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There is growing appreciation of the potential for high intensity interval training (HIT) to rapidly stimulate metabolic adaptations that resemble traditional endurance training, despite a low total exercise volume. However, much of the work has been conducted on young active individuals and the results may not be applicable to older, less active populations. In addition, many studies have employed "all out", variable-load exercise interventions (e.g., repeated Wingate Tests) that may not be safe, practical or well tolerated by certain individuals. We determined the effect of a short program of low-volume, submaximal, constant-load HIT on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity in sedentary middle-aged individuals who may be at higher risk for inactivity-related chronic diseases. Sedentary but otherwise healthy men (n=3) and women (n=4) with a mean (±SE) age, body mass index and peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) of 45±2 yr, 27±2 kg-m^2 and 30±1 ml·kg^-1·min^-1 were recruited. Subjects performed 6 training sessions over 2 wk, each consisting of 10 x 1 min cycling at 60% of peak power elicited during a ramp VO_2peak test (<90% of heart rate reserve) with 1 min recovery between intervals. Needle biopsy samples (v. lateralis) were obtained before training and <72 h after the final training session. Muscle oxidative capacity, as reflected by the maximal activity and protein content of citrate synthase, increased by ~20% after training, which is similar to changes previously reported after 2 wk of Wingate-based HIT in young active subjects. Insulin sensitivity, based on fasting glucose and insulin, improved by ~35% after training. These data support the notion that low-volume HIT may be a practical, time- efficient strategy to induce metabolic adaptations that reduce the risk for inactivity-related disorders in previously sedentary adults. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Yes / This study investigates how men’s body image develops over time. 14 men aged between 45 and 67 years completed in-depth interviews where they discussed their body image since childhood, prompted in some cases by photographs of themselves at different ages that they brought to the interviews. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. From the participants’ accounts it was evident that body concerns did not steadily improve or worsen, but waxed and waned over time. Results are discussed in relation to understanding changing body concerns in men’s lives, and the implications of these for future research and practice.

本研究是一項關於北京中年抑鬱症患者主觀經驗的敘事分析。研究的目的在於探尋患者對於自身患病歷程的主觀詮釋，他們的服務需求以及對於中國大陸精神衛生社會工作進行反思。研究的參與對象為目的性抽樣所得到的來自北京的一個抑鬱癥自助團體的八名中年抑鬱癥患者。 / 患者回顧了他們不同階段的經歷：發病期、住院期以及康復期。然後他們對於這些經歷做了詮釋。基於不同領域的社會服務需求，對於醫院、社區、大眾傳媒以及政府，他們都給出了寶貴的意見。 / 研究發現，既有的理論觀點對於關著對自身經歷的詮釋有著重要的影響，尤其是生物醫學模型。認知觀點和性別觀點也可以在患者們的敘事中找到蹤跡。精神科醫生在患者的整個經歷中都處於重要的地位，他們的觀點和行為對患者也產生了重要的影響。 / 患者還受到社會和歷史因素的影響。他們的詮釋會受到社會觀念和文化價值的影響，比如命運、面子、孝順以及性別角色等等。而歷史事件諸如文化大革命以及天安門事件也會對他們的人生經歷以及他們的主觀詮釋造成影響。而中國目前的社會情境也是另一項重要的影響因素。 / 從他們的故事中，我們可以看到，最重要的主題就是他們在患病過程中認知模式的轉變，包括對待抑鬱癥本身，所接受的服務以及自身的看法。在他們的敘述中，另外兩個主題也是非常值得注意的，那就是和抑鬱症有關的“喪失以及醫院裡非人道的治療方式。 / 他們的故事為我們對於北京中年抑鬱症患者經歷的理解提供了非常豐富詳實的材料。這些發現對於知識理論的發展、政策的制定以及針對抑鬱症患者的臨床社會工作實踐都有著很大的啟示。整個社會以及不同領域的精神衛生專業人士都應該攜起手來幫助他們，共同去創造一個更加包容和諧的社會。 / This research was a narrative analysis of the subjective experiences of the depressed middle-aged adults in Beijing, China. The purposes of the research were to explore the clients’ subjective interpretation of their lived experience of depression, their service needs and reflect on the improvement of mental health social work in Mainland China. A purposive sample of eight depressed clients from a self-help group in a mental health hospital in Beijing participated in this study. / The clients talked about their experiences at different stages: the onset, in the hospital and the rehabilitation, and interpreted their experiences. They also gave some advice to the hospital, the community, the mass media and the government based on their social service needs. / The theoretical perspectives influenced the clients’ interpretations of their experiences, especially the biomedical model. The cognitive perspective and the gender perspective could also be found in the client’s narratives. The psychiatrists were very important in the whole process of the clients’ experiences. Their perspectives and behaviors also influenced the clients. / It is found that the clients were also influenced by social and historical factors. Their interpretations were affected by social beliefs and cultural values such as fate, face, filial piety and gender roles. The historical events such as Cultural Revolution and June.4th Movement also affected their experiences and interpretations. The current social context in China was another important factor affecting them. / From their stories, we could see that the main theme was change of their cognitive styles, including view of depression, service and themselves. Another two themes were highlighted in their narratives as well: the linkage of their losses with depression and the dehumanized treatment in the hospital. / Their stories have provided comprehensive materials for an in-depth understanding of depressed middle-aged adults in Beijing. Based on the findings, recommendations are made to knowledge development, policymakers and clinical social workers in helping the depressed clients. It is necessary for our society and mental health professionals in different areas to work together to help them and build an inclusive society. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Shi, Song. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-245). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts and appendixes also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rationale of the study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background of the study --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purposes and significance of the research --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Adult depression --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of adults’ depression --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Different perspectives on “depression“ --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Social factors associated with adult depression --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cultural influences in Chinese society --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Treatment of depressed adults --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Psychotherapy --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Medication --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research on subjective experiences of people with mental disorders --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Research on depression in Mainland China --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5 --- The roles of social work in mental health services --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Paradigmatic Considerations --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Social constructionism --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Social construction and mental illness --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Theoretical Framework --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Qualitative research strategy --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sampling strategies --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Data collection procedures --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data analysis procedures --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Strategies for validating findings --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3 --- Ethical issues --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Research findings --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- The experiences of the participants --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The experience during the onset of depression --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The experience in hospital --- p.118 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- The experience in the rehabilitation period --- p.131 / Chapter 4.2 --- The interpretation of their experiences --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The interpretation of the process of suffering from depression --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The interpretation of the process of recovery --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3 --- Advice on their needs --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The hospital --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The community --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Mass media --- p.161 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- The government --- p.164 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.170 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion and Recommendation --- p.171 / Chapter 5.1 --- Characteristics of the participants in this study --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2 --- Social and historical factors affecting the clients’ interpretation of suffering from depression --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Social beliefs and cultural values --- p.174 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Social context --- p.183 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Historical events --- p.184 / Chapter 5.3 --- Themes --- p.186 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Change of Cognitive Style --- p.187 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The linkage of loss with depression --- p.190 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- The dehumanized treatment of hospitalization --- p.193 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- The interrelationships among the themes --- p.195 / Chapter 5.4 --- Revisiting the proposed conceptual framework --- p.197 / Chapter 5.5 --- Significance and recommendations --- p.200 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Significance and recommendations --- p.201 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Limitations --- p.214 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Possible Probes for interview (English Version & Chinese Version) --- p.218 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Oral Consent form (English Version & Chinese version) --- p.225 / References --- p.228

