Orientador: Marcos Hikari Toyama / Resumo: A explosão respiratória está fortemente associada ao processo inflamatório, uma vez que diversos compostos antioxidantes estão envolvidos na potencialização ou neutralização deste processo. Diversos peróxidos inorgânicos e orgânicos são produzidos durante esse processo, como os hidroperóxidos de lipídio. Hidroperóxidos de lipídio são estáveis, extremamente reativos e podem induzir a apoptose celular. Tais lipídios modificados podem ser produzidos durante o processo inflamatório induzido pelas fosfolipases A2 (PLA2) que constituem o veneno de serpentes, que possui como consequência de sua atividade catalítica a produção de ácido araquidônico pela quebra de fosfolipídios de membrana, e estes então seriam oxidados por espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), formando os hidroperóxidos araquidônicos, que agravam o quadro inflamatório. Deste modo, nesse trabalho avaliamos o efeito protetor de compostos polifenólicos e extratos ricos em tais compostos de diferentes espécies vegetais no curso da inflamação e miotoxidade e no efeito inflamatório pró-oxidante induzido pela PLA2 purificada de veneno crotálico e botrópico. Nossos resultados mostraram que diversos compostos polifenólicos são capazes de diminuir os efeitos provocados pela PLA2, interagindo diretamente, inibindo a enzima e possivelmente atuando na captura de ROS. / Abstract: Respiratory burst is strongly associated with inflammatory process, since several antioxidant compounds are involved in potentiation or neutralization of this process. Various inorganic and organic peroxides are produced during this process such as lipid hydroperoxides. Lipid hydroperoxides are stable, highly reactive and can induce cellular apoptosis. Such modified lipids can be produced during the inflammatory process induced by phospholipases A2 (PLA2) which are present in snake venom, and produces, because of its catalytic activity, arachidonic acid by the breakdown of membrane phospholipids, and these would then be oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS), forming the arachidonic hydroperoxides, which aggravates inflammation. Thus, in this work we evaluated the protective effect of polyphenolic compounds and extracts rich in such compounds of different plant species throughout the inflammation and myotoxicity and in pro-oxidant effect induced by PLA2 purified from bothrops and crotalus venom. Our results showed that polyphenolic compounds can decrease effects caused by PLA2, by directly interaction, inhibiting the enzyme and possible acting to capture ROS. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_ms_me_arafcf.pdf: 358942 bytes, checksum: 8f89d0a7367c210ee69a22ae462e0342 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da concentração subinibitória de quercetina sobre alguns fatores relacionados à virulência de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada através do método de microdiluição em caldo e a concentração de 40μg/mL de quercetina foi utilizada como sub-inibitória. O sobrenadante de culturas de S. aureus em BHI contendo quercetina diminuiu a atividade hemolítica para hemácias de carneiro mas não alterou a atividade de citolisinas extracelulares para células de linhagem contínua (células McCoy B ATCC 1696) quando comparado com o sobrenadante da cultura na ausência do flavonol. O efeito da quercetina na fagocitose do S. aureus por polimorfonucleares neutrófilos (PMN) foi determinado através de técnica quimiluminescente. O burst oxidativo de PMN foi estatisticamente significativo para bactérias tratadas em relação às não tratadas, demonstrando que S. aureus crescidos na presença de quercetina tornam-se menos susceptíveis à fagocitose. A inibição da expressão de fatores relacionados à adesão bacteriana foi evidenciada através dos experimentos de fagocitose/adesão em microscopia óptica (1.000x). Mesmo que a quercetina, abaixo da concentração inibitória, tenha pouco efeito sobre a viabilidade de S. aureus, o conhecimento de que esse flavonol é capaz de alterar a adesão de estafilicocos à superfície celular parece ser atrativo para a sua utilização como profilático em processos infecciosos, visto que a adesão é o primeiro passo na patogênese da infecção bacteriana. Entretanto, deve-se considerar sua interferência com a atividade de células fagocíticas, uma importante função do sistema imune do hospedeiro. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin at sub-inhibitory concentration on some Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) factors related to the virulence. The antibacterial activity of quercetin was evaluated by broth microdilution method and the concentration of 40 μg/mL was used as sub- inhibitory. S. aureus BHI culture supernatant containing quercetin reduced the hemolytic activity for sheep erythrocytes but did not exhibit a detectable change in cytolysin extracellular activity on continuous cell lines (McCoy B cells ATCC 1696) when compared with quercetin-free medium. The effect of quercetin-grown staphylococci phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was compared with the effect on non-treated bacteria by chemiluminescence assay. The level of oxidative burst of PMN was statistically different in untreated versus quercetin-treated bacteria showing that druggrown cells became less susceptible to phagocytic uptake. The inhibition of expression of factors related bacterial adhesion was established though adesion/phagocytosis experiments by optical microscopy (1.000x). Even if quercetin at low level has little effect on S. aureus viability, the knowledge that this flavonol is able to affect the properties of staphylococci adherence to cell surfaces may be an attractive advance for its applications as prophylactic in infectious process, considering that bacterial adherence is the initial event in the pathogenesis of bacterial infection. Conversely, it also interferes with the activities of phagocytic cells, an important function of host immune system.

