Karriär är idag ett uppdaterat begrepp som innefattar hela individens liv med åtaganden, sociala relationer och arbetsplatser. Karriären är under ständig utveckling och förs framåt med hjälp av olika vändningar och skiften, också kallade brytpunkter. Studiens syfte var att skapa kunskap kring karriärutvecklingen och dess brytpunkter, vilket gjordes genom att studera fyra individers karriärberättelser. Dessa individer hade alla genomgått både frivilliga, påtvingade och strukturella brytpunkter inom sitt yrkesverksamma liv. Resultatet visar att en karriär består av olika sorters brytpunkter och rutiner, men att det kan vara svårt att kategorisera dem. Därav blir en av slutsatserna att brytpunkter och rutiner är en enhetlig process som tillsammans skapar och utvecklar en människas karriär.

This work is focused on determination of the concentration of rutin in the fruits of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The theoretical part provides an overview of the properties, occurrence and use of elderberry in natural healing, medicine and food industry. Furthermore, important substances contained in elderberry, especially flavonoids, including rutin, are mentioned. Properties, biological effects and the possibility of determination of rutin are briefly described. In the experimental part the optimization and validation of the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which is used for identification and quantification of rutin in fruits of 18 elderberry species, was performed. The pressurized hot water extraction was used for the preparation and solid phase extraction (SPE) for purification of the sample. The largest amount of rutin was found in a variety of elderberry Albida, 6,70 mg per 1 g of dry matter. High concentrations of rutin included varieties Haschberg, Sambu, Pregarten, Sambo and Sampo. On the other hand, the lowest concentration was found in variety Aurea, 1,24 mg.g-1. Finally, rutin content in elderberries was compared with the content of rutin in elder leaves and branches andwith significant sources of rutin – buckwheat and rue.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain. Although the etiology of PD is not completely known, it is believed to involve an association of various genetic, cellular, and environmental factors that individually or simultaneously advance neuronal degeneration. Neurotoxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) have been widely used to investigate distinct underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Presently, treatment options for PD are limited, as the available drugs are mainly focused on alleviating symptoms with limited ability to prevent disease progression. Accordingly, there is an increase in the use of natural compounds/products as potential neuroprotective agents. These neuroprotective treatments are believed to intervene in some stages in the pathogenesis of PD to suppress possible mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal death such as apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, disturbances of calcium homeostasis, inflammation and autophagy. Thus, novel protective strategies for PD may be designed by targeting these mechanisms or intracellular signaling cascades that participate in PD pathogenesis.

10 ABSTRACT The subject of this study was to evaluate the efect of abiotc elicitor on rutn producton in callus and suspension cultures of buckwheat. The cultvar of buckwheat used for this research was Fagopyrum esculentum Moench var. Bambi, cultvated in Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with the additon of growth regulator 2,4-dichlorfenoxyacetc acid (2,4-D) in concentraton of 1 mg/l. The elicitor used in this study was a soluton of methylviologen, 1 ml of it was added to the cultures in three diferent concentratons: c1 = 100.0 mg/100 ml, c2 = 10.0 mg/100 ml and c3 = 1.0 mg/100 ml. The elicitor was afectng the cultures for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 168 hours. Afer the defned period of tme, cultures were collected, dried out and stored for further analysis of rutn content. To control samples (without elicitor treatment) 1 ml of ethanol 96% was added and they were collected afer 6, 24, 72 or 168 hours. Releasing of rutn into the nutrient medium was also investgated. Rutn content in each sample of cultures and in each sample of nutrient medium was later determined by HPLC. Any signifcant increase in the producton of rutn was not observed in this study. The maximum amount of rutn detected was 0.1 mg/g DW, thus the lowest quantty detectable, and was found in suspension cultures in three cases, afer the additon of...

Elicitation is one of the methods used for increasing the production of secondary metabolites in vitro cultures. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of abiotic elicitor methylviologen (paraquat) on the production of flavonoids in callus and suspension cultures of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench., variety Pyra. The cultures were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with addition of 2,4-D in concentration of 1 mg/l as a growth regulator. Elicitor was added as a solution in three different concentrations (c1 = 2.1929 · 10-4 mol/l, c2 = 2.1929 · 10-3 mol/l and c3 = 2.1929 · 10-2 mol/l). The effect of elicitation on rutin production was monitored in six time intervals: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. The rutin content was determined by HPLC analysis. No rutin was produced in callus and suspension cultures without the presence of elicitor. Even after the elicitation, there was no statistically significant increase in the production of rutin. The maximum rutin content was detected in the suspension culture after 12 hours of elicitor treatment in c2 concentration, the content was 0.1 mg/g DW. The release of rutin into the nutrient medium was also not observed.

Plants are an important source of secondary metabolites, which are a valuable natural substance used in many fields. One way to increase their production is by the elicitation method. In this paper the effect of abiotic elicitor methylviologene in three different concentrations was studied on the rutin production in callus and suspension culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench variety Spačinki. The cultivation was carried out on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with the addition of a 1 mg/l 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as growth regulator. Samples were taken at regular time intervals after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours of elicitation. The rutin content was analyzed by HPLC. The maximum rutin production (0.3 mg/g DW) was recorded in the callus culture after 48 hours of methylviologene treatment at a concentration of 2.1929.10-4 mol/l. No increase in rutin content after methylviologene elicitation was observed in the suspension culture. The study also included monitoring of the rutin release into nutrient medium, but this was not demonstrated.

Föreliggande studies syfte är att utifrån intervjuer undersöka hur professionella vid SiS hem resonerar om placerade ungdomars delaktighet i behandlingsplanering och behandling. Vidare avser uppsatsen att belysa hur professionella utövar makt i relation till ungdomar utifrån befintliga regelverk. Studiens metodologiska utgångspunkt är hermeneutisk kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerad intervju. Resultatet grundas på empiri från sju intervjuer på sex SiS hem. Resultat har analyserats med hjälp av Harts (1997) delaktighetsstege och Foucaults (1954) maktteori, governmentality. Resultatet av studien visar att graden av ungdomars delaktighet i sin behandling påverkas av de professionellas förmåga att skapa allians inom ramen av de maktaspekter vilket existerar på SiS institution. I resultatet framgår de professionellas resonemang om hur olikla faktorer försvårar och omöjliggör arbetet med ungdomars delaktighet i behandlingsprocessen. Studiens slutsats är att delaktighet är en grund för en väl fungerande behandlingsprocess. Dock framkommer det ur de professipnellas resonemang att en fullständig delaktighet ej kan uppnås. Vi har konstaterat, utifrån resultatanalys att detta framkommer på grund av tvångsvårdens omständigheter där makt existerar som en motpol till arbetet med ungdomars delaktighet.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka lärprocesser som äger rum före och under promenaden där vi vill få insyn i vilka faktorer som kan påverka. Promenaden som en rutin i förskolans vardag är inte ett fenomen som tidigare betraktats ur ett lärandeperspektiv och utgör problemet samt motivationen för att undersöka och kartlägga området. Materialet samlas in genom en etnografisk studie med filmobservationer och fältanteckningar samt intervjuer med pedagoger för få insyn i deras tankar kring ämnet. Arbetet kommer ha ett sociokulturellt perspektiv som teoretisk utgångspunkt och verkar som ett redskap för att analysera empirin. Teorierna presenteras utifrån tre övergripande infallsvinklar som är säkerhet, rutin och lärande för att förtydliga resultatet. Sammanfattningsvis är vår slutsats att rutinen både verkar positivt och negativt i kontexter där man studerar hur lärande tar form tillsammans med andra. Ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv blir relationer av stor vikt och pedagogens roll betydelsefull för vilka möjligheter barn får att fånga in kunskap i formella och informella sammanhang. Säkerhet har stort utrymme när det kommer till att påverka pedagogers möjligheter att tillge barn delaktighet och inflytande i situationer som promenaden där ansvaret om trygghet väger tyngst för pedagogen.