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Canterbury, 2008. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Pau King-man. / Thesis submitted in: October 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-181). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xxiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Women's Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Trends --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Etiology of Overweight and Obesity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Health Consequences of Obesity in Women --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations for Good Health for Adults --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Health Behavior Change Theories --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Weight Control/Loss Interventions for Women --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7 --- Weight Loss Risks --- p.11 / Chapter 1.8 --- Health Promotion Programs for Women --- p.12 / Chapter 1.9 --- General Situation and Population Trends Among Hong Kong Middle- aged Women --- p.15 / Chapter 1.10 --- Nutrition-related Morbidity and Mortality Among Hong Kong Women --- p.16 / Chapter 1.11 --- Diet Composition of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.20 / Chapter 1.12 --- Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.21 / Chapter 1.13 --- Education and Health in Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.23 / Chapter 1.14 --- Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Diet and Health of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.24 / Chapter 1.15 --- Common Weight Loss Methods Among Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.25 / Chapter 1.16 --- Sources of Health Information Among Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.25 / Chapter 1.17 --- Summary --- p.26 / Chapter 1.18 --- Study Purpose and Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of Participants --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Focus Groups --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Survey Instrument --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Questionnaire --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Three-day Dietary Record --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Anthropometric and Cholesterol Measurements --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Intervention --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Process Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Data Management --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistics --- p.40 / Chapter 2.8 --- Data Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Physical Activity Patterns --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Dietary Patterns --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Nutrition Knowledge Score --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Physical Activity Knowledge Score --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Blood Total Cholesterol --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- Body Mass Index --- p.47 / Chapter 2.8.7 --- Percent Body Fat --- p.47 / Chapter 2.9 --- Ethics --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Focus Group Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General Description of Participants --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Health' --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Healthy Lifestyle' --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Healthy Eating' --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Physical Activity' --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- The Factors Motivating the Women to Adopt a Healthy Lifestyle --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Sources of Information About Healthy Eating and Physical Activity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Suggestions for the Type and Content of Activities in a Health Promotion Program --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participation Rate in the Study --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Pretest --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.66 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.66 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.13 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.14 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.15 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.16 --- Health Information Desired --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.17 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.18 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Pretest --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5 --- Posttest --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.93 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.93 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.94 / Chapter 3.5.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.13 --- Analysis the Changes by Education Level --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.14 --- Analysis the Changes by Age Group --- p.104 / Chapter 3.5.15 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.105 / Chapter 3.5.16 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.107 / Chapter 3.5.17 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.18 --- Health Information Desired --- p.110 / Chapter 3.5.19 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.20 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Posttest --- p.112 / Chapter 3.6 --- Participants' Evaluation of the Intervention Program --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7 --- Follow-up --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.121 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.121 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.122 / Chapter 3.7.