We are faced with a choice between three philosophical methods: the examination of natural languages to find what features they share; piecemeal conceptual analysis; and conceptual analysis which justifies the interest of its subject-matter by setting out conditions for experience. The third method is Kant's.

No description available.

The Internet has grown in popularity in recent years, and thus it has gained importance for many current businesses. They need to offer their products and services through their Web sites. To present not only static content but also interactive services, the logic behind these services needs to be programmed. Various approaches for programming Web services exist. The Java programming language can be used to implement Web services that run both on Internet clients and servers, either exclusively or in interaction with each other. The Java programming language is standardised across computing platforms and has matured over the past few years, and is therefore a popular choice for the implementation of Web services. The amount of available and well-tested Java source code is still small compared to other programming languages. Rather than taking the risks and costs of redeveloping program libraries, it is often preferable to move the core logic of existing solutions to Java and then integrate it into Java programs that present the services in a Web interface. In this Ph.D. dissertation, we survey and evaluate a selection of current approaches to the migration of source code to Java. To narrow the scope of the dissertation to a reasonable limit, we focus on the C and C++ programming languages as the source languages. Many mature programs and program libraries exist in these languages. The survey of current migration approaches reveals a number of their restrictions and disadvantages in the context of moving program libraries to Java and integrating them with Java programs. Using the experiences from this survey, we established a number of goals for an improved migration approach and developed the Ephedra approach by closely following these goals. To show the practicality of this approach, we implemented an automated tool that performs the migration according to the Ephedra approach and evaluated the migration process and its result with respect to the goals we established using selected case studies. Ephedra provides a high degree of automation for the migration process while letting the software-engineer make decisions where multiple choices are possible. A central problem in the migration from C to Java is the trans formation of C pointers to Java references. Ephedra provides two different strategies for this transformation and explains their applicability to subject systems. The code resulting from a migration with Ephedra is maintainable and functionally equivalent to the original code save some well documented exceptions. Performance trade-offs are analysed and evaluated in the light of the intended subject systems. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pastorelli_als_dr_guara.pdf: 2377495 bytes, checksum: 6616c1dd459e5d7fa4bd2985247b67f6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho tem por objetivo recuperar a usabilidade dos processos de ensaios em túnel de vento por meio de recursos computacionais, visando a atualização e revitalização do sistema de software através de recursos tecnológicos, interfaces, aplicativos de apoio avançados e da implantação de práticas de engenharia e qualidade de software. Neste trabalho de tese fez-se estudo de práticas, métodos, processos e técnicas de engenharia de software de modo a aplicá-las adequadamente no ciclo de desenvolvimento do projeto do sistema de software, considerando o conceito atual de software que abrange os programas de computadores, a documentação associada e os dados necessários para que os softwares de aquisição e redução de dados operem corretamente e continuamente durante a modernização do sistema de medidas do túnel de vento. Foi dado enfoque na melhoria da qualidade dos produtos e dos processos gerenciais e técnicos, considerando as ações das metodologias tradicionais e ágeis adequadas ao escopo e ao grupo de projeto. Neste trabalho, para atingir a abrangência do conceito de software e manter a funcionalidade do sistema de software durante a modernização do túnel de vento é gerada a metodologia para aplicação de reuso e reengenharia nos software de aquisição e redução de dados de um túnel de vento, denominada Metodologia Especial Tradicional e Ágil de aplicação em Projeto Legado de software em Inovação – METAPLI. Com a implantação desta metodologia de projeto de engenharia de software se provê a organização dos processos gerenciais e técnicos, se gera a documentação de todo projeto do sistema de software e se preserva o conhecimento dos processos de engenharia. / This work focuses on recovering the usability of the wind tunnel tests processes by means of computational resources in order to updating and revitalizing the software system through the technological resources, interfaces, advanced applicative of the aid and the establishing of software engineering and software quality practices. On this thesis’ work they were performed studies of practices, methods, processes and software engineering techniques in a way of applying them adequately on the project development cycle of the software system, considering the software current concept which recovers the computer programs, the associated documentation and the necessary data in a way that the data acquisition and reduction software operates correctly and continuously along the wind tunnel measurement system’s modernization. The focus was on quality improvement of products and managerial and technical processes, considering the traditional and agile methodologies actions, which are adequate to scope and to project group. On this work, to achieve the software concept wideness, keeping the software system functionality along the wind tunnel modernization, it was generated the methodology in order to apply the reuse and reengineering of data acquisition and reduction software of a wind tunnel, which is denominated “Traditional and Agile Special Methodology for application in Project Legacy of software in Innovation - METAPLI”. The implantation of this project methodology of software engineering proves the managerial and technical processes organization, generates the documentation of the whole software system project and preserves the knowledge of engineering processes.