A rutina é um flavonol glicosídico pertencente a uma importante classe de flavonóides, sendo extensamente encontrados na natureza. Ela apresenta uma importância terapêutica em virtude de determinar a normalização da resistência e permeabilidade das paredes dos vasos capilares, além de inibir o processo de formação de radicais livres em vários estágios. O fruto do faveiro (Dimorphandra mollis Benth., uma espécie nativa brasileira) é uma das fontes para a extração em escala industrial da rutina. A sua aplicação em formas farmacêuticas para o uso externo é muito limitada devido a sua baixa solubilidade em água. Com esta finalidade, foi realizada a síntese química através da introdução de grupos carboxilatos nas hidroxilas dos grupamentos glicosídicos da molécula de rutina, utilizando-se piridina e diferentes anidridos, sendo eles: o succínico, o ftálico e o 2-fenil-glutárico à temperatura de 70 ºC por 24 horas. Estes três derivados sintetizados foram purificados em papel cromatográfico e caracterizados em 2 sistemas de proporções diferentes de eluentes. Além disso, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre as suas propriedades físico-químicas e as da rutina pela determinação da solubilidade e do coeficiente de extinção molar. Desta forma, avaliou-se a atividade antioxidante destes derivados com relação a rutina utilizando 2 ensaios diferentes, como a determinação de malondialdeído pela autoxidação do tecido cerebral e produção de radicais peroxilas pela termólise de um azo-iniciador, com os seus respectivos padrões de referência, o α-tocoferol e o Trolox. O resultado do ensaio de solubilidade indicou que a rutina succinil, a ftaloil e a fenil-glutaroil foram cerca de 800, 85 e 5,5 vezes mais solúvel em água que a rutina. Já em relação aos outros ensaios verificou-se que os derivados sintetizados continuaram apresentando atividade antioxidante e absorvendo luz em seu pico máximo próximo de 392nm, o que mostrou pouca modificação química no núcleo flavonóide. No ensaio de anti-radicais, a rutina ftaloil foi entre os derivados hidrossolúveis a que apresentou um melhor resultado devido a sinergia do anel aromático com o núcleo flavonóide em seqüestrar radicais livres. / Rutin is a glycoside flavonol which belongs to an important class of flavonoids, being extensively found in the nature. It presents a therapeutical importance due to improve the resistance and permeability of capillaries vessels, and is able to suppress free radical processes in some stages. The fruit of the faveiro (Dimorphandra mollis Benth., a Brazilian native species) is one of the sources for the extration in industrial scale of the rutin. Its application in pharmaceutical forms for external use very is limited because it has low solubility in water. With this purpose, it was done the chemical synthesis introducing carboxylate groups on sugar moiety of rutin using pyridin and different anhydrides, such as: succinic, phtalic and the 2-phenyl glutaric at 70 ºC for 24 hours. These three synthesized derivatives had been purificated in chromatographic paper and characterized in 2 systems of different ratios of eluents. Moreover, a comparative study among their physico-chemical properties and of the rutin for the determination of the solubility and the molar extinction coefficient. With this in mind, it was evaluated antioxidant activity of these derivatives with regard to rutin using 2 different assays, as the determination of malondialdehyde by the brain homogenate autoxidation and generation of peroxyl radicals by the thermolysis of a azo compound, with its respective reference standards: α-tocopherol and Trolox. The result of the solubility assay indicated that the succinyl, the phtaloyl and the phenyl glutaroyl rutin had been about 800, 85 and 5,5 times, respective, more soluble in water that the rutin. In respect to relationship to the other assays it was verified that the synthesized derivatives had continued presenting antioxidant activity and absorbing light in its maximum peak next to 392nm, showing that chemical modifications in the flavonoid nucleus had not been made significant. In the assay of anti-radicals, the phtaloyl rutin was the water-soluble derivative what it presented one better result, due one the presence of the aromatic ring that can enhanced the radical-scavenging efficiencies together to the flavonoid nucleus.