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.123 / Chapter 3.7.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.125 / Chapter 3.7.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.126 / Chapter 3.7.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.127 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.127 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.129 / Chapter 3.7.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.131 / Chapter 3.7.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.135 / Chapter 3.7.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.136 / Chapter 3.7.13 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.140 / Chapter 3.7.14 --- Analysis the Changes by Education Level --- p.142 / Chapter 3.7.15 --- Analysis the Changes by Age Group --- p.143 / Chapter 3.7.16 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.144 / Chapter 3.7.17 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.145 / Chapter 3.7.18 --- Health Information Desired --- p.148 / Chapter 3.7.19 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.149 / Chapter 3.7.20 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Follow-up --- p.150 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Implications of Findings --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Current Situations in Diet and Physical Activity of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Overall Effects of the Program --- p.161 / Chapter a. --- Changes in Knowledge --- p.161 / Chapter b. --- Changes in Awareness and Intention --- p.163 / Chapter c. --- Changes in Behavior --- p.164 / Chapter d. --- Changes in Anthropometery --- p.166 / Chapter 4.2 --- Strengths and Limitations of the Study --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3 --- Implications and Recommendations for Meeting the Challenges of Improving Hong Kong Middle-aged Women's Nutrition and Physical Activity Habits --- p.169 / Chapter 4.4 --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.170 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.172 / References --- p.173 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.182 / Chapter B --- Consent form (English version) --- p.183 / Chapter C --- Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.184 / Chapter D --- Questionnaire (English version) --- p.196 / Chapter E --- Photos for food amount quantities and household measures (Chinese version) --- p.210 / Chapter F --- Photos for food amount quantities and household measures (English version) --- p.213 / Chapter G --- Sample of dietary record (Chinese version) --- p.216 / Chapter H --- Sample of dietary record (English version) --- p.217 / Chapter I --- Three-day dietary record (Chinese version) --- p.218 / Chapter J --- Three-day dietary record (English version) --- p.221 / Chapter K --- Pamphlets for health talks (Chinese version) --- p.224 / Chapter L --- Pamphlets for health talks (English version) --- p.236 / Chapter M --- Pamphlets for physical activity demonstration (Chinese version) --- p.248 / Chapter N --- Pamphlets for physical activity demonstration (English version) --- p.253 / Chapter O --- Process evaluation questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.258 / Chapter P --- Process evaluation questionnaire (English version) --- p.260 / Chapter Q --- Overall evaluation questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.262 / Chapter R --- Overall evaluation questionnaire (English version) --- p.263 / Chapter S --- Focus group questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.264 / Chapter T --- Focus group questionnaire (English version) --- p.265 / Chapter U --- Focus group question guides (Chinese version) --- p.266 / Chapter V --- Focus group question guides (English version) --- p.268 / Chapter W --- The food consumption patterns of women in the Education and Control Groups --- p.270

Background. Habitual short (HSS) and long sleeper (HLS) were very interesting but under-research area. / Conclusion. Our study suggested that sleep duration of human being has marked inter-individual variability with existence of extreme sleepers at both ends. Throughout different phases of the study, there was a consistent negative relationship between sleep duration and socio-economic status. Our finding of unique personality profile between short and long sleepers supported the hypothesis that different personality trait (neuroticism trait) might mediate between sleep duration and socioeconomic variables. Further studies are indicated for investigating genetic as well as biological correlates between personality traits and sleep duration. / Method. Three phases were involved in this research to explore epidemiological, psychological, and PSG characteristics of HSS and HLS. / Phase three: 72 subjects (23 HSS, 41 HNS, and 8 HLS) were assessed by two nights PSG to be followed by multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). 37 subjects (6 HSS, 21 HNS, and 10 HLS) were assessed by four-day Actiwatch. In the first night of PSG assessment, HLS had lower sleep efficiency and longer sleep and REM latency than HSS and HNS. In the second night, REM density in HLS was higher than HSS and HNS. In MSLT, HSS (50.0%) was more likely to have mildly short sleep latency than HLS (0%). Multiple regression of these healthy sleepers suggested that shorter sleep duration was found in those subjects (a) attaining higher education level; (b) suffering from higher life stress; (c) having more sleepiness; and (d) having less neuroticism. / Phase two: 252 subjects attended the face-to-face clinical interview. Among them, there were 33 HSS-7 and 25 HLS-9. After controlling gender and age, HSS had more chance to earn more money, live in larger house, drank more alcohol, and lower neuroticism than HLS. / Result. Phase one: Brief sleep questionnaires with consent were administered to parents of students in 13 primary schools in 2003, and 10381 parents returned their questionnaires (response rate &ap; 67.9%). 