abstract: This thesis is concerned with the methodological role of intuitions in metaphysics. It is divided into two main parts. Part I argues that an academic field can only employ a method of gathering evidence if it has established some agreed-upon standards regarding how to evaluate uses of this method. Existing meta-philosophical disputes take the nature of intuitions to be their starting point. This is a mistake. My concern is not the epistemic status of intuitions, but rather how metaphysicians appeal to intuitions as a form of evidence. In order for intuitions to play a viable role in research they must be subject to certain constraints, regardless of whether they allow individual researchers to know that their theories are true. Metaphysicians are not permitted to use intuitions as arbitrarily having different evidential status in different circumstances, nor should they continue to use intuitions as evidence in certain disputes when there is disagreement amongst disputants about whether intuitions should have this evidential status. Part II is dedicated to showing that metaphysicians currently use intuitions in precisely the sort of inconsistent manner that was shown to be impermissible in Part I. I first consider several competing theories of how intuitions function as evidence and argue that they all fail. As they are currently used in metaphysics, intuitions are analogous to instruments in the sciences in that they are taken to be a substantial non-inferential source of evidence for theories. I then analyze several major metaphysical disputes and show that the source of controversy in these disputes boils down to inconsistencies in how the different parties treat intuitions as evidence. I conclude that metaphysicians must abandon appeals to intuition as evidence--at least until the field can agree upon some general standards that can resolve these inconsistencies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Philosophy 2014

Influenza virus H1N1 is a huge threat on human health. Influenza occurs with seasonal variations and reaches peak prevalence in winter, with many people killed worldwide every year. In the research of interaction between influenza virus and cells, four major parts were in the range of our consideration, namely the proteins of virus, the proteome of host cell, the method of proteomic and the potencial medicine related with those significant proteins. Hemagglutinin (HA), as an envelope protein, plays an important role in influenza A virus. It was found that HA has a series of isoforms in two dimensional gels in this study. For the investigation of HA, firstly, virus was purified by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, followed by the separation of virus proteins through electrophoresis method, and then these proteins were digested by different enzymes and analyzed through MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-Q-TOF MS. Database searching was used for identification of sequences. The results of the virus samples digested by different enzymes were compared, and the isoforms of HA were proved to be related with the glycan and their glycosylation sites. A novel strategy of stable-isotope N-phosphorylation labeling was developed for peptide de novo sequencing and protein quantification based on organic phosphorus chemistry. Different from other stable-isotope labeling reagents that needed to be activated in advance for peptide coupling, N-phosphorylation labeling reagents were activated in situ to form labeling intermediates with high activity and selectivity targeting on N-terminus and -amino group of lysine under various reaction conditions. The obtained results showed excellent correlation of the measured ratios to theoretical ratios with errors that ranging from 0.5 to 6.7 % and relative standard deviation of less than 10.6 %, indicating the reproducibility and preciseness of the developed method. The method development based on organic phosphorus chemistry offered a new approach for quantitative proteomics by using novel stable-isotope labeling reagents. A method combining hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry analysis was developed and applied to study glycoproteins of H1N1 (A/Purto Rico/8/1934) infected cell line (A549). The result showed that some glycoproteins were significant in influenza virus infected cells. In these glycoproteins, RPC1_HUMAN, RHG25_HUMAN , RPTOR_HUMAN, ARHGC_HUMAN, ROCK1_HUMAN, DOCK3_HUMAN were down-regulated. Protein named TITIN_HUMAN, DESP_HUMAN, PTN13_HUMAN were up-regulated. High dose of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was recently reported for a therapy of H1N1 influenza pneumonia. NAC was used as a small-molecule organic probe to investigate the protein expression of human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) infected by influenza virus H1N1. The obtained results showed that NAC kept cells away from apoptosis. Virus-infected cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase. The lowest cell population of G0/G1 phase was detected when the cells were treated by 10 mM NAC for one day. Software analysis showed that 4 proteins had close relationship. The results indicated that NAC as a small-molecule probe might effect the proteins expression of A549 cells infected by the H1N1 virus

