaheurísticas siguiendo dos enfoques diferentes. Para el primer enfoque, que ignora la información sobre el consumo de recursos adicionales en la fase constructiva, se adaptan dos de los mejores algoritmos existentes en la literatura para el problema de máquinas paralelas con ajustes sin necesidad de recursos adicionales. En el segundo enfoque, que sí tiene en cuenta la información sobre el consumo de recursos adicionales en la fase constructiva, se proponen nuevos algoritmos heurísticos y metaheurísticos para resolver el problema. Tras analizar los resultados de los experimentos computacionales realizados, concluimos que hay diferencias entre los dos enfoques, siendo significativamente mejor el enfoque que tiene en cuenta la información sobre los recursos adicionales. Al igual que en el caso de un solo objetivo, la complejidad del problema multi-objetivo obliga a presentar algoritmos heurísticos o metaheurísticos para resolverlo. En esta tesis se presenta un nuevo algoritmo metaheurístico multi-objetivo eficiente para encontrar buenas aproximaciones a la frontera de Pareto del problema. Además, se adaptaron otros tres algoritmos que han mostrado buenos resultados en diferentes estudios de problemas de secuenciación de máquinas multi-objetivo. Después de realizar experimentos computacionales exhaustivos, concluimos que el nuevo algoritmo propuesto en esta tesis es significativamente mejor que los otros tres algoritmos existentes, y que se han adaptado para resolver este problema. / [CAT] En aquesta tesi doctoral s'estudia el problema de seqüenciació de màquines paral·leles no relacionades amb necessitat d'ajustos i recursos addicionals assignats en els ajustos. En aquest problema, es tenen un grup de tasques (també anomenades treballs), on cadascuna ha de ser processada en una de les màquines paral·leles disponibles. Per processar una tasca després d'una altra en la mateixa màquina, s'ha de fer un ajustament en la màquina. S'assumeix que aquests ajustos en les màquines per a processar una tasca després del processament d'una altra, han de ser realitzats per un recurs addicional limitat (per exemple, operaris). En aquesta tesi doctoral s'estudien dos variants al problema plantejat: 1) considerant el problema com l'únic objectiu de minimitzar el temps màxim de finalització de tots els treballs (makespan), i 2) considerant el problema multi-objectiu minimitzant simultàniament el makespan i el consum màxim de recursos addicionals. Inicialment, es realitza una completa revisió bibliogràfica sobre estudis relacionats amb el problema plantejat. En esta revisió es detecta que, tot i existir nombrosos estudis de seqüenciació de màquines paral·leles, hi ha molts pocs que tenen en compte recursos addicionals. Posteriorment, per introduir el problema a estudiar abans de plantejar mètodes de resolució, es realitza una breu explicació dels principals problemes de seqüenciació de màquines paral·leles. El problema d'un sol objectiu està classificat com NP-Hard. Per això, per abordar la seua resolució s'han dissenyat i implementat heurístiques y metaheurístiques seguint dos enfocs diferents. El primer enfoc ignora la informació sobre el consum de recursos en la fase constructiva, adaptant dos dels millors algoritmes existents en la literatura per al problema de seqüenciació de màquines paral·leles amb ajustaments sense necessitat de recursos. Per al segon enfoc si es té en compte la informació sobre el consum de recursos en la fase constructiva. Després d'analitzar els resultats dels experiments computacionals realitzats, concloem que hi ha diferencies entre els dos enfocs, sent significativament millor l'enfoc que té en compte la informació sobre el recursos. De la mateixa manera que en el cas d'un sol objectiu, la complexitat del problema multi-objectiu obliga a presentar algoritmes heurístics o metaheurístics per a resoldre-ho. En aquesta tesi es presenta un nou algoritme metaheurístic multi-objectiu eficient per trobar bones aproximacions a la frontera de Pareto del problema. A més, es van adaptar altres tres algoritmes que han mostrat bons resultats en diferents estudis de problemes de seqüenciació de màquines multi-objectiu. Després de realitzar experiments computacionals exhaustius, concloem que el nou algoritme proposat en aquesta tesi és significativament millor que els altres tres algoritmes existents i que s'han adaptat per resoldre aquest problema. / [EN] In this thesis we study the unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem with setup times and additional limited resources in the setups. In this problem, we have a group of tasks (also called jobs), where each one must be processed on one of the available parallel machines. To process one job after another on the same machine, a setup must be made on the machine. It is assumed that these setups on machines must be made by a limited additional resource (eg, operators). In this thesis two variants of the problem are studied: 1) considering the problem with the objective of minimizing the maximum completion time of all jobs (makespan), and 2) considering the multi-objective problem, minimizing the makespan and the maximum consumption of additional