Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005. / Keywords: serapis temple, roman brick, roman mortar, pozzolanicity. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 111-115).

Zugl.: Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2004.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 girotto_ls_me_ilha.pdf: 8439548 bytes, checksum: 991ffb2c2358997a506120000ab2b2ef (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho e investigar os mecanismos de retração plástica e fissuração nas primeiras idades de argamassas do concreto auto-adensavel (CAA), avaliando a influência do teor de superlubrificante e da adição mineral na composição das mesmas. Usando a metodologia proposta por Repette-Melo para dosagem do concreto auto-adensavel foi realizado um estudo reológico minucioso das fases de pasta e argamassa do CAA, utilizando reometro R/S Rheometer com controle da taxa de tensao e deformação. Na investigação do mecanismo de retração plástica e fissuração nas primeiras idades das argamassas do CAA utilizou-se o aparato experimental inspirado no trabalho realizado por Turcry (2004) e, simultaneamente, realizou-se a mensuracao da perda de massa, temperatura interna e pressao capilar das composicoes analisadas. Além disso, a captura de imagens pelo procedimento de time-lapse foi empregado para analise visual do comportamento durante a processo de fissuração. A analise reológica das fases pasta e argamassa mostraram que as incorporações de adições minerais de reatividade distintas apresentam diferentes teores de adicao mineral e comportamentos distintos com a aumento do teor de superplastificante. Este diferente comportamento reológico se refletiu nos resultados de retração plástica e fissuração nas primeiras idades. Os resultados de retração plástica mostraram superiores para a composição com silica ativa independentemente da ação do vento ou teor de superplastificante. Entretanto para o assentamento plástico esta afirmativa se confirma somente para as ensaios com ventilação imposta. A fissuracao nasprimeiras idades. resuJtou em. majores areas fissuradas para a composição de sílica ativa tambem independentemente da ação do vento au teor de superplastificante. 0 efeito do comportamento... / The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of plastic shrinkage and cracking at early ages of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mortars extracted, evaluating the influence of superplasticizer and the mineral addition of the same compositions. Using the Repetto-Melo methodology to measure the self-compacting concrete was conducted a detailed study of the rheology of paste and mortar phases, using the rheometer R / S Rheometer with control of stress rate and strain. In the study of plastic shrinkage and cracking mechanism at early ages of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mortars extracted used the experimental equipment inspired by the work done by Turcry (2004) and, simultaneously, analysed the measurement of mass loss, internal temperature and capillary pressure of compositions. furthermore, the capture of images by time-lapse procedure was used for visual analysis of the behavior during the cracking process. The rheological analysis of paste and mortar phases showed that the incorporation of mineral addition with different reactivity have different mineral addition contents and different behaviors with increasing superplasticizer content. This different rheological behavior was reflected in the results of plastic shrinkage and cracking at early ages. The plastic shrinkage results revealed higher for the composition with silica fume independently of the Wind action or superplasticizer content. However for vertical plastic deformation this statement is confirmed only for tests with Wind action. The cracking at early ages resulted in larger cracked areas for the composition of silica fume also independently of the Wind action or superpJasticize content. The effect of the rheological behavior of the compositions on the plastic shrinkage and cracking characterized that there is a decrease of these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Mônica Pinto Barbosa / Banca: Edson Del Rio Vieira / Banca: Wellington Longuini Repette / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho e investigar os mecanismos de retração plástica e fissuração nas primeiras idades de argamassas do concreto auto-adensavel (CAA), avaliando a influência do teor de superlubrificante e da adição mineral na composição das mesmas. Usando a metodologia proposta por Repette-Melo para dosagem do concreto auto-adensavel foi realizado um estudo reológico minucioso das fases de pasta e argamassa do CAA, utilizando reometro R/S