In order to increase productivity, methodologies based on reuse of previously designed components are exploited by the Integrated Circuit (IC) design community. However, designers are often faced with the problem of reusing a legacy design for which the behavior is unclear due to missing documentation and the complexity of the design. In this dissertation a methodology to assist designers in retrieving the original intent of a design from its Hardware Description Language (HDL) specification is described. The methodology is based on code analysis and techniques which produce different views of HDL code. These views represent the behavior of a design in more abstract terms than the HDL code. / Graduate

Cis-diol-containing metabolites have attracted increasing attention in recent years. These metabolites widely exist in the body fluids and tissues. They play important roles in the structure, function and metabolic activity of cells. Some of them are related to cell proliferation and metabolic processes. And they have been used to denote a state of disease as potential biomarkers. Several methods have been developed for the analysis of cis-diol-containing metabolites. However, these methods faced a challenge to separate and detect isomers of these compounds, particularly for compounds with low abundance and high polarity. Therefore, novel methods were necessary to improve the separation and detection sensitivity of this kind of metabolites. With this aim, chemical derivatization methods were developed for cis-diol-containing metabolite detection by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in this project. These methods were optimized and validated to achieve the optimal reaction conditions. And they were applied to study real-world biological systems, including the changes of modified nucleosides in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nude mice and toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure. Firstly, the derivatization reaction of cis-diol compounds with acetone were optimized. Factors that affected reaction efficiency were investigated by reacting guanosine (G) with acetone. The optimal reaction conditions were validated by detecting four acetonides of urinary nucleosides by using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the approach had good linearity, accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 92.9% to 103.5%. It indicated that the assay was reproducible. The robust method should be potentially useful for the analysis of modified nucleosides and other cis-diol-containing metabolites in biological samples. The validated derivatization method was applied to determine urinary nucleosides by LC-MS. This method not only improved the retention of nucleosides on reversed-phase column, but also reduced the matrix effect from urine samples and enhanced detection sensitivity of mass spectrometry. Isotope labeling method with acetone-d6 and multivariate statistical analysis enabled the positive identification of 56 nucleosides, including 52 modified nucleosides. The obtained results indicated that the derivatization method was practical, fast and effective for the identification of urinary nucleosides. It was successfully applied to study the changes of urinary nucleosides in nude mice bearing HCC. Some significantly changed nucleosides were identified as potential biomarkers. Subsequently, this approach was modified by employing parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) method which was based on high resolution MS to detect urinary nucleosides in rats exposed to BPA. Comparing to the data acquired by triple quadrupole MS with neutral loss scanning, higher specificity and sensitivity were achieved by using PRM scanning mode. Therefore, more nucleosides were identified by using the method in urine samples (from 56 up to 66). The changes of the detected nucleosides were studied in the rats exposed to BPA. Various trends of modified nucleosides were observed with different dose BPA exposure. Specifically, the high-dose exposure group was the most strongly affected. The biomarker of RNA oxidation, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxoG), showed significant change in this group. It proved that BPA exposure could induce RNA damage when the dose of BPA was beyond a certain amount. Except for nucleosides, other cis-diol-containing metabolites, such as carbohydrates, were also studied by using the derivatization method. Acetone and acetone-d6 were applied to label the cis-diol metabolites. Based on the chemical isotope labeling, cis-diol metabolites were easily recognized from urine samples. Influence of BPA exposure on these metabolites was investigated by comparing different doses of BPA administration on rats. Analytes showed noticeable difference were highlighted. Pathway analysis indicated that galactose metabolism, nucleoside and its analogues metabolism were disturbed. The derivatization method was extended to quantify nucleotides in plasma samples. According to the specific physical-chemical properties of nucleotides, the method was improved to fit the requirement of analysis by using 1,1-Dimethoxycyclohexane (DMCH) as derivatization agent and formic acid (FA) as catalyst. Tip micro-columns packed with TiO2 were used for selective adsorption of nucleotides in the plasma. Then in-situ derivatization were carried out to change the polarity of targeted compounds. LC-MS analysis of the derivatization products were employed without using ion-pairing reagents. This method exhibited a high selectivity for the extraction of nucleotides. After derivatization, retention of nucleotides on reversed-phase C18 column was improved. Complete separation of nucleotides with the same base was achieved. The peak shape was symmetrical and the tailing was eliminated by using high pH mobile phase. The method settled the problems of nucleotide detection, which were poor retention, trailing, in-source fragmentation and contamination of ion-pairing reagents. The quantitative method was successfully applied to determine the content of nucleotides in plasma samples of rats exposed to BPA. It was simple and fast, as well as good selectivity and stability. It could be extended to detection of other phosphorylated metabolites with similar structure. To our best knowledge, it was the first time to employ derivatization methods to detect cis-diol-containing metabolites. The methods decreased the matrix effects of complex biological samples, and also decreased the polarity of cis-diol-containing metabolites. The changes of properties not only improved the chromatographic separation, but also enhanced the MS intensities. The methods overcame the problems of cis-diol-containing metabolite detection on reversed-phase column. They were successfully applied to study the changes of cis-diol-containing metabolites of HCC and toxic effects of BPA exposure. The method might be extended to determine other cis-diol-containing metabolites in urine samples as well as in cells, tissues and plasma samples. It might be valuable for the understanding of the roles of cis-diol-containing metabolites in in cell metabolism.