resources. Initially, a complete literature review is carried out on studies related to the problem addressed in this thesis. This review finds that despite numerous parallel machine scheduling studies, there are very few that take into account additional resources. Subsequently, to introduce the problem addressed before proposing resolution methods, a brief explanation of the main parallel machines scheduling problems is made. The problem with a single objective is classified as NP-Hard. Therefore, to solve it, heuristics and metaheuristics have been designed and implemented following two different approaches. For the first approach, which ignores the information on the consumption of resources in the construction phase, two of the best algorithms existing in the literature for the problem of parallel machines with setups without additional resources are adapted. For the second approach, which does take into account information on the consumption of resources in the construction phase, new heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms are proposed to solve the problem. Following the results of the computational experiments, we conclude that there are differences between the two approaches, the approach that takes into account the information on resources being significantly better. As in the case of a single objective, the complexity of the multi-objective problem requires the formulation of heuristic or metaheuristic algorithms to solve it. In this thesis, a new efficient multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm is presented to find good approximations to the Pareto front of the problem. In addition, three other algorithms that have shown good results in different studies of multi-objective machine scheduling problems were adapted. After carrying out exhaustive computational experiments, we concluded that the new algorithm proposed in this thesis is significantly better than the other three adapted algorithms. / Yepes Borrero, JC. (2020). Secuenciación de máquinas con necesidad de ajustes y recursos adicionales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/158742 / TESIS

Cette thèse considère le problème de sélection et d’ordonnancement des prises de vue d’un satellite agile d’observation de la Terre. La mission d’un satellite d’observation est d’obtenir des photographies de la surface de la Terre afin de satisfaire des requêtes d’utilisateurs. Les demandes, émanant de différents utilisateurs, doivent faire l’objet d’un traitement avant transmission d’un ordre vers le satellite, correspondant à une séquence d’acquisitions sélectionnées. Cette séquence doit optimiser deux objectifs sous contraintes d’exploitation. Le premier objectif est de maximiser le profit global des acquisitions sélectionnées. Le second est d’assurer l’équité du partage des ressources en minimisant la différence maximale de profit entre les utilisateurs. Deux métaheuristiques, composées d’un algorithme génétique à clé aléatoire biaisées (biased random key genetic algorithm - BRKGA) et d’une recherche locale multi-objectif basée sur des indicateurs (indicator based multi-objective local search - IBMOLS), sont proposées pour résoudre le problème. Pour BRKGA, trois méthodes de sélection, empruntées à NSGA-II, SMS-EMOA, et IBEA, sont proposées pour choisir un ensemble de chromosomes préférés comme ensemble élite. Trois stratégies de décodage, parmi lesquelles deux sont des décodages uniques et la dernière un décodage hybride, sont appliquées pour décoder les chromosomes afin d’obtenir des solutions. Pour IBMOLS, plusieurs méthodes pour générer la population initiale sont testées et une structure de voisinage est également proposée. Des expériences sont menées sur des cas réalistes, issus d’instances modifiées du challenge ROADEF 2003. On obtient ainsi les fronts de Pareto approximés de BRKGA et IBMOLS dont on calcule les hypervolumes. Les résultats de ces deux algorithmes sont comparés / This thesis considers the selection and scheduling problem of observations for agile Earth observing satellites. The mission of Earth observing satellites is to obtain photographs of the Earth surface to satisfy user requirements. Requests from several users have to be managed before transmitting an order, which is a sequence of selected acquisitions, to the satellite. The obtained sequence must optimize two objectives under operation constraints. The first objective is to maximize the total profit of the selected acquisitions. The second one is to ensure the fairness of resource sharing by minimizing the maximum profit difference between users. Two metaheuristic algorithms, consisting of a biased random key genetic algorithm (BRKGA) and an indicator-based multi-objective local search (IBMOLS), are proposed to solve the problem. For BRKGA, three selection methods, borrowed from NSGA-II, SMS-EMOA, and IBEA, are proposed to select a set of preferred chromosomes to be the elite set. Three decoding strategies, which are two single decoding and a hybrid decoding, are applied to decode chromosomes to become solutions. For IBMOLS, several methods for generating the initial population are tested and the neighborhood structure according to the problem is also proposed. Experiments are conducted on realistic instances based on ROADEF 2003 challenge instances. Hypervolumes of the approximate Pareto fronts are computed and the results from the two algorithms are compared