A rutina é um flavonol glicosídico pertencente a uma importante classe de flavonóides, sendo extensamente encontrados na natureza. Ela apresenta uma importância terapêutica em virtude de determinar a normalização da resistência e permeabilidade das paredes dos vasos capilares, além de inibir o processo de formação de radicais livres em vários estágios. O fruto do faveiro (Dimorphandra mollis Benth., uma espécie nativa brasileira) é uma das fontes para a extração em escala industrial da rutina. A sua aplicação em formas farmacêuticas para o uso externo é muito limitada devido a sua baixa solubilidade em água. Com esta finalidade, foi realizada a síntese química através da introdução de grupos carboxilatos nas hidroxilas dos grupamentos glicosídicos da molécula de rutina, utilizando-se piridina e diferentes anidridos, sendo eles: o succínico, o ftálico e o 2-fenil-glutárico à temperatura de 70 ºC por 24 horas. Estes três derivados sintetizados foram purificados em papel cromatográfico e caracterizados em 2 sistemas de proporções diferentes de eluentes. Além disso, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre as suas propriedades físico-químicas e as da rutina pela determinação da solubilidade e do coeficiente de extinção molar. Desta forma, avaliou-se a atividade antioxidante destes derivados com relação a rutina utilizando 2 ensaios diferentes, como a determinação de malondialdeído pela autoxidação do tecido cerebral e produção de radicais peroxilas pela termólise de um azo-iniciador, com os seus respectivos padrões de referência, o α-tocoferol e o Trolox. O resultado do ensaio de solubilidade indicou que a rutina succinil, a ftaloil e a fenil-glutaroil foram cerca de 800, 85 e 5,5 vezes mais solúvel em água que a rutina. Já em relação aos outros ensaios verificou-se que os derivados sintetizados continuaram apresentando atividade antioxidante e absorvendo luz em seu pico máximo próximo de 392nm, o que mostrou pouca modificação química no núcleo flavonóide. No ensaio de anti-radicais, a rutina ftaloil foi entre os derivados hidrossolúveis a que apresentou um melhor resultado devido a sinergia do anel aromático com o núcleo flavonóide em seqüestrar radicais livres. / Rutin is a glycoside flavonol which belongs to an important class of flavonoids, being extensively found in the nature. It presents a therapeutical importance due to improve the resistance and permeability of capillaries vessels, and is able to suppress free radical processes in some stages. The fruit of the faveiro (Dimorphandra mollis Benth., a Brazilian native species) is one of the sources for the extration in industrial scale of the rutin. Its application in pharmaceutical forms for external use very is limited because it has low solubility in water. With this purpose, it was done the chemical synthesis introducing carboxylate groups on sugar moiety of rutin using pyridin and different anhydrides, such as: succinic, phtalic and the 2-phenyl glutaric at 70 ºC for 24 hours. These three synthesized derivatives had been purificated in chromatographic paper and characterized in 2 systems of different ratios of eluents. Moreover, a comparative study among their physico-chemical properties and of the rutin for the determination of the solubility and the molar extinction coefficient. With this in mind, it was evaluated antioxidant activity of these derivatives with regard to rutin using 2 different assays, as the determination of malondialdehyde by the brain homogenate autoxidation and generation of peroxyl radicals by the thermolysis of a azo compound, with its respective reference standards: α-tocopherol and Trolox. The result of the solubility assay indicated that the succinyl, the phtaloyl and the phenyl glutaroyl rutin had been about 800, 85 and 5,5 times, respective, more soluble in water that the rutin. In respect to relationship to the other assays it was verified that the synthesized derivatives had continued presenting antioxidant activity and absorbing light in its maximum peak next to 392nm, showing that chemical modifications in the flavonoid nucleus had not been made significant. In the assay of anti-radicals, the phtaloyl rutin was the water-soluble derivative what it presented one better result, due one the presence of the aromatic ring that can enhanced the radical-scavenging efficiencies together to the flavonoid nucleus.