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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

The Iterative Method for Quantum Double-well and Symmetry-breaking Potentials

Alsufyani, Nada 22 May 2017 (has links)
Numerical solutions of quantum mechanical problems have witnessed tremendous advances over the past years. In this thesis, we develop an iterative approach to problems of double-well potentials and their variants with parity-time-reversal symmetry- breaking perturbations. We show that the method provides an efficient scheme for obtaining accurate energies and wave functions. We discuss in this thesis potential applications to a variety of related topics such as phase transitions, symmetry breaking, and external field-induced effects.
92

Memory Cost of Quantum Contextuality

Harrysson, Patrik January 2016 (has links)
This is a study taking an information theoretic approach toward quantum contextuality. The approach is that of using the memory complexity of finite-state machines to quantify quantum contextuality. These machines simulate the outcome behaviour of sequential measurements on systems of quantum bits as predicted by quantum mechanics. Of interest is the question of whether or not classical representations by finite-state machines are able to effectively represent the state-independent contextual outcome behaviour. Here we consider spatial efficiency, rather than temporal efficiency as considered by D. Gottesman (1999), for the particular measurement dynamics in systems of quantum bits. Extensions of cases found in the adjacent study of Kleinmann et al. (2010) are established by which upper bounds on memory complexity for particular scenarios are found. Furthermore, an optimal machine structure for simulating any n-partite system of quantum bits is found, by which a lower bound for the memory complexity is found for each n in the natural numbers. Within this finite-state machine approach questions of foundational concerns on quantum mechanics were sought to be addressed. Alas, nothing of novel thought on such concerns is here reported on.
93

Mecânica quântica em espaços não-comutativos / Quantum Mechanics in noncommutive spaces.

Silva, Carlos Alberto Stechhahn da 30 September 2011 (has links)
Nesta tese estudamos a mecânica quântica não-comutativa na situação não-relativística. Nesse contexto, a expansão-1/N é introduzida e aplicada para alguns potenciais de interesse, como o do oscilador anarmônico e do potencial Coulombiano. A convergência da série é então discutida. Propomos uma versão modificada do potencial Coulombiano nãocomutativo, o qual fornece uma expansão 1/N bem comportada. A seguir, introduzimos um novo conjunto de relações de comutação no espaço-tempo não-comutativo satisfazendo uma álgebra de Heisenberg deformada. A equação de Pauli modificada é usada para o cálculo de correções para a energia, com o uso de teoria da perturbação, no contexto da não-comutatividade dependente do spin. / In this thesis we study non-commutative quantum mechanics in nonrelativistic situation. In this context, the 1/N-expansion is introduced and applied to some potentials of interest as the anharmonic oscillator and the Coulomb potential. The convergence of the serie is discussed. We proposed a modied version of the noncommutative Coulombian potential which provides a well-behaved 1/N expansion. Subsequently, we introduce a new set of noncommutative space-time commutation relations which satisfy a spin dependent nonstandard Heisenberg algebra. Modied Pauli equation is used to calculate corrections to the energy by the use of perturbation theory in the noncommutativity spin-dependent context.
94

Sobre uma classe de teorias da mecânica / About a mechanical theories of class

Vaz Junior, Jayme 04 September 1990 (has links)
Neste trabalho mostra-se que uma devida reinteração das leis da Mecânica quando formuladas como um princípio variacional define uma classe de funcionais que as satisfazem. Cada funcional define uma teoria da Mecânica, chamada Mecânica Generalizada, que descreve uma particular dinâmica. A Mecânica Clássica, que descreve uma dinâmica chamada conjuntiva, baseia-se em uma escolha chamada trivial deste funcional. Escolhas não-triviais definem teorias que descrevem dinâmicas chamadas convolutivas. Uma dessas escolhas não-triviais define uma teoria que descreve uma dinâmica convolutica que se pode chamar quântica. Essa teoria é formalmente idêntica à Mecânica Quântica mas apresenta um conteúdo epistemológico diferente. A interpretação probabilística da Mecânica Quântica surge como uma interpretação suficiente mas não necessária desse formalismo. / In this work it is shown that a proper reinterpretation of the laws of Mechanics when formulated as a variational principle defines a class of functionals wich satisfies them. Each functional defines one theory of Mechanics, called Generalized Mechanics, which describes a particular dynamics. The Classical Mechanics, which describes to so called conjunctive dynamics, is based on a trivial choice of this functiona. Non-trivial choices define theories which describe the so called convolutive dynamics. One of these non-trivial choices define a convolutive theory which may be called quantic. This theory is formally identical to Quantum Mechanics but it displays a different epistemological content. The probabilistic interpretation of Quantum Mechanics emerges as a sufficient but not necessary interpretation of this formalism.
95