593 subjects were excluded because of their incomplete information. Altogether, 9788 subjects were considered as eligible subjects that represented noninstitutionalized Chinese middle-age residents in Hong Kong (47.0% men vs 53.0% women, mean age: 40.9 years +/- 4.9 years [SD]). There were 322 (3.3%) HSS-7 (&le;7 hours), 1415 (14.5%) HLS-9 (&ge;9 hours), and 481 (4.9%) HLS-10 (&ge;10 hours). HSS had more chance to attain higher education level, earn more money and drank more tea/coffee than HLS. / Zhang Bin. / "May 2005." / Advisers: Y. K. Wing; S. O. Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0177. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-193). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Conclusion. We observed a small but independent effect of soy intake and lipid lowering effect, even after taking into account the other important predicting factors - initial cholesterol, body composition, physical activity, dietary intake and age. The beneficial effect between soy protein intake and lipid profile were observed even with this relatively low level of soy protein consumption suggests that the effect of soy protein supplement use on lipid profile may be much greater than those observed here. The results of our study add to the existing evidence that soy protein may be beneficial in human lipid profile. Our data will be useful for planning effective education programs as well as providing background information for further interventional studies to prevent coronary heart disease. / Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the major cause of death in most developed countries and is rapidly increasing in developing countries. Recent studies showed that natural menopause confers a threefold increase in CHD risk. While many risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and physical inactivity contribute to the risk for CHD, lipid abnormalities are the major factor. Hyperlipidemia plays a central role in the atherosclerotic process. Recent studies showed that consuming soy, a food containing large amounts of soy protein, improves the plasma lipoprotein profile by decreasing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides as well as increasing HDL level. Although soy is a main component of traditional Asian food, many of the studies on soy consumption have been conducted in Caucasian populations (table 1.2), among whom soy intake is rather low or almost nil, it was difficult to explore the association of soy protein intake and lipid profile in those populations. Soy products such as tofu and soymilk are traditional Chinese foods. With the changing dietary pattern, it gives rise to a range of intake from traditional to modern and increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease Hong Kong poses a unique opportunity for the investigation of the relation between soy protein intake and lipid profile. / For baseline age stratified subgroup analysis, our study results showed no association between soy protein intake and lipid pro file in women whose baseline age younger than 55.3 years old, but we did observe a positive association in women belonging to older subgroup. In the 12-month follow up analysis, for women whose baseline age was older than 55.3 years (mean age=58.4+/-2.1), after controlling for the potential confounders, soy protein intake was significantly associated with HDL cholesterol concentration (Linear Regression p=0.033, ANCOVA=0.011, P value for trend p=0.014), total cholesterol/HDL ratio (Linear Regression p=0.045) and LDL/HDL ratio (Linear Regression p=0.037). Similar observation was observed in the yearly change rate of HDL in 24-month follow up (Linear Regression p=0.047, P value for trend p=0.043). / For women whose initial cholesterol level was higher or equal to 200mg/dL, in our 2-year longitudinal analysis, after controlling for the potential confounders, soy protein intake was significantly associated with HDL (Linear Regression p=0.041) and cholesterol/HDL ratio (ANCOVA=0.022). We also observed a statistically significant trend for higher HDL cholesterol (p=0.038), with an increase of 11.4g in soy protein intake between the 1st and 3rd tertiles, our data showed a 3.8% increase in HDL. / In the 12-month longitudinal analyses, after controlling for the potential confounders, soy protein intake was significantly associated with HDL concentration (Linear Regression p=0.036). We also observed a statistically significant trend for higher HDL cholesterol (p=0.036), with an increase of 10.9g in soy protein intake between the 1st and 3rd tertiles, our data showed a 7.9% increase in HDL. / Methods. 