Rheometer com controle da taxa de tensao e deformação. Na investigação do mecanismo de retração plástica e fissuração nas primeiras idades das argamassas do CAA utilizou-se o aparato experimental inspirado no trabalho realizado por Turcry (2004) e, simultaneamente, realizou-se a mensuracao da perda de massa, temperatura interna e pressao capilar das composicoes analisadas. Além disso, a captura de imagens pelo procedimento de "time-lapse" foi empregado para analise visual do comportamento durante a processo de fissuração. A analise reológica das fases pasta e argamassa mostraram que as incorporações de adições minerais de reatividade distintas apresentam diferentes teores de adicao mineral e comportamentos distintos com a aumento do teor de superplastificante. Este diferente comportamento reológico se refletiu nos resultados de retração plástica e fissuração nas primeiras idades. Os resultados de retração plástica mostraram superiores para a composição com silica ativa independentemente da ação do vento ou teor de superplastificante. Entretanto para o assentamento plástico esta afirmativa se confirma somente para as ensaios com ventilação imposta. A fissuracao nasprimeiras idades. resuJtou em. majores areas fissuradas para a composição de sílica ativa tambem independentemente da ação do vento au teor de superplastificante. 0 efeito do comportamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of plastic shrinkage and cracking at early ages of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mortars extracted, evaluating the influence of superplasticizer and the mineral addition of the same compositions. Using the Repetto-Melo methodology to measure the self-compacting concrete was conducted a detailed study of the rheology of paste and mortar phases, using the rheometer R / S Rheometer with control of stress rate and strain. In the study of plastic shrinkage and cracking mechanism at early ages of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mortars extracted used the experimental equipment inspired by the work done by Turcry (2004) and, simultaneously, analysed the measurement of mass loss, internal temperature and capillary pressure of compositions. furthermore, the capture of images by "time-lapse" procedure was used for visual analysis of the behavior during the cracking process. The rheological analysis of paste and mortar phases showed that the incorporation of mineral addition with different reactivity have different mineral addition contents and different behaviors with increasing superplasticizer content. This different rheological behavior was reflected in the results of plastic shrinkage and cracking at early ages. The plastic shrinkage results revealed higher for the composition with silica fume independently of the Wind action or superplasticizer content. However for vertical plastic deformation this statement is confirmed only for tests with Wind action. The cracking at early ages resulted in larger cracked areas for the composition of silica fume also independently of the Wind action or superpJasticize content. The effect of the rheological behavior of the compositions on the plastic shrinkage and cracking characterized that there is a decrease of these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les programmes de démolition sont en très forte croissance, notamment dans le cadre des grands projets de ville. La déconstruction engendre des millions de tonnes de déchets souvent de nature minérale (béton). Actuellement seule une partie du béton issu de la déconstruction est recyclée, principalement pour des travaux routiers. La valorisation de l’intégralité de ces matériaux en tant que constituants pour la fabrication de bétons recyclés ouvre aujourd’hui de nouvelles perspectives environnementales, économiques et technologiques. Ces perspectives nécessitent de lever certains verrous scientifiques et technologiques. La réutilisation des granulats recyclés de démolition/déconstruction permet de limiter l’extraction des matières premières et donc de participer à la préservation des gisements naturels des granulats.L’incorporation des granulats recyclés affecte les propriétés du béton à l’état frais et à l’état durci. La principale raison est l’absorption d’eau qui est très élevée surtout pour la fraction sable. Il est donc difficile de contrôler le rapport E/C effectif puisqu’il existe la cinétique d’hydratation du ciment et la cinétique d’absorption du sable recyclé (SR). En addition, l’incorporation du SR génère une baisse de résistance mécanique et les propriétés de durabilité du mortier. Cette baisse est liée à la porosité du sable recyclé, aux propriétés de la nouvelle pâte de ciment et aux propriétés mécaniques de la zone d’interface (ITZ). La thèse proposée par le laboratoire FM2D / MaST (IFSTTAR) est intitulée ‘Effet du traitement du sable recyclé sur les propriétés d’un mortier’. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude du comportement du mortier à base de sable recyclé traité et non-traité. Dans le but de résoudre cette problématique, nous proposons 2 approches :-Identifier un degré de saturation optimal du SR pour obtenir un rapport E/C effectif constant.-Améliorer la microstructure du SR par des produits chimiques avant son incorporation dans le mortier. Un procédé de traitement du SR est développé au laboratoire. Les traitements chimiques proposés consistent à diminuer le coefficient d’absorption d’eau du SR en premier lieu. Les propriétés à l’état frais et à l’état durci (résistance en compression, propriétés de durabilité vis-à-vis la corrosion d’armature et retrait) des mortiers à base de SR traité ont été étudiées.Les résultats obtenus durant ce travail de recherche indique un succès du traitement chimique du sable recyclé. Le WAC du SR diminue après traitement et les propriétés du mortier à l’état frais et à l’état durci sont améliorées. Ainsi, les propriétés de durabilité du mortier à base de SR traité sont meilleurs que celles du mortier à base de SR non-traité et dans quelques cas meilleurs que le mortier ordinaire (à base de SN). / The sustainability of primary resources is subjected to continuous threat via the construction industry. In fact, the amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) produced and dumped into landfills is increasing each year. This situation forced the concrete industry to generate effective solutions such as implementing CDW as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) to produce new types of concrete. Furthermore, a recent life cycle assessment study proved that the concrete made of RCA presents the best environmental behavior. CDW is currently used in the road and sidewalks construction and maintenance, however it needs more time and further investigations before using it completely as RCA in new concrete for building construction field because of their poor porosity properties. The recycling of the totality of the RCA in order to be used as new materials to produce new recycled concrete opens nowadays new environmental, economic and technological perspectives. Many scientific obstacles need to be studied in order to solve these perspectives. The re-use of the CDW as RCA will allow the limitation of the extraction of the raw materials and preserving the natural aggregates fields. In this thesis, we will be studying the fraction 1-4 mm of the RCA called recycled sand (RS). The water absorption of the RS influences the fresh and the hardened properties of mortar. Therefore, it is hard to maintain a constant W/C ratio since there is two phenomena during the fabrication of mortar: the absorption kinetic of the RS and the hydration reaction of the cement. In addition, the use of the RS leads to a decrease in the compressive strength and the durability properties of mortar. This decrease is controlled by three parameters: the porosity of the RS, the properties of the new cement paste and the properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ).The thesis proposed by the laboratory FM2D / MaST (IFSTTAR) is entitled ‘Effect of the treatment of the recycled sand on the properties of mortar’. This research subject is a comparison study between the behavior of treated recycled sand mortar and non-treated recycled sand mortar. In order to solve the problem of the use of recycled sand new mortar, we suggest two approaches:-Determining an optimal saturation state of the recycled sand in order to obtain a constant effectif W/C ratio.-Enhancing the microstructure of the RS using chemical products before using it in formulating new mortar. The treatment process proposed in this research consists of testing different chemical products with different concentrations using different application methods and different application times. The aim behind the chemical treatments proposed is, firstly, to decrease the value of the water absorption coefficient of the RS. The fresh and the hardened properties (compressive strength, durability properties, shrinkage) of mortar made with the treated RS (100% volume substitution) will be studied and compared to the properties of mortar made of non-treated RS and finally with the normalized mortar.The results obtained during this research indicate a success of the chemical treatment. The WAC of the RS decreased and the fresh and hardened properties of the mortar as well as it durability properties were enhanced compared to the mortar made of non-treated RS.