Métodos e Aplicações da Dinâmica de Subsistemas Quânticos / Methods and applications of the dynamics between quantum subsystems

Romero, Karen Milena Fonseca 04 March 1998 (has links)
Tratamos vários modelos que descrevem a interação entre dois subsistemas quânticos. Mostramos que dois deles são exatamente soluveis, achamos as soluções correspondentes e mostramos a relação das propriedades espectrais do banho com a decoerência. Fazemos uma análise crítica do uso de liouvillianos com forma de Lindblad e de liouvillianos obtidos através da aproximação de Born-Markov, empregando entre outras coisas os resultados dos modelos exatos. Propomos novos esquemas de aproximação que descrevem com exatidão o regime de tempos curtos e o acoplamento de dois sistemas \"pequenos\", e os testamos com os modelos exatamente solúveis antes discutidos. Fazemos aplicações aos sais orgânicos de transferência de carga, a um experimento de produção de gatos e da observação de sua decoerência subsequente e às zonas de Ramsey empregadas perifericamente nesta experiência. / Several models describing the interaction between two quantum systems are examined. The exact solution of two of them is found and the relation between the bath\'s spectral properties and decoherence is shown. Using these results and several others, we analyze the use of both Lindbland-form and Born-Markov liouvillians. New approximation schemes, appropriate for short times and small subsystems, are proposed and tested (using the above mentioned exact models). Applications are made to the treatment of organic salts, to the analysis of a recently reported experiment of production of cat states and observation of its subsequent decoherence, and to the understanding of the Ramsey zones, peripherically used in this experience.
96

Transição quântico-clássica em sistemas com propensão coletiva / Quantum-to-classical transition in systems with collective propensity

Silva Junior, Milton Alexandre da 02 March 2010 (has links)
Nesta tese, estudamos o comportamento de sistema quânticos cujo limite clássico pode tanto apresentar um comportamento regular como caótico. Nosso estudo se baseou na caracterização dinâmica do comportamento, caótico ou regular, destes sistemas quânticos no limite clássico através da análise da estrutura de distribuições no espaço de fases. Particularmente, aplicamos estas ferramentas ao estudo da transição quântico-clássica para uma classe de sistemas, que denominamos genericamente como sistemas com propensão coletiva, os quais possuem a importante propriedade de admitir, em um certo limite análogo ao limite termodinâmico, uma descrição de sua dinâmica em termos de um número reduzido de variáveis de natureza coletiva. Esta propriedade além de nos permitir reduzir a dinâmica de sistemas com,plicados à dinâmica de sistema com poucos graus de liberdade, também nos permite, através de um escalonamento apropriado das variáveis coletivas, estudar o limite clássico destes sistemas concomitantemente com o limite termodinâmico, evitando assim lidar diretamente com procedimentos formais usualmente associados ao limite clássico da forma h 0. Diferentemente das abordagens usuais, a abordagem que utilizamos nesta tese, baseada na propensão coletiva dos sistemas, permite a implementação de uma descrição em termos do comportamento de distribuições no espaço de fases para sistemas com espectro puramente discreto num espaço de dimensão finita. / In this thesis, we studied the behavior of quantum systems which in the classical limit may exhibit either regular or chaotic behavior. Our study was based on the dynamical characterization of the, chaotic or regular, behavior of these systems in the classical limit through the analysis of the structure of phase-space distributions functions. Particularly, we have applied this characterization tools to the study of the quantum-to-classical transition in a class quantum systems, that we called generally as systems with collective propensity, which have the important property of admitting, in a certain limit analogous to the thermodynamical limit, a description of their dynamics in terms of a low number of variables of collective nature. This property allows us to describe the dynamics of very complicated systems in terms of the dynamics of systems with few degrees of freedom. Besides, this allows us to study the classical limit of these systems concomitantly with the thermodynamical limit, avoiding in this way to deal with formal procedures associated with the limit h 0. Differently from the usual approaches, the one we employ in this thesis, based on the systemscollective propensity, allows for an implementation of a description in terms of the behavior of phase-space distribution functions for systems endowed with a discrete spectrum in a finite-dimensional space.
97

Equivalências entre Teorias Quânticas de Campos em Duas e Três Dimensões / Equivalences between two-dimensional and three-dimensional quantum field models.

Valente, Paulo José Torres Homem 01 September 1998 (has links)
É efetuado o estudo de alguns modelos em TQC em 2 e 3 dimensões espaço-temporais. Em 2D são analisados os modelos de Thirring, Thirring SU (2) e Schiwinger, dando enfoque especial à dedução das equações de movimento através de suas soluções bosonizadas. É mostrado que a existência de um termo de massa explícito nas equações de movimento renormalizadas, em geral depende do valor da constante de acoplamento. Em 3 D, é utilizado o procedimento de Integração Funcional para obter equivalências entre modelos da TQC. Para a Lagrangiana de dois campos vetoriais - um Auto-dual e um de Maxwell-Simons - acoplados com férmions, é mostrado que o cálculo do determinante fermiônico, em regime de acoplamento fraco, leva a uma teoria não local de campos bosônicos. Por fim, é feita uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos em 2 e 3 dimensões / The study of some TQC models in 2 and 3 space-time dimensions is done. In 2D the models of Thirring, Thirring SU (2) and Schiwinger are analyzed, giving special focus to the deduction of the equations of movement through their bosonized solutions. It is shown that the existence of an explicit mass term in the renormalized equations of motion generally depends on the value of the coupling constant. In 3 D, the Functional Integration procedure is used to obtain equivalences between TQC models. For the Lagrangian of two vector fields - an Auto-dual and one of Maxwell-Simons - coupled with fermions, it is shown that the calculation of the fermionic determinant in a weak coupling regime leads to a non-local theory of bosonic fields. Finally, a comparison between the results obtained in 2 and 3 dimensions
98

Teoria quântica das excitações topologicas. / Quantum theory of topological excitations.

Ramos, Rudnei de Oliveira 12 March 1992 (has links)
Descrevemos as propriedades dos chamados operadores desordem ou de criacao de excitacoes topologicas no contexto da teoria quantica de campos no continuo. No caso de excitacoes do tipo vortice, no modelo de higgs abeliano em 2+1d, obtemos explicitamente as funcoes de correlacao assim como o espectro de massa, em t=0 e tDIFERENTE0, dessa excitacao topologica. A generalizacao para campos nao-locais de monopolos em 3+1d e para solitons em dimensao arbitraria e discutida assim como aplicacoes do formalismo de operadores ordem-desordem em teorias de bosonizacao e chern-simons. / The properties of the disorder or topological excitations creation operators in the context of continuum quantum field theory are described. In the Abelian Higgs Model in 2+ 1D, explicit expressions to the vortex correlation function and to the vortex mass spectrum at T=0 and T0 are obtained. Generalizations to nonlocal monopoles fields in 3+1D, solitons in arbitrary dimensions and applications of the order-disorder formalism to bosonization and Chern-Simons Theories are discussed.
99

Decoerência e Dissipação de Sistemas Quânticos: Técnicas e Aplicações / Decoherence and dissipation in quantum systems: techniques and applications.

Mokarzel, Sonia Geraij 27 October 2000 (has links)
Desenvolvemos no presente trabalho um tratamento perturbativo para a matriz densidade reduzida de forma similar à regra áurea de Fermi para espalhamento. Aplicamos a teoria a vários exemplos e em particular reproduzimos os resultados experimentais obtidos no laboratório Kastler Brossel e obtivemos uma relação entre os tempos característicos de dissipação e decoerência. Por outro lado, desenvolvemos um modelo simples para duas moléculas interagindo com um reservatório. Mostramos resultados surpreendentes quando temos mais que dois subsistemas interagindo: no caso particular em que as moléculas estão num estado inicial coerente, bombardeadas por fontes de mesma intensidade, o estado assintótico apresenta urna concentração de energia no modo de menor frequência. Este resultado dá suporte a um modelo fenomenológico de sistemas biológicos onde a condensação de Bose- Einstein é produzida e o estado final também exibe uma concentração de energia no modo de frequência mais baixa. / In the present work we developed a perturbative treatment of reduced density matrices which is similar in spirit to Fermi\'s Golden Rule for scattering. We applied the theory to several e- xamples and in particular reproduced the results obtained in the laboratory Kastler Brossel experiment quantifying the relation between decoherence and dissipation characteristic times. On the other hand we developed a simple model for two molecules interacting through a re- servoir. We show that rather surprising results may arise when we have more than two subsys- tems in interaction: in the particular case where both molecules are initially in coherent states, if they are pumped with the same strength, the asymptotic state shows a concentraction of energy on the mode with smallest frequency. This result gives support to a phenomenological model for biological systems where a Bose- Einstein condensation is predicted and the final state also exhibits a concentration of energy in the lowest frequency mode.
100

Some chemical applications of the Gaussian-2 and Gaussian-3 methods.

January 2000 (has links)
Chien Siu-Hung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) / Abstract (Chinese) / Acknowledgements / Table of Contents / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Gaussian-2 Method / Chapter 1.2 --- The Gaussian-3 Method / Chapter 1.3 --- The G3 Method with Reduced Moller-Plesset Order and Basis Set / Chapter 1.4 --- Calculated Thermochemical Data / Chapter 1.5 --- Remark on the Location of Transition State / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of the Thesis / Chapter 1.7 --- References / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Energetics and Structures of the Carbonyl Chloride Radical, Oxalyl Chloride, and Their Cations" --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2 --- Computational Methods / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Carbonyl Chloride and Its Cation / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The anti and syn Conformers of Oxalyl Chloride and Oxalyl Chloride Cation / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The anti and gauche Conformers of (ClCO) 2 and the TS Linking Them / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter 2.5 --- Publication Note / Chapter 2.6 --- References / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "An Isomeric Study of N5, N5+,and N5- : A Gaussian-3 Investigation" --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2 --- Computational Methods / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "The N5 Isomers """ / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The N5+ Isomers / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The N5- Isomers / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comparison of the G3 and G3(MP2) Results / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter 3.5 --- Publication Note / Chapter 3.6 --- References / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Thermochemistry of Hydrochlorofluorosilanes : An Ab Initio Gaussian-3 Study --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 4.2 --- Computational Methods / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Heats of Formation for Neutral HCFSis / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Ionization Energies / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Electron Affinities / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Proton Affinities / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Acidities / Chapter 4.3.6 --- G3 versus G3(MP2) / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter 4.5 --- Publication Note / Chapter 4.6 --- References / Chapter Chapter 5 --- A Gaussian-3 Study of the Photodissociation Channels of Thiirane --- p.48 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2 --- Computational Methods / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The Heats of Reactions / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The Dissociation Channels Taking Place at the Ground State / Chapter 5.3.3 --- The Dissociation Channels Taking Place at Excited States / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter 5.5 --- References / Chapter Chapter 6 --- A Gaussian-3 Study of the VUV Photoionization and Photodissociation of Chloropropylene Oxide --- p.59 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 6.2 --- Computational Methods / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Ionization Energy / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Dissociation Channels / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter 6.5 --- Publication Note / Chapter 6.6 --- References / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.69 / Appendix A The Gaussian-n (n=l-3) Theoretical Models --- p.71 / Chapter A.1 --- The G1 and G2 Theories / Chapter A.2 --- The G3 Theory / Chapter A.3 --- The G3(MP2) Theory / "Appendix B Calculation of Enthalpy at 298 K,H298" --- p.74

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