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma metaheurística Iterated Local Search para minimizar o tempo de término ponderado de jobs em problemas de escalonamento de máquinas idênticas paralelas. O objetivo secundário do trabalho é propor uma solução prática para um problema real da companhia estudada em questão. A motivação para o trabalho consiste em uma aplicação prática na indústria de óleo e gás, onde os navios PLSV realizam operações em poços de forma ordenada e visando a antecipação dos poços de petróleo mais produtivos. As características do problema, tais quais: elegibilidade entre navio e operações, tempos de setup relativos à família de atividades, associações entre operações e poços e setups que dependem da chegada de material se adequam a modelagem baseada em escalonamento de máquinas paralelas idênticas. No trabalho uma introdução à respeito do tema é apresentada, em seguida é feita uma revisão da literatura sobre problemas de máquinas paralelas idênticas, a formulação matemática com a descrição do problema é apresentada, a metodologia contemplando representação da solução, heuristica construtiva, vizinhanças exploradas, busca local e Iterated Local Search é exposta, por fim são apresentados os resultados do método e as conclusões sobre o trabalho. / [en] This work objective is to propose an Iterated Local Search metaheuristic to minimize the weighted completion time of jobs on identical parallel machines scheduling problems. The secondary objective of this work is to propose a practical solution to the real problem of the studied company. The motivation of this work consists on a practical application in the Oil and Gas industry, where the PLSV vessels perform ordered operations in a set of wells aiming to maximize the oil production. The characteristics of the problem such as: eligibility between vessels and operations, setup times related to the family of activities, association between operations and wells and setup times depending on the material arrival fit well the identical parallel machine schedule modelling. In this work, an introduction about the theme is presented, followed by a literature review on identical parallel machine scheduling problems, the mathematical formulation with the problem description is presented, the methodology, including the solution representation, constructive heuristic, neighborhood structures, local search and Iterated Local Search is exposed, at last, the method results and conclusions of the work are summarized.

[pt] O problema de sequenciamento de tarefas e troca de ferramentas (job sequencing and tool switching problem - SSP) tem sido extensivamente estudado na área de pesquisa operacional, devido à sua relevância prática e interesse metodológico. Dada uma máquina que pode carregar uma quantidade limitada de ferramentas simultaneamente e um número de tarefas que requerem um subconjunto das ferramentas disponíveis, o SSP procura uma sequência de tarefas que minimize o número total de trocas de ferramentas na máquina. Para resolver este problema, é proposta uma busca genética híbrida simples e efetiva baseada em uma representação de solução genérica, um operador de decodificação sob medida, buscas locais eficientes e técnicas de gerenciamento de diversidade. Para orientar a busca, um objetivo secundário desenvolvido para tratar empates é introduzido. Essas técnicas permitem explorar soluções estruturalmente distintas e escapar de ótimos locais. Conforme apresentado nos experimentos computacionais em instâncias clássicas, o algoritmo proposto supera significativamente todas as abordagens anteriores, mesmo sendo de fácil entendimento e implementação. Por fim, resultados obtidos em um novo conjunto de instâncias maiores são reportados para estimular futuras pesquisas e análises comparativas. / [en] The job sequencing and tool switching problem (SSP) has been extensively studied in the field of operations research, due to its practical relevance and methodological interest. Given a machine that can load a limited amount of tools simultaneously and a number of jobs that require a subset of the available tools, the SSP seeks a job sequence that minimizes the number of tool switches in the machine. To solve this problem, we propose a simple and efficient hybrid genetic search based on a generic solution representation, a tailored decoding operator, efficient local searches and diversity management techniques. To guide the search, we introduce a secondary objective designed to break ties. These techniques allow to explore structurally different solutions and escape local optima. As shown in our computational experiments on classical benchmark instances, our algorithm significantly outperforms all previous approaches while remaining simple to apprehend and easy to implement. We finally report results on a new set of larger instances to stimulate future research and comparative analyses.

This thesis considers the Two-Stage Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with Profits and Buffers, which generalizes various optimization problems that are relevant for practical applications, such as the Two-Machine Flow Shop with Buffers and the Orienteering Problem. Two optimization problems are considered for the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers, namely the minimization of total time while respecting a profit constraint and the maximization of total profit under a budget constraint. The former generalizes the makespan minimization problem for the Two-Machine Flow Shop with Buffers, whereas the latter is comparable to the problem of maximizing score in the Orienteering Problem. For the three problems, a theoretical analysis is performed regarding computational complexity, existence of optimal permutation schedules (where all vehicles traverse the same nodes in the same order) and potential gaps in attainable solution quality between permutation schedules and non-permutation schedules. The obtained theoretical results are visualized in a table that gives an overview of various subproblems belonging to the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers, their theoretical properties and how they are connected. For the Two-Machine Flow Shop with Buffers and the Orienteering Problem, two metaheuristics 2BF-ILS and VNSOP are presented that obtain favorable results in computational experiments when compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms. For the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers, an algorithmic framework for Iterative Search Algorithms with Variable Neighborhoods (ISAVaN) is proposed that generalizes aspects from 2BF-ILS as well as VNSOP. Various algorithms derived from that framework are evaluated in an experimental study. The evaluation methodology used for all computational experiments in this thesis takes the performance during the run time into account and demonstrates that algorithms for structurally different problems, which are encompassed by the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers, can be evaluated with similar methods. The results show that the most suitable choice for the components in these algorithms is dependent on the properties of the problem and the considered evaluation criteria. However, a number of similarities to algorithms that perform well for the Two-Machine Flow Shop with Buffers and the Orienteering Problem can be identified. The framework unifies these characteristics, providing a spectrum of algorithms that can be adapted to the specifics of the considered Vehicle Routing Problem.:1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Problem Motivation 2.2 Formal Definition of the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers 2.3 Review of Literature on Related Vehicle Routing Problems 2.3.1 Two-Stage Vehicle Routing Problems 2.3.2 Vehicle Routing Problems with Profits 2.3.3 Vehicle Routing Problems with Capacity- or Resource-based Restrictions 2.4 Preliminary Remarks on Subsequent Chapters 3 The Two-Machine Flow Shop Problem with Buffers 3.1 Review of Literature on Flow Shop Problems with Buffers 3.1.1 Algorithms and Metaheuristics for Flow Shops with Buffers 3.1.2 Two-Machine Flow Shop Problems with Buffers 3.1.3 Blocking Flow Shops 3.1.4 Non-Permutation Schedules 3.1.5 Other Extensions and Variations of Flow Shop Problems 3.2 Theoretical Properties 3.2.1 Computational Complexity 3.2.2 The Existence of Optimal Permutation Schedules 3.2.3 The Gap Between Permutation Schedules an Non-Permutation 3.3 A Modification of the NEH Heuristic 3.4 An Iterated Local Search for the Two-Machine Flow Shop Problem with Buffers 3.5 Computational Evaluation 3.5.1 Algorithms for Comparison 3.5.2 Generation of Problem Instances 3.5.3 Parameter Values 3.5.4 Comparison of 2BF-ILS with other Metaheuristics 3.5.5 Comparison of 2BF-OPT with NEH 3.6 Summary 4 The Orienteering Problem 4.1 Review of Literature on Orienteering Problems 4.2 Theoretical Properties 4.3 A Variable Neighborhood Search for the Orienteering Problem 4.4 Computational Evaluation 4.4.1 Measurement of Algorithm Performance 4.4.2 Choice of Algorithms for Comparison 4.4.3 Problem Instances 4.4.4 Parameter Values 4.4.5 Experimental Setup 4.4.6 Comparison of VNSOP with other Metaheuristics 4.5 Summary 5 The Two-Stage Vehicle Routing Problem with Profits and Buffers 5.1 Theoretical Properties of the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers 5.1.1 Computational Complexity of the General Problem 5.1.2 Existence of Permutation Schedules in the Set of Optimal Solutions 5.1.3 The Gap Between Permutation Schedules an Non-Permutation Schedules 5.1.4 Remarks on Restricted Cases 5.1.5 Overview of Theoretical Results 5.2 A Metaheuristic Framework for the Two-Stage VRP with Profits and Buffers 5.3 Experimental Results 5.3.1 Problem Instances 5.3.2 Experimental Results for O_{max R, Cmax≤B} 5.3.3 Experimental Results for O_{min Cmax, R≥Q} 5.4 Summary Bibliography List of Figures List of Tables List of Algorithms

[pt] O transporte escolar é fundamental para garantir o acesso e permanência dos alunos nas escolas públicas, principalmente nas áreas rurais, onde os estudantes estão localizados em uma grande área com baixa densidade e as estradas encontram-se em situações precárias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar a metaheurística Iterated Local Search para o roteamento de 13.664 alunos da zona rural do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, considerouse o problema de roteamento de veículo escolares, do inglês School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP), com frota heterogênea e escola única, com o objetivo de minimizar o custo total considerando as restrições de capacidade dos veículos e distância máxima de percurso. Para aplicação do método, foram considerados os dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC-RJ). Os resultados são apresentados em dois cenários, o primeiro considera os dados de 79 rotas utilizadas pela SEEDUC-RJ para comparação dos resultados obtidos com o ILS. O método mostrou uma redução de 40,5 por cento no custo médio das rotas e 46 or cento na quilometragem média por aluno. O segundo cenário considera o roteamento da totalidade dos alunos, que foram divididos em 506 instâncias considerando escola e turno. A maior instância roteada possui 534 alunos. Os resultados consolidados por município são apresentados e mostram a concentração de municípios com maior custo médio por rota no noroeste fluminense. A implementação das rotas propostas pode trazer economia significativa com as despesas relacionadas ao transporte escolar rural, além de indicar um aumento no nível de serviço para os estudantes, com redução da quilometragem média por aluno. / [en] School transport is essential to ensure access and permanence of students in public schools, especially in rural areas, where students are located in a large area with low density and roads are in precarious conditions. This work aims to apply the Iterated Local Search metaheuristic to route 13.664 rural students in the state of Rio de Janeiro. For this, we considered the School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP), with heterogeneous fleet and single school, in order to minimize the total cost considering the vehicles capacity constraints and maximum travel distance. To apply the method, the data provided by Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUCRJ) were considered. The results are presented in two scenarios, the first considers data from 79 routes used by SEEDUC-RJ to compare the results obtained with the ILS. The method showed a reduction of 40.5 percent in the average cost of routes and 46 percent in the average mileage per student. The second scenario considers the routing of all students, who were divided into 506 instances considering school and shift. The largest routed instance has 534 students. The results consolidated by municipality are presented and show the concentration of municipalities with the highest average cost per route in northwestern Rio de Janeiro. The implementation of the proposed routes can bring significant savings with expenses related to rural school transport, in addition to indicating an increase in the level of service for students, with a reduction in the average mileage per student.

[pt] Na atualidade, as organizações públicas e privadas buscam otimizar seus processos de modo que, estes garantam a qualidade dos serviços e o retorno sobre o capital investido nas diversas operações que estão envolvidas. Com isso, as organizações que não se preocupam em desenhar seus processos com eficácia e eficiência, estarão sujeitas a falhas, onerando assim os custos de operação. O estudo em questão propõe uma política de atendimento às demandas de manutenção e a utilização de uma ferramenta de roteirização diária no desempenho das operações do setor de manutenção de uma universidade pública do estado de Minas Gerais. O Problema de Roteirização de Veículos (PRV), do inglês Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), como é conhecido na literatura, é definido como o atendimento a pontos de demanda geograficamente dispersos, por intermédio de uma frota de veículos disponíveis que, em geral, partem e retornam a um depósito central. O PRV tem como objetivo encontrar rotas viáveis com um menor custo que respeite as restrições operacionais, como duração da jornada de trabalho, capacidade dos veículos, duração das rotas, entre diversas outras. No trabalho será proposta uma metodologia que sugere uma nova política de distribuição de profissionais e materiais necessários para realização dos atendimentos às demandas de manutenção das unidades internas e externas da universidade e faz uso de um software de solução do PRV para verificar o desempenho das políticas propostas. Os resultados do estudo para as estratégias propostas apresentaram reduções significativas, variando de 17,86 porcento a 66,27 porcento do custo mensal, além de oportunidades de ganhos operacionais frente ao cenário atual. Espera-se que o software de PRV seja utilizado na programação diária dos roteiros dos veículos do setor. / [en] Currently, public and private organizations seek to optimize their process-es in order to guarantee the quality of services and the return on capital invested in the various operations that are involved. As a result, organizations that are not concerned with designing their processes effectively and efficiently, will be sub-ject to failures, thus increasing operating costs. The study in question proposes a policy to meet maintenance demands and the use of a daily routing tool in the performance of operations in the maintenance sector of a public university in the state of Minas Gerais. The Problema de Roteamento de Veículos (PRV), from the English Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), as it is known in the literature, is defined as the service to meet geographically dispersed demand points, through a fleet of available vehicles that, in general, depart and return to a central depot. The VRP aims to find viable routes at a lower cost that respects operational re-strictions, such as working hours, vehicle capacity, duration of routes, among others. In the work, a methodology will be proposed that suggests a new policy for the distribution of professionals and materials needed to fulfill the demands of maintenance of the university s internal and external units and makes use of a VRP solution software to verify the performance of the proposed policies. The results of the study for the proposed strategies showed significant reductions, varying from 17.86 percent to 66.27 percent of the monthly cost, in addition to opportunities for operational gains compared to the current scenario. It is expected that the VRP software will be used in the daily programming of the routes for vehicles in the sector.