Background Literature supports a relationship between low income status and poor diabetes control. However this relationship has not been assessed in Botswana. Aim To determine the relationship between socio-economic status and diabetes control in patients presenting to PMH. Objectives To measure the degree of glycaemic control; to determine the relationship between glycaemic control and monthly income as well as between glycaemic control and lifestyle modification factors;to describe the relationship between glycaemic control and core social welfare indicators. Methods A cross-sectional study, conducted over a 3 months in Gaborone, The questionnaire assessed self-care activities, monthly household earnings and core social welfare indicators among diabetes patients attending PMH. A total of 240 patients were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. Routine HbA1c values were studied alongside questionnaire responses. Results A total of 58 (24%) participants with HbA1c between 4.0%-7.0% were well controlled, 96 (40%) of participants were poorly controlled (7.1%-9.0%) and 86 (36%) in the very poorly controlled category with HbA1c >9.0%. Of the well-controlled category, 59% lived on a monthly income between P0- P5000(the lowest income bracket). Only 3% participants in this category earned above P20000 monthly (the highest income bracket). Of the 40% poorly controlled participants, 69% fell in the lowest income bracket. No participants in this poorly controlled category earned above P20000 monthly. There were 40% participants in the very poorly controlled category. Of these, 63% earned between P0 - P5000. Only 2 participants with HbA1c values of 9.1 earned above P20000. Conclusion In this study high HbA1c percentages were associated with low monthly income levels and low scores in lifestyle modification factors. Participants with poor access to core welfare indicators also had poor glycaemic control. This study suggests that poor socio-economic status is directly related to poor glycaemic control in patients attending PMH diabetes clinic.

O estudo em tela versa sobre processos de legitimação de valores sociais no interior de redes produtivas empresariais, abordando, mais especificamente, as recentes transformações nas concepções empresariais de sustentabilidade a partir do crescente conjunto de pressões sociais que ampliaram os riscos de contestabilidade sobre as práticas e reputações das empresas. A ascensão de valores sociais relacionados à questão ambiental suscita questões sobre suas implicações na dinâmica econômica e a sua capacidade de configurar um novo paradigma econômico da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, a indagação que norteou este estudo pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: Como o processo de elaboração, difusão e legitimação da sustentabilidade reflete-se na ação socioeconômica das empresas? Mais especificamente, como esse processo relaciona-se com as transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde? Diante desta indagação, adota-se uma perspectiva diversa da tese das esferas autônomas e hostis, em que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial seriam concebidas como nocivas ao livre funcionamento dos mecanismos de mercado. Mas também distinta das abordagens que percebem estas condutas, exclusivamente, como transformações discursivas, movidas por interesses econômicos e políticos. A ênfase do estudo repousa sobre a dinâmica de influência mútua entre mercados, sociedade e natureza, embasada em estudos e teorias da sociologia econômica. O foco empírico da discussão refere-se a transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde que se trata de um plástico que possui as mesmas propriedades físicas do plástico convencional, porém é derivado de uma matéria prima não fóssil (etanol). Por sua vez, o objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor e as transformações na ação econômica empresarial que daí decorrem. Constata-se que diferentes agentes sociais (profissionais, empresas, consumidores, financiadores, governantes) vem alterando suas práticas e discursos em direção a novos valores ambientais. O conjunto destas alterações no universo da produção e do consumo, juntamente às alterações nas legislações ambientais, nos conflitos sociais e nas políticas públicas em diversos níveis, aponta para um gradual processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor legítimo na esfera pública e econômica. Nesse sentido, o argumento defendido na análise, com base na investigação do caso da rede produtiva do plástico verde, é sobre uma relação múltipla, oriunda da produção sistêmica de riscos ambientais da sociedade contemporânea, que resultou no processo reflexivo de difusão e institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor. / The present study is about processes of social values legitimation within enterprises production networks, approaching, in particular, the recent changes in corporate sustainability concepts based on the growing body of social pressures that increased the risk of contestability on the practices and reputations of companies. The rise of environmental issues related to social values raises questions about its implications for economic dynamics and their ability to set up a new economic paradigm of sustainability. In this context, the question that has guided this study can be summarized as follows: How the drafting process, diffusion and legitimation of sustainability is reflected in the socio-economic action of companies? More specifically, how this process relates to the changes in the productive network of green plastic? Faced with this question, we adopt a different perspective of the thesis of the autonomous and hostile spheres, in which corporate social and environmental responsibility practices would be designed as harmful to the free play of market mechanisms. But also distinct from approaches that understand these conducts exclusively as a discursive changes, driven by economic and political interests. The emphasis of the study rests on the dynamic interplay between markets, society and nature, based on studies and theories of economic sociology. The empirical focus of the discussion refers to changes in the network productive of green plastic that it is a plastic that have the same physical properties as conventional plastics, but is derived from a non-fossil raw material (ethanol). The overall objective of the study is to analyze the process of institutionalization of sustainability as a value and the changes in the business economic action resulting therefrom. It perceives that different actors (professionals, businesses, consumers, lenders, governments) has been changing its practices and discourses toward new environmental values. These changes in the world of production and consumption, along with changes in environmental laws, social conflict and public policy at various levels, points to a gradual process of institutionalization of sustainability as a legitimate value in the public and economic sphere. In this sense, the point made in the analysis, based on the investigation of the case of the production network of green plastic, is about a multiple relationship, arising from the systemic production of environmental risks of contemporary society, which resulted in the reflective process of diffusion and institutionalization of sustainability as a value.