The project was broken down into the following Proposals: Proposal I - A comparison of the previous method of making brick couplets with a modified Pearson Method. Proposal II - A comparison of mortar bonds using two mortar flows, three mortars, and two methods of forming couplets. Proposal III - A comparison of mortar bond to brick with emphasis in texture of surface of brick in contact with mortar which joins them. Proposal IV - A comparison of the mortar bond of a make of brick of original high suction rate with a representative of the same make of brick and the same suction rate but which has been adjusted to successively lower suction rates. Proposal V - The effects of adjustments of suction rate on mortar bond properties. Proposal VI - A comparison of the mortar bond of a low suction rate brick with a medium suction rate brick using two surface textures. Proposal VII - A comparison of the mortar bond on one type brick using cored and solid brick. Two different suction rates were used. / M.S.

This thesis investigates the archaeological potential of masonry mortars throughout North Atlantic Europe, with a particular focus on the buildings and environments of medieval northern and western Scotland. The results of an extensive non-intrusive survey of medieval and later buildings are presented, within which nine multiphase sites were subject to more comprehensive building, environment and materials analysis. The survey suggests that, in general, different mortar-making techniques had well-defined sub-regional distributions which are not simply a correlate of environmental availability, but developed in different ways over time. Moreover, all of the more comprehensively studied buildings contain evidence of striking material contrasts from phases to phase which has great potential in standing building analysis. Material contrasts in masonry evidence between building phases, between neighbouring buildings, between specific buildings and the regional corpus, and between the regions themselves, are then considered as evidence of changing cultural, chronological and environmental context. The relationship between secular and ecclesiastical buildings across the region is a particular concern. Qualitative lab-based and on-site material interpretations made throughout the thesis are supported by a programme of comparative experimentation. This thesis includes the first comprehensive investigation of lime mortars made from marine shells, the first evidence of lime mortars made from coralline algae, results from the first programme of dating medieval buildings in Scotland through radiocarbon analysis of relict mortar fuel, and microstructural analysis of a large range of medieval mortars from Norway to the Isle of Man. Wider research considers the initial emergence of mortared masonry in North Atlantic Europe and the relationship between clay and lime mortars. Ultimately, by placing the upstanding buildings archaeology at the centre of the medieval and later landscape this thesis will demonstrate that masonry mortars have significant potential to inform our understanding of the cultural and environmental context of lordship construction in the North Atlantic, providing a new focus for further interdisciplinary discourse.

Lime mortar and plaster have been investigated with the aim to improve the knowledge on how to make them as durable as before the cement technology was developed. The background was the durability problems experienced for newly produced lime plaster on the medieval churches on the island of Gotland, Sweden. In some cases the new lime plaster façades showed severe frost damages after only one winter. Although the lime was burnt and produced according to old local traditions, the lime mortar was still mixed and worked onaccording to methods developed for lime-cement mortar. This often led to a very porous lime plaster with a lime shell in the surface and such a plaster has been shown to be sensitive to frost expansion. Field studies were combined with laboratory studies of thin section specimens. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been important analytical methods showing the porosity and the structure of the binder and aggregate materials. The investigations have been carried out on both historic and on newly made reference mortar and plaster. The field studies were carried out mainly on Gotland, using local materials. The influence of the raw materials, i.e. lime, aggregate and blending ratio was investigated. The focus has been on the workability of the fresh mortars as well as the pore structure of the carbonated plaster. The craftsmanship, meaning mixing and application of mortar and working the plaster surface, was studied in order to clarify its final pore structure. The pore structure in a material determines many of its technical properties, such as moisture transportation, compressive strength, permeability and frost resistance. All these properties are closely connected to the durability of the mortar and plaster. The permeability of the plaster has an impact also on the durability of the covered construction materials. Behind low-permeable plasters made with hydraulic binder, examples of extensive damages of rotten wood and leached lime have been shown. The investigations have shown the importance of choosing a mortar adjusted to the building construction. They also showed the importance of choosing a blending ratio adjusted to the specific binder and sand used in order to get a mortar with a suitable pore structure and good durability. It has also shown the importance of knowing when and how to work on the plaster surface in order to obtain a homogenous material that is well receptive for lime wash and has a good frost resistance. The combination of all the investigations has led to a method for reconstructing historic mortar and plaster with good durability.