307 women aged between 48 to 62 years were recruited from community subjects residing in housing estates in Shatin. Women within the first 12 years of menopause, with no history of malabsorption syndromes, chronic liver kidney diseases, parathyroid diseases, gastric operation or cancer and without currently taking lipid lowering therapy were included in the study. We estimated the dietary intake of soy foods and other key nutrients by using quantitative food frequency method. We recorded serum values of fasting cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides as well as other covariance measurement. Soy protein consumption was categorized as tertiles of intake and related to lipid profile. / Objectives. In order to study the relation between soy protein intake and lipid profile in the early postmenopausal Chinese women in Hong Kong, we conducted the study from February 2000 to February 2002, as a part of the population-based soy consumption and bone mineral density study. The hypothesis to be tested is that high intake of dietary soy protein has a beneficial effect on lipid profile in the early postmenopausal Chinese women in Hong Kong. / Results. In our cross-sectional analysis, our findings showed that habitual dietary soy protein intake had a weak but statistically significant correlation with triglyceride concentration (Linear Regression p=0.045, ANCOVA p=0.045 P value for trend p=0.023), and the soy protein beneficial effects were more pronounced in women whose % of total body fat were higher than 33.4%. After controlling for the potential confounders, soy protein intake was significantly associated with triglyceride concentration (Linear Regression p=0.048, P value for trend =0.021), the average decrease in triglycerides were 24.6% and 29.1 % in the 2nd and 3rd tertile compared with the 1st tertile respectively. / Lam Siu Hung. / "February 2006." / Adviser: Ho Suzanne Sutying. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6300. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-191). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Background and objective. Ultrasonic evaluation of carotid intima media thickness (IMT) has been widely used as a surrogate of atherosclerosis. Few studies have specifically examined risk factors related to subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) among early postmenopausal women, in particular in the Chinese population. There is also little information on the distribution of IMT in Asian midlife women. We described the prevalence of SA, as determined by IMT and carotid plaque, and the associated risk factors in early postmenopausal Chinese women in Hong Kong. / Conclusions. Our findings showed that age, SBP, HDL-C, and LDL-C were independent predictors of IMT, while age, LDL-C, and abdominal obesity were independent predictors of the presence of plaque. The optimal IMT cutoff of 0.783 mm was defined and that a prevalence of SA (IMT &ge; 0.783 mm) of 38.6% was found among 'healthy' early postmenopausal Chinese women in Hong Kong. / Methods. 518 women aged 50 to 64 years, and within 10 years since menopause were recruited from random telephone dialing. Women with surgical menopause, established cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and severe disease conditions such as cancer and renal failure were excluded. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors were obtained based on standardized questionnaires. Fasting blood sample was also obtained. B-mode ultrasound was used for measuring IMT at 12 sites of the carotid arteries and plague index, which is the sum of the grades (ranged from 0 to 3) at the 6 segments. The relations between traditional risk factors, and other potential risk factors such as inflammatory markers, as well as lifestyle factors including physical activity, dietary intake, and psychological factors with SA were also assessed. / Results. The mean IMT +/- SD was 0.76 +/- 0.12 mm, with a range from 0.53 to 1.00 mm. IMT was higher on the far wall than on the near wall (P&lt;0.01), and differ among segments (greatest at the bulb and least at the ICA) (P&lt;0.01). One-fifth of women had at least 1 plaque in the carotid artery with most of the plaque occurred in the bulb area. IMT increased with age, and was positively associated with carotid plaque. With the use of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, the optimal cutoff IMT for diagnostic plaque was 0.783 mm, at which sensitivity and specificity was 80.5% and 75.1%, respectively. The prevalence of SA was 38.6%. Among the traditional risk factors, systolic blood pressure (SBP), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were associated with high IMT. Abdominal obesity assessed by waist circumference (WC) and waist hip ratio (WHR) was also found to be positively associated with IMT. Stepwise multiple regression showed that age, SBP, HDL-C, and LDL-C were independent predictors of IMT. Multiple logistic regression showed that women with LDL-C &ge; 130 mg/dL were associated with a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.5-3.7) higher risk of having plaque compared to those with LDL-C &lt; 130 mg/dL. In addition, women with abdominal obesity (WHR &ge; 0.85) had a 1.7-fold (95% CI 1.08-2.67) higher risk of having plaque than women with WHR &lt; 0.85 after adjustment for age, and potential confounders including physical activity, dietary intakes etc. Significant inverse associations were observed between physical activity and indices of obesity, as well as fasting blood glucose, while psychological perceived stress and trait anxiety were independent risk factors for both total cholesterol and LDL-C. / Yu Ho-yan. / "February 2006." / Adviser: Suzanne C. Ho. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6350. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-256). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.