abstract: The issue this study addresses is the need to extend the topic of gifted art education into the multicultural realm. The purpose was to assess accommodations for gifted art students of culturally diverse backgrounds, to see how socio-economic class and culture influence identification and opportunities for gifted art students, and to identify similarities and differences among gifted art students. The research took place at five public high schools containing a high percentage of culturally diverse students around the Phoenix rural and suburban areas. Participants included five high school art teachers and five artistically talented students that each teacher identified. I conducted, transcribed and analyzed interviews with the participants. Analysis of the data has led to many themes. Teacher interviews indicated universities attended by teachers in the study didn’t touch on diversity or gifted art education, although all art teachers have had a lot of experience teaching diverse students, and reported student diversity was growing. Teachers define artistically talented students as students with natural abilities, many times looking at the students' product. Teachers recommend the students to community art classes, such as the local center for the arts, or summer college courses. Teachers vary in support, some saying they have more than enough resources and support, others saying they need more space in the classroom and smaller class sizes, or want to take students to artist studios. Results from student interviews reveal that all students in the study were self-motivated to do art everyday, two mentioning especially after a big life event, such as depression or a father dying. Participating students think of art as something beautiful and something to which they can relate, defining art very vaguely, saying it could be anything or everything. All students have future plans to major or minor in art in college or continuing creating art in their free time. Participants had supportive and encouraging art teachers and parents and had art materials readily available. Universities and high school art teachers may benefit from the study because of the need to prepare for growing diversity. Art teachers may benefit from this study by gaining a better understanding of artistically talented students of diverse backgrounds and by challenging them, and getting parents involved in supporting their child. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Art 2016

O estudo em tela versa sobre processos de legitimação de valores sociais no interior de redes produtivas empresariais, abordando, mais especificamente, as recentes transformações nas concepções empresariais de sustentabilidade a partir do crescente conjunto de pressões sociais que ampliaram os riscos de contestabilidade sobre as práticas e reputações das empresas. A ascensão de valores sociais relacionados à questão ambiental suscita questões sobre suas implicações na dinâmica econômica e a sua capacidade de configurar um novo paradigma econômico da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, a indagação que norteou este estudo pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: Como o processo de elaboração, difusão e legitimação da sustentabilidade reflete-se na ação socioeconômica das empresas? Mais especificamente, como esse processo relaciona-se com as transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde? Diante desta indagação, adota-se uma perspectiva diversa da tese das esferas autônomas e hostis, em que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial seriam concebidas como nocivas ao livre funcionamento dos mecanismos de mercado. Mas também distinta das abordagens que percebem estas condutas, exclusivamente, como transformações discursivas, movidas por interesses econômicos e políticos. A ênfase do estudo repousa sobre a dinâmica de influência mútua entre mercados, sociedade e natureza, embasada em estudos e teorias da sociologia econômica. O foco empírico da discussão refere-se a transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde que se trata de um plástico que possui as mesmas propriedades físicas do plástico convencional, porém é derivado de uma matéria prima não fóssil (etanol). Por sua vez, o objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor e as transformações na ação econômica empresarial que daí decorrem. Constata-se que diferentes agentes sociais (profissionais, empresas, consumidores, financiadores, governantes) vem alterando suas práticas e discursos em direção a novos valores ambientais. O conjunto destas alterações no universo da produção e do consumo, juntamente às alterações nas legislações ambientais, nos conflitos sociais e nas políticas públicas em diversos níveis, aponta para um gradual processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor legítimo na esfera pública e econômica. Nesse sentido, o argumento defendido na análise, com base na investigação do caso da rede produtiva do plástico verde, é sobre uma relação múltipla, oriunda da produção sistêmica de riscos ambientais da sociedade contemporânea, que resultou no processo reflexivo de difusão e institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor. / The present study is about processes of social values legitimation within enterprises production networks, approaching, in particular, the recent changes in corporate sustainability concepts based on the growing body of social pressures that increased the risk of contestability on the practices and reputations of companies. The rise of environmental issues related to social values raises questions about its implications for economic dynamics and their ability to set up a new economic paradigm of sustainability. In this context, the question that has guided this study can be summarized as follows: How the drafting process, diffusion and legitimation of sustainability is reflected in the socio-economic action of companies? More specifically, how this process relates to the changes in the productive network of green plastic? Faced with this question, we adopt a different perspective of the thesis of the autonomous and hostile spheres, in which corporate social and environmental responsibility practices would be designed as harmful to the free play of market mechanisms. But also distinct from approaches that understand these conducts exclusively as a discursive changes, driven by economic and political interests. The emphasis of the study rests on the dynamic interplay between markets, society and nature, based on studies and theories of economic sociology. The empirical focus of the discussion refers to changes in the network productive of green plastic that it is a plastic that have the same physical properties as conventional plastics, but is derived from a non-fossil raw material (ethanol). The overall objective of the study is to analyze the process of institutionalization of sustainability as a value and the changes in the business economic action resulting therefrom. It perceives that different actors (professionals, businesses, consumers, lenders, governments) has been changing its practices and discourses toward new environmental values. These changes in the world of production and consumption, along with changes in environmental laws, social conflict and public policy at various levels, points to a gradual process of institutionalization of sustainability as a legitimate value in the public and economic sphere. In this sense, the point made in the analysis, based on the investigation of the case of the production network of green plastic, is about a multiple relationship, arising from the systemic production of environmental risks of contemporary society, which resulted in the reflective process of diffusion and institutionalization of sustainability as a value.

O estudo em tela versa sobre processos de legitimação de valores sociais no interior de redes produtivas empresariais, abordando, mais especificamente, as recentes transformações nas concepções empresariais de sustentabilidade a partir do crescente conjunto de pressões sociais que ampliaram os riscos de contestabilidade sobre as práticas e reputações das empresas. A ascensão de valores sociais relacionados à questão ambiental suscita questões sobre suas implicações na dinâmica econômica e a sua capacidade de configurar um novo paradigma econômico da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, a indagação que norteou este estudo pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: Como o processo de elaboração, difusão e legitimação da sustentabilidade reflete-se na ação socioeconômica das empresas? Mais especificamente, como esse processo relaciona-se com as transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde? Diante desta indagação, adota-se uma perspectiva diversa da tese das esferas autônomas e hostis, em que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial seriam concebidas como nocivas ao livre funcionamento dos mecanismos de mercado. Mas também distinta das abordagens que percebem estas condutas, exclusivamente, como transformações discursivas, movidas por interesses econômicos e políticos. A ênfase do estudo repousa sobre a dinâmica de influência mútua entre mercados, sociedade e natureza, embasada em estudos e teorias da sociologia econômica. O foco empírico da discussão refere-se a transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde que se trata de um plástico que possui as mesmas propriedades físicas do plástico convencional, porém é derivado de uma matéria prima não fóssil (etanol). Por sua vez, o objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor e as transformações na ação econômica empresarial que daí decorrem. Constata-se que diferentes agentes sociais (profissionais, empresas, consumidores, financiadores, governantes) vem alterando suas práticas e discursos em direção a novos valores ambientais. O conjunto destas alterações no universo da produção e do consumo, juntamente às alterações nas legislações ambientais, nos conflitos sociais e nas políticas públicas em diversos níveis, aponta para um gradual processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor legítimo na esfera pública e econômica. Nesse sentido, o argumento defendido na análise, com base na investigação do caso da rede produtiva do plástico verde, é sobre uma relação múltipla, oriunda da produção sistêmica de riscos ambientais da sociedade contemporânea, que resultou no processo reflexivo de difusão e institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor. / The present study is about processes of social values legitimation within enterprises production networks, approaching, in particular, the recent changes in corporate sustainability concepts based on the growing body of social pressures that increased the risk of contestability on the practices and reputations of companies. The rise of environmental issues related to social values raises questions about its implications for economic dynamics and their ability to set up a new economic paradigm of sustainability. In this context, the question that has guided this study can be summarized as follows: How the drafting process, diffusion and legitimation of sustainability is reflected in the socio-economic action of companies? More specifically, how this process relates to the changes in the productive network of green plastic? Faced with this question, we adopt a different perspective of the thesis of the autonomous and hostile spheres, in which corporate social and environmental responsibility practices would be designed as harmful to the free play of market mechanisms. But also distinct from approaches that understand these conducts exclusively as a discursive changes, driven by economic and political interests. The emphasis of the study rests on the dynamic interplay between markets, society and nature, based on studies and theories of economic sociology. The empirical focus of the discussion refers to changes in the network productive of green plastic that it is a plastic that have the same physical properties as conventional plastics, but is derived from a non-fossil raw material (ethanol). The overall objective of the study is to analyze the process of institutionalization of sustainability as a value and the changes in the business economic action resulting therefrom. It perceives that different actors (professionals, businesses, consumers, lenders, governments) has been changing its practices and discourses toward new environmental values. These changes in the world of production and consumption, along with changes in environmental laws, social conflict and public policy at various levels, points to a gradual process of institutionalization of sustainability as a legitimate value in the public and economic sphere. In this sense, the point made in the analysis, based on the investigation of the case of the production network of green plastic, is about a multiple relationship, arising from the systemic production of environmental risks of contemporary society, which resulted in the reflective process of diffusion and institutionalization of sustainability as a value.

A situaÃÃo crÃtica na qual vive grande parte das crianÃas da capital cearense â sujeitas a todo tipo de violÃncia â falta de moradia, educaÃÃo precÃria, trabalho precoce, abuso sexual, prostituiÃÃo, alcoolismo, drogas, pais desempregados, constitui-se numa das expressÃes mais consistentes de uma sociedade agonizante. Esta investigaÃÃo de natureza qualitativa objetivou compreender qual o impacto da violÃncia no psiquismo de crianÃas inseridas desde cedo num contexto sÃcio-econÃmico de misÃria. Participaram da pesquisa 27 sujeitos de 5 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, moradores da favela Verdes Mares, localizada na zona leste de Fortaleza. AtravÃs de um olhar clÃnico, amparado em uma das tÃcnicas de anÃlise de conteÃdo â anÃlise temÃtica, onde foram privilegiadas as entrevistas abertas, a utilizaÃÃo de jogos, encenaÃÃes teatrais, assim como tÃcnicas projetivas (desenhos), emergiram aspectos latentes significativos acerca da estruturaÃÃo psÃquica das crianÃas. Tais aspectos confirmaram a hipÃtese inicial de que o psiquismo dessas crianÃas està sendo estruturado de forma desarmÃnica e que uma âfratura psÃquicaâ pode ser cogitada, termo que sinaliza um descompasso entre os campos noÃtico e afetivo do desenvolvimento. / The critical situation in which the greater part of the capital of CearÃ‟s children live â subject to every form of violence â homelessness, precarious educations, child labor, sexual abuse, prostitution, alcoholism, drug abuse, unemployed parents, constitute in one of the most consistent expressions, a dying society. This qualitative investigation aims at understanding the impact of violence upon the psyche of children subjected to it from an early age in a socioeconomic environment of poverty. Twenty-seven subjects from 5 to 12 years of age, of both sexes, residents of Verdes Mares (Green Seas) slum, located in an area east of the city of Fortaleza, participated in the study. From a clinical point of view, aided by one the techniques of content analysis â thematic analysis, where open interviews, games, theatrical enactment as well as projective techniques (drawings) were conducted, and through which significant latent aspects emerged concerning the children‟s psychic structuring. These aspects confirmed the initial hypothesis that these children‟s psyches are being disharmoniously structured and that a âpsychic fratureâ might result, an expression that signals a misstep in the noetic and affective areas of development.

Magister Legum - LLM / The sentiment of Justice Ackerman that courts have a particular responsibility and obligation to “forge new tools” and shape innovative remedies to achieve a goal, is profound and based on a constitution with a transformative nature. The injustice of apartheid brought about unequal resource distribution in South Africa and this is well documented. The need for innovative remedies to address these injustices has been in demand. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa has made available, sufficient remedies for the courts to deal with these concerns. However, the courts need to find a creative way of using and applying these remedies. One such remedy, being promoted by this paper is, structural interdicts with a supervisory jurisdiction. This remedy has a process of meaningful engagement attached to it, to ensure all parties reach practical solutions to ongoing socio-economic rights violations. The ancillary effect of these types of orders will promote future policies to take into consideration socio-economic rights needs of other people in the same position as the applicants. The ongoing supervision of the court will further ensure that government comply with its obligation within reasonable time, and to address ongoing concerns of socio-economic rights violation as and when they arise during the process of engagement. / South Africa

Magister Artium - MA / Recent advancements in child well-being research have shown an increased interest in the importance of subjective well-being. The development of instruments and scales to measure subjective well-being among children and adolescents is in its infancy. Furthermore, there are few existing cross-cultural studies with child and adolescent populations. Validation of existing measures and cross-cultural comparisons has been identified by a number of researchers as critical in contributing to the international dialogue. In the current study, two measures of subjective well-being (Student Life Satisfaction Scale and Personal Well-Being Index-School Children) are tested among a sample of children in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Noting the diversity of experience between children from different socio-economic status groups in South Africa, the study further aims to determine the extent to which the measures are comparable across socio-economic status groups. Data from the Children’s World Survey were used; and includes a sample of 1004 children randomly selected from 15 schools within the Cape Town Metropole. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the overall fit structure and multi-group factor analysis, with Scalar and Metric invariance constraints. The results show appropriate fit structure for the overall model, with Scalar and Metric factor invariance tenable across socio-economic status groups. The overall findings suggest that the two measures are appropriate for use with children from low and medium socio-economic status groups in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / In South Africa, since 1994 when democratic government come into power, the issue of development was raised as one of the priorities of government. Government promised to transform the citizen’s livelihoods through quality, effective and efficient services. Rural development was identified as one of the priorities of government to ensure better life for all the citizens. Local government have been mandated to ensure quality service delivery to the citizens especially to the rural areas. The issue of rural development was still a challenge in South Africa especially in Eastern Cape Province. There was a need to improve service delivery to the rural communities at Intsika Yethu Municipal area as the pace of rural development has been slowly. An infrastructure service is still a challenge to the rural areas at this municipal area as the sanitation is yet to improve. Service delivery has been far less compared to the urban areas. There were signs of improvement but the process has been very slow. The study has determine and analysed the issues that contribute to the slow pace in rural development and reveal some recommendations that might assist to improve the pace of rolling out services at Intsika Yethu municipal rural communities. The findings of the study show that unemployment and poverty to the people residing in rural communities has been one of the major challenges that need serious consideration. The infrastructural situation of the rural communities pushed people of Intsika Yethu to the level of poor socio-economic development which might be contributed by the pace rural development has been approached. The research found that the slow pace in development of rural communities has an impact on the situation they found themselves and therefore intervention strategies to improve the pace of service delivery in rural communities with the intentions of enforcing the local municipality to be accountable and responsible.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The right for every woman to live free of violence is one of the basic human rights. Nevertheless, this right is still subject to violation on a massive and systematic scale around the world. At least one of three women around the world has reported been physical, sexual and emotional abuse by an intimate partner in her lifetime. Although, gender inequalities and discrimination are considered as the underlying factors of domestic violence, little is known about the contributions of the presence of sons and daughters at home, age, gender, education, marital status, working status, place of residence. Despite the fact that recommendations have been made both at the international and national levels to reduce intimate female abuse, the issue is still rampant in developing countries. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the impact of women’s socio-economic and demographic characteristics on domestic violence across seven countries (Cameroon, Ghana, Haiti, Liberia, Moldova, Nepal and Philippines). Frequencies and bivariate analyses were performed using the latest Demographic Health Surveys from 2005 to 2011. The findings established that on average 33.37 percent of women across the seven countries are abused. Domestic violence is a high concern in Cameroon. The educational level still remains a predicting factor of domestic violence across the countries under investigation except in Liberia. The number of living children was also identified as a predicting factor across the studied countries. Finally, a woman having a son or a daughter at home is more likely to expose the woman to intimate violence in Cameroon, Haiti, Moldova, Nepal and Philippines. All the countries are entrenched in a culture of male domination whereby women lack the freedom to decide on marital issues. As a recommendation, the government of each of the studied countries should be more proactive in reinforcing judicial system, policies and education that will help to curb the scourge of domestic violence. Furthermore, improving the level of literacy for women and educating men as the perpetrators of domestic violence will go a long way in abating this social ill.