O maior uso do concreto de alta resistência, o uso de desmoldante e/ou o emprego de fôrmas plastificadas são fatores que cada vez mais contribuem para a superfície do concreto tornar-se lisa e de baixa porosidade superficial. Dessa forma, há prejuízo da absorção capilar que deve existir na camada superficial da base, de modo a permitir a penetração e a ancoragem dos produtos de hidratação da argamassa de revestimento no interior do substrato, garantindo a ancoragem mecânica. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação é resultado de um trabalho experimental realizado para investigar a influência da rugosidade gerada pelos tratamentos superficiais realizados nos substratos de concreto, com ou sem desmoldante, tais como lavagem por hidrojateamento, escovação, lixamento, apicoamento e uso de retardador de pega de superfície, na aderência do revestimento de argamassa. Para atender os objetivos propostos, moldaram-se prismas de concreto em três níveis de resistência fc28 (25 MPa, 35 MPa e 45 MPa), cujas superfícies foram tratadas e preparadas com chapisco convencional, traço 1:3 e chapisco adesivo. A argamassa de revestimento empregada foi industrializada. O programa experimental envolveu primeiramente a caracterização inicial dos materiais utilizados na confecção dos prismas de concreto, bem como das argamassas empregadas. Como caracterização dos substratos tratados, foram realizados ensaios para caracterizar a superfície, quanto à rugosidade e sucção capilar. A rugosidade foi avaliada em duas dimensões, através de perfis, de acordo com parâmetros normalizados, e também em três dimensões, através da superfície específica. Após o tratamento dos substratos, foi feita a aplicação da camada de chapisco, convencional e industrializado, e posteriormente, a aplicação da argamassa de revestimento, em camada única. Por fim, os revestimentos aplicados foram avaliados quanto à resistência de aderência e extensão de aderência. Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o uso do desmoldante prejudica a sucção capilar de substratos de concreto de fc28 igual ou inferior a 35 MPa. Conclui-se também que concretos de fc28 igual a 25 MPa possuem porosidade suficiente para garantir ancoragem mecânica, não necessitando de tratamento superficial, assim como quando se utiliza chapisco industrializado em qualquer concreto. Ao se utilizar chapisco convencional, a resistência de aderência aumenta a medida que se aumenta a rugosidade da superfície. / The widespread use of high resistance concrete , the use of lubricant and the employment of plastic-coated molds are factors that more and more contribute to the flat surface and low porosity of the concrete. Thus, there is damage of the capillary absorption that should exist in the substrate superficial layer, in order to allow the entrance and the anchorage of the hydration products of the coating mortar inside the substrate, guaranteeing the mechanical anchorage. In this way, the present dissertation resulted as experimental work realized to investigate the influence of the rugosity generated by the superficial treatments in the concrete substrate, with or without lubricant, such as wash with high pressure water jetting, brushing, grinding, milling and use of retarder of surface, in the adherence of the coating mortars. To reach the proposed objectives, concrete prisms were molded in three levels of resistance fc28 (25 MPa, 35 MPa and 45MPa), its surfaces were treated and prepared with conventional slurry mortar and adhesive slurry mortar. The coating mortar was industrialized. The experimental program involved the initial characterization of the materials used in concrete and mortars. To characterize the concrete surface tests were realized to characterize the rugosity and sorptivity. The rugosity was evaluated in two dimensions, through profiles, in accordance with parameters normalized, and also in three dimensions, through specific surface. Slurry mortar industrialized and conventional was applied after the substrate treatment, and the covering mortar was applied after in only one layer. Finally, the coverings applied were evaluated on the bond strength and adherence extension. The results obtained showed us that the use of the lubricant damages capillary suction on the concrete substrate 35MPa. Concretes 25MPa possess enough porosity to guarantee mechanical anchorage, not needing superficial treatment, as well when slurry mortar industrialized is used in any concrete. The resistance of adherence increases when the rugosity of the surface increases.

O maior uso do concreto de alta resistência, o uso de desmoldante e/ou o emprego de fôrmas plastificadas são fatores que cada vez mais contribuem para a superfície do concreto tornar-se lisa e de baixa porosidade superficial. Dessa forma, há prejuízo da absorção capilar que deve existir na camada superficial da base, de modo a permitir a penetração e a ancoragem dos produtos de hidratação da argamassa de revestimento no interior do substrato, garantindo a ancoragem mecânica. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação é resultado de um trabalho experimental realizado para investigar a influência da rugosidade gerada pelos tratamentos superficiais realizados nos substratos de concreto, com ou sem desmoldante, tais como lavagem por hidrojateamento, escovação, lixamento, apicoamento e uso de retardador de pega de superfície, na aderência do revestimento de argamassa. Para atender os objetivos propostos, moldaram-se prismas de concreto em três níveis de resistência fc28 (25 MPa, 35 MPa e 45 MPa), cujas superfícies foram tratadas e preparadas com chapisco convencional, traço 1:3 e chapisco adesivo. A argamassa de revestimento empregada foi industrializada. O programa experimental envolveu primeiramente a caracterização inicial dos materiais utilizados na confecção dos prismas de concreto, bem como das argamassas empregadas. Como caracterização dos substratos tratados, foram realizados ensaios para caracterizar a superfície, quanto à rugosidade e sucção capilar. A rugosidade foi avaliada em duas dimensões, através de perfis, de acordo com parâmetros normalizados, e também em três dimensões, através da superfície específica. Após o tratamento dos substratos, foi feita a aplicação da camada de chapisco, convencional e industrializado, e posteriormente, a aplicação da argamassa de revestimento, em camada única. Por fim, os revestimentos aplicados foram avaliados quanto à resistência de aderência e extensão de aderência. Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o uso do desmoldante prejudica a sucção capilar de substratos de concreto de fc28 igual ou inferior a 35 MPa. Conclui-se também que concretos de fc28 igual a 25 MPa possuem porosidade suficiente para garantir ancoragem mecânica, não necessitando de tratamento superficial, assim como quando se utiliza chapisco industrializado em qualquer concreto. Ao se utilizar chapisco convencional, a resistência de aderência aumenta a medida que se aumenta a rugosidade da superfície. / The widespread use of high resistance concrete , the use of lubricant and the employment of plastic-coated molds are factors that more and more contribute to the flat surface and low porosity of the concrete. Thus, there is damage of the capillary absorption that should exist in the substrate superficial layer, in order to allow the entrance and the anchorage of the hydration products of the coating mortar inside the substrate, guaranteeing the mechanical anchorage. In this way, the present dissertation resulted as experimental work realized to investigate the influence of the rugosity generated by the superficial treatments in the concrete substrate, with or without lubricant, such as wash with high pressure water jetting, brushing, grinding, milling and use of retarder of surface, in the adherence of the coating mortars. To reach the proposed objectives, concrete prisms were molded in three levels of resistance fc28 (25 MPa, 35 MPa and 45MPa), its surfaces were treated and prepared with conventional slurry mortar and adhesive slurry mortar. The coating mortar was industrialized. The experimental program involved the initial characterization of the materials used in concrete and mortars. To characterize the concrete surface tests were realized to characterize the rugosity and sorptivity. The rugosity was evaluated in two dimensions, through profiles, in accordance with parameters normalized, and also in three dimensions, through specific surface. Slurry mortar industrialized and conventional was applied after the substrate treatment, and the covering mortar was applied after in only one layer. Finally, the coverings applied were evaluated on the bond strength and adherence extension. The results obtained showed us that the use of the lubricant damages capillary suction on the concrete substrate 35MPa. Concretes 25MPa possess enough porosity to guarantee mechanical anchorage, not needing superficial treatment, as well when slurry mortar industrialized is used in any concrete. The resistance of adherence increases when the rugosity of the surface increases.