Orientadora: Karina Alves de Toledo / Banca: Valéria Marta Gomes do Nascimento / Banca: Fátima Pereira de Souza / Resumo: No mundo, estima-se que exista cerca de 12 milhões de casos graves e 3 milhões de casos muito graves de infecção do trato respiratório inferior em crianças anualmente. Dentre os agentes etiológicos destas infecções, o vírus sincicial respiratório humano (hRSV) é a principal causa de internações infantis em países desenvolvidos, agravando os casos de bronquiolite, pneumonia e infecções pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas em pessoas de todas as idades, principalmente crianças e idosos. Estudos preliminares demonstraram que a Quercetina possui ação virucida sobre hRSV, além de inibir sua replicação. Entretanto, não se tem conhecimento do quão promissora é a atividade antiviral de Quercetina sobre o vírus hRSV ou mesmo se esta atividade poderia ser melhorada através de mudanças químicas em sua estrutura molecular. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer o índice de seletividade (IS) para Quercetina e seus derivados acetilados durante a infeção por hRSV através de ensaios in vitro. A análise de viabilidade celular através da adição do sal de MTT determinou os valores de CC50 para Quercetina na presença/ausência do vermelho de fenol (85 e 11,4 µM, respectivamente). Dentre as condições testadas, Quercetina apresentou atividade virucida (16-30% de proteção celular) sem apresentar efeitos no pré ou pós-tratamentos. Os valores de CC50 dos compostos derivados Q1 e Q2 foram 37,1 µM e 53,15 µM, respectivamente. O composto Q1 apresentou atividade anti-hRSV nos protocolos virucida e pó... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Worldwide, is estimated that there are about 12 million serious cases and 3 million severe cases of lower respiratory tract infection in children every year. Among the etiological agents of these infections, respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of children's hospitalizations in developed countries, aggravating cases of bronchiolitis, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary infections in people of all ages, especially children and the elderly. Preliminary studies demonstrated that Quercetin has virucidal action on hRSV, and inhibits replication. However, we do not know how promising is the antiviral activity of Quercetin on the hRSV. The objectives of this work is to understand the action of Quercetin and some of its derivatives acetylated on the steps of the replicative cycle of hRSV, determining the selectivity index for each compound. The development of this project will assist in the search for effective compounds in the prevention and/or treatment of hRSV infections. In the cytotoxicity assays, Quercetin showed CC50 values variable depending on the presence/absence of phenol red (11.4 and 85 μM respectively). Among the concentrations tested Quercetin only showed a slight virucidal activity (16-30% concentration 5-10 μM). The CC50 values were derived compounds 37.1 μM for Q1 and Q2 to 53.15 μM. Compound Q1 showed anti-hRSV activity in virucidal and post-treatment protocol (60-90% at 4-8 μM). The Q2 compound showed no anti-hRSV relevant activity. The ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Marcos Hikari Toyama / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AlexJardelinoFelizardode_M.pdf: 1467336 bytes, checksum: 55dd95e96aceb5b58d0dc8fa2e11820e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Flavonóides é um grupo de compostos polifenólicos e metabólitos secundários produzidos por plantas. Eles podem ser encontrados em frutos e vegetais. Vários estudos têm mostrado que os flavonóides podem apresentar várias atividades biológicas importantes como agentes antioxidantes, antitumorais, antimicrobianos e ainda inibir atividade de algumas moléculas com as PLA2. Recentemente estudos mostram também que os flavonóides podem atuar em moléculas de DNA. A atividade antimicrobiana dos flavonóides é decorrente de desestruturação de membrana celular e consequentemente destruição da célula bacteriana. Neste trabalho avaliamos efeitos antimicrobianos de quercetina e rutina, que são comumente empregados como fitoterápicos. Foi observado que ambos flavonóides inibiram o crescimento de bactérias fitopatogênicas. Contudo nenhum efeito foi observado em outras linhagens de bactérias patogênicas. Os resultados de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão não evidenciaram mudanças significativas na estrutura celular de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae incubadas com rutina e quercetina. Tanto rutina quanto a quercetina foram capazes de promover mudanças estruturais na molécula de cDNA como observado nos resultados de HPLC. A rutina induziu discreta modificação na proteína DNA polimerase. E quercetina impediu a síntese de cDNA a partir de RNA como mostram resultados de eletroforese. Estes