Orientador: Dair Aily Franco de Camargo / Banca: Maria Cecília de Oliveira Micotti / Banca: Belmira Amélia de Oliveira Bueno / Objetivou-se diagnosticar qual a orientação para trabalho em grupo e como ela é recebida pelas professoras de primeira série de ensino fundamental da rede Municipal de Educação; buscou-se também identificar qual a concepção dessas professoras sobre o tema e como esta se manifesta nas práticas pedagógicas. A investigação ocorreu por meio de entrevistas com as professoras e com a coordenadora pedagógica da Secretaria Municipal da Educação, utilizando-se da metodologia observacional em situação real de aula. Apesar das professoras afirmarem receber alguma orientação da Secretaria da Educação para esse tipo de trabalho, ressaltam uma falta de continuidade, ou de um acompanhamento mais incisivo e comprometido. / It was aimed to diagnose which orientation for work in group and how it is received by the teachers of first series at elementary school in the Municipal Education system; moreover, it was also aimed to identify which the conception of those teachers about the theme and how this is present in the pedagogic practices. The investigation happened through interviews with the teachers and the pedagogic coordinator of the Municipal Education Clerkship, by using the watcher methodology in real class situation. In spite of the teachers affirm to receive some orientation of the Education Clerkship for that work type, they point out a continuity lack, or a more incisive and committed accompaniment. / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Batocchio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RiveraAlegre_Alexander_M.pdf: 2009814 bytes, checksum: 94f6f3fd6dad626465bac6e78538850b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O presente trabalho aborda a atividade de separação de pedidos (Picking), analisando a utilização e a importância da avaliação das estratégias. Demonstra-se que existe uma ampla variedade de sistemas e estratégias desenvolvidas para esta atividade, elaborando-se quadros comparativos de desempenho. Sendo assim, é necessária a avaliação heurística para a escolha da estratégia de separação de pedidos, considerando as características específicas da operação. Na pesquisa de estudo de caso desenvolve-se um método heurístico para a escolha da estratégia desta atividade e a aplicação dos princípios que devem guiar o posicionamento de produtos dentro da área de armazenagem e o fluxo de informação e de documentos. Para a análise de estudo de caso foi escolhida uma empresa da indústria veterinária devido a sua complexidade de armazenamento e diversidade de produtos. O estudo revela que cada escolha da estratégia de separação de pedidos está relacionada às características específicas da operação e dos produtos / Abstract: The following work focuses on the activity of order separation within a warehouse (known as Picking), analyzing the use and relevance of several Picking strategies. The large array of Picking systems and strategies is reviewed, and a comparison between them is drawn. The use of heuristic evaluation practices for choosing the order separation strategy is selected for this study, thus considering the specifics characteristics of each company operation. In the case study, a heuristic method for choosing the Picking strategy is developed, along with the application of principles that should guide the positioning of the goods and the information and document flux within the warehouse. For the analysis of case study was chosen a company of veterinary medicine industry due to his storage complexity and diversity of products. This study concludes that the choice of the order separation strategy is strongly related to the specific characteristics of each operation and product / Mestrado / Engenharia de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica