Abstract Intangible resources are the sources of competitive advantage in the knowledge economy. Knowledge management (KM) is popular within the businesses. With increasing investment in KM projects, companies are looking forward to find better ways to obtain the competitive advantage. KM literature also highlights the fact that the achievement of sustained competitive advantage depends on its knowledge-based resources. Even though many people believe that technology is the main driving force of transformation. In fact, technology merely brings superficial change or allows people to perform routine jobs fasters. In this sense, the objective of research on knowledge management should not overlook the fact that an enterprise is operated by many official and unofficial units, which are formed by people. The discussion on knowledge management should be focused on people as the subject. This thesis restudy Nonaka¡¦s SECI model of knowledge creation and its constraints, we revisit the fundamental points of tacit knowledge in the model and provide a critical review on the role for business organization. First, in the discussion of knowledge creation, this study argues that the capabilitie of knowledge creating is the most important source for firms to get competitive advantage. Based on the literature on KM, we thought the competitive advantages come from continue improvement in business, and the ideas of improve are from Km of both organization and individual. So, the total KM is complete explain for getting competitive advantage than only knowledge creation. Secondly, we review the situation of the SECI model fit the business current KM project, and develop a framework to assess the relationship of KM activities between organization and individual. Focuses on verifying the relationship between the organization and individual knowledge management. The framework uses a set of key KM activities by IPO model as lead indicators