dados sugerem que a inibição do crescimento de Xanthomonas axonpodis pv. Passiflorae e Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis pode envolver a ação dos flavonóides (quercetina e rutina) sobre o DNA bacteriano, mudando suas propriedades estruturais e consequentemente a replicação bacteriana. E ainda, os dados mostram que a presença da rutinose pode influenciar a forma de atuação destes flavonóides. / Abstract: Flavonoids are a group of polyfenolic compounds and secondary metabolites produced by plants. They may be found in fruits and vegetables. Several studies have shown that the flavonoids may submit several biological important activities as antioxidants agents, antitumor, antimicrobials and even inhibit activity of some molecules like the PLA2. Recently studies also show that the flavonoids may act in DNA molecules. The antimicrobial activity of flavonoids is the result of destructuring cell membrane and consequently the bacterial cell destruction. In this work we evaluated the antimicrobials effects of quercetin and rutin, which are commonly employed as phytotherapic drugs. It was observed that both flavonoids inhibited the growth of phytopathogenics bacteria. However no effect was observed in other pathogenic bacteria strains. The results of scanning electronic and transmission microscopy showed significant changes in cellular structure of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae incubated with rutin and quercetin. Both rutin as quercetin were able to promote structural change in the molecule of cDNA as observed in the results of HPLC. The rutin induced mild changes in protein DNA polymerase. Quercetin prevented the synthesis of cDNA from RNA as showed by electrophoresis results. These data suggest that inhibition of growth of Xanthomonas axonpodis pv. passiflorae and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis may involve the action of flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) on bacterial DNA, changing its structural properties and consequently the bacterial replication. And yet, the data show that the presence of rutinose may influence the form of action of these flavonoids. / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Hiroshi Aoyama, Marcio Andre Miranda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:06:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_CamiladeAndrade_M.pdf: 1153945 bytes, checksum: d090e6ed4e436a5029c6e36de7786df1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os flavonóides são fitocompostos polifenólicos, caracterizados quimicamente como heterosídeos flavônicos. Apresentam diversas atividades biológicas devido às suas propriedades antioxidantes e habilidades em modular a atividade de diversas enzimas ou receptores celulares, tornando-os responsáveis pelo efeito protetor contra doenças relacionadas ao sistema cardiovascular; certas formas de câncer e doenças de fotossensibilidade e envelhecimento. As fosfatases ácidas, enzimas que hidrolisam ésteres fosfatos em meio ácido, encontram-se amplamente distribuídas no organismo. Estas enzimas são importantes no catabolismo de diversas substâncias, acreditando-se que a alteração da atividade destas enzimas esteja relacionada com modificações induzidas por drogas e por várias doenças. As transaminases são enzimas hepáticas cujo nível aumenta quando há lesão das células hepáticas (hepatócitos) provocada por qualquer tipo de agressão, como vírus, consumo excessivo de álcool ou drogas. O acetaminofeno é uma droga frequentemente usada como analgésico e antipirético. O dano hepático causado pelo uso frequente ou exagerado do acetaminofeno é comum hoje em dia. A manutenção correta dos sistemas metabólicos hepáticos é de grande importância para a manutenção da saúde. Desta forma, o estudo do flavonóide quercetina como possível protetor dos efeitos hepatotóxicos provocados pelo acetaminofeno pode ser muito promissor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos preventivos e terapêuticos, in vivo, do flavonóide quercetina sobre as atividades de fosfatases ácidas (total, tartarato-resistente e de baixa massa molecular relativa) e de transaminases glutâmica oxalacética (TGO) e glutâmica pirúvica (TGP) no fígado de camundongos, tratados ou não com acetaminofeno. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi realizado um tratamento agudo (24 horas), de camundongos machos da linhagem Swiss, com quercetina e acetaminofeno, utilizando-se óleo de milho ou nujol como veículo para o flavonóide. A dosagem da TGO e da TGP confirmou que o acetaminofeno pode realmente ser considerado hepatotóxico, quando administrado ou ingerido em grandes concentrações no organismo. A quercetina, dissolvida em óleo mineral, reverteu a hepatotoxicidade induzida pelo acetaminofeno, nos tratamento terapêutico e, em conjunto com acetaminofeno. A quercetina dissolvida em óleo de milho, no tratamento preventivo, pode não ser a única responsável pela reversão da hepatotoxicidade causada pela administração do acetaminofeno, uma vez que quando se substituiu o veículo utilizado, óleo de milho pelo óleo mineral, este efeito não foi mais observado. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos entre fosfatases e transaminases pode-se observar que a atividade da FATR, no tratamento com nujol, demosntra uma semelhança muito grande com os resultados observados nos gráficos das atividades das transaminases e provavelmente pode se considerada uma marcadora de dano hepático. O alfa-tocoferol, presente no óleo de milho, pode ter exercido um efeito antioxidante, e mascarado o efeito protetor da quercetina e a hepatotoxicidade do acetaminofeno. Este estudo foi importante para mostrar que a atividade dos flavonóides no organismo vivo pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, como: a natureza do veículo utilizado na sua administração, ordem de administração e o tempo de permanecia no organismo / Abstract: Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytocompounds chemically characterized as flavonic heterosides. These compounds present several biological activities due to their antioxidant properties and hability to modulate the activities of enzymes or cellular receptors, making them responsible for the protector effect against diseases related to the cardiovascular system, certain forms of cancer, photosensibility diseases and aging. Acid phosphatases, enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters at acid medium, are largely distributed in the organisms. These enzymes are important in the catabolism of several compounds and could be related to the modifications induced by drugs and diseases. Transaminases are hepatic enzymes which levels increase in consequence of hepatic cells (hepatocytes) lesions provoked by agressions such as virus and excessive alcohol and drug consumption. Acetaminophen is a drug frequently used as analgesic and antipyretic. It is common the hepatic damage caused by the frequent or exaggerated use of acetaminophen. The correct maintenance of the hepatic metabolic systems is of great importance for the health. In this way, the study of the flavonoid quercetin as a possible protector of the hepatotoxic effects provoked by acetaminophen seems to be promising. The objectif of the present work was to study the in vivo effects of the flavonoid quercetin on the activities of acid phosphatases (total, tartrate-resistant and relative low molecular weight) and of transaminases glutamic oxalacetic (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic (GPT) in mice livers treated with acetaminophen. To develop this work, it was performed an acute treatment (24 hours) of Swiss male mice, with quercetin and acetaminophen, using corn oil or nujol as a vehicle for the flavonoid. The determination of GOT and GPT activities confirmed that acetaminophen can be considered hepatotoxic, when administered or ingested in great amount. In the therapeutic treatments, when applied with acetaminophen, quercetin, solubilized in mineral oil, reverted the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. In the preventive treatment, quercetin, solubilized in corn oil, might not be the only responsible for the reversibility, since this effect was no more observed when the vegetal oil was replaced by the mineral oil. The results with FATR, in the treatment with nujol, showed great similarity with the results obtained with transaminases, suggesting that this class of phosphatases could be considered as markers of hepatic damage. The alphatocopherol, present in the corn oil, could be exerting an antioxidant effect, masking the protector effect of quercetin and the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. The importance of the present study was to stress that the in vivo flavonoids activities can be influenced by several factors, such as, the nature of the vehicle used in the administration, the order of administration and the retention time in the organism / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Typha capensis (T. capensis), commonly known as bulrush, is a medicinal plant found growing in the wetland areas of South Africa. In traditional medicine, rhizome decoctions of T. capensis are used to treat a wide variety of ailments, including venereal disease, dysentery, diarrhoea and low libido in men. Previously, T. capensis rhizomes were shown to be a rich source of antioxidants, such as catechin and epicatechin, inhibiting both reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. The antioxidant capacity of such plant species serves as a reservoir of electrons to transport them into gold salt for the production of gold nanoparticles through green nanotechnology. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the application of T. capensis in green nanotechnology and nano-medicine.

This diploma thesis is related to usage of food supplements in general. It observes which food supplements are mostly used, how often and in which period they are used and also which supplements forms population prefer. Next is this diploma paper focused on supplements for the support of cerebration, concretely up to supplements containing Ginkgo biloba. It studies their vascular activity, effect on memory and concentricity in various age groups. Also HPLC method for quick analysis of selected food supplements containing Ginkgo biloba was tested.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the rutin content in springs and leaves of 19 elderberry species (Sambucus nigra L.) with use of liquid chromatography. Furthermore the rutin content was determined in its significant sources – rue and buckwheat. The observed values were compared in order to answer the question whether it is useful to use the elderberry spring and leaves as a new source of rutin. Theoretical part of the thesis describes elderberry in general, its chemical composition and its usage in medicine. Following part concentrates on important substances contained in elderberry – flavonoids. Also principles of extraction techniques and HPLC are discussed. In practice the rutin was gained from plant matrix with use of pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) which was performed in three five minutes long cycles. Conditions during the PHWE were set up to 80 °C and 150 bars. Obtained extract was purified with use of SPE columns and analyzed by HPLC with DAD detector (wave length – 360 nm). HPLC was performed with SUPELCOSILTMLC-8DB column. The mobile phase was composed of MeOH, H2O, and HCOOH in ration of 36:61,5:2,5. The set up flow of mobile phase was 1 ml/min. In the leaves the highest rutin content was determined in Pregarten – 26,34 ± 0,50 mg/g. On the other hand the lowest rutin content in leaves was determined in Körsör – 3,74 ± 0,13 mg/g. In springs the obtained results were as follow. The highest content was determined in Samyl – 4,87 ± 0,01 mg/g and the lowest content was determined in Heidegg 13 springs – 0,56 ± 0,01 mg/g. Also the HPLC detection limit – 6,3 . 10-5 mg/ml and quantitation limit – 2,1 . 10-4 mg/ml were determined for rutin.

This thesis is focused on determining the concentration of rutin in twigs elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The theoretical part provides an overview of the properties, occurrence and use of elderberry in folk medicine, medicine and food. Furthermore, there are the most important substances contained in elderberry, especially flavonoids, including rutin and quercetin as well. There are briefly described their properties, biological effects and possibilities of determination. The content of the experimental part of the thesis was developed cheap extraction methods to obtain the maximum yield of dried twigs rutin elderberry. Rutin content was observed in twigs cultivated elder varieties and wild elderberry. The identification and quantification of rutin in extracts was optimized and validated method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As a comparative method to develop extraction was used a pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). There were tested three particle sizes of shredded twigs. The particles were extracted differently hot water varying duration. Most rutin was found in samples milled at 4 mm particles. The optimum time and temperature of extraction was 7 hours at 80°C. The highest amount of rutin in bred elderberry was determined in a sample Mladší 2014, digestion using 1,49 ± 0,004 mg.100g-1 and method PHWE 5,75 ± 0,015 mg.100g-1. There was determined the most rutin in a sample Září 2014 in the wild variant of elderberry. By digestion of ground twigs was obtained 0,90 ± 0,022 mg.100g-1 of rutin, using PHWE 2,98 ± 0,022 mg.100g-1.

Background: Elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in blood was recognized as one of the cardiac disease risk factors. Consumption of wine is shown to reduce the risk from heart disease and improve longevity. Objectives: In the present study, we evaluated the effect of various wine polyphenolic compounds and several active synthetic derivatives of resveratrol on the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β+IL-6)-induced CRP expression in Hep3B cells. Results: Among the wine phenolics tested, quercetin and resveratrol, in a dose-dependent manner, suppressed cytokine-induced CRP expression. Two of the synthetic derivatives of resveratrol, R3 and 7b, elicited a fiftyfold higher suppressive effect compared with resveratrol. The inhibitory effects of resveratrol and its derivatives on CRP expression were at the level of mRNA production. Investigation of signaling pathways showed that the cytokines induced the phosphorylation of p38 and p44/42 MAP kinases. Inhibitors of p38 and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation inhibited CRP expression, implicating the involvement of both pathways in cytokine-induced CRP expression. These data revealed a previously unrecognized role of the p44/42 MAPK signaling pathway in CRP expression. Wine polyphenolics or the synthetic compounds of resveratrol did not affect cytokine-activated phosphorylation of these MAPKs. Conclusions: Wine phenolics inhibit CRP expression; however, to do so, they do not utilize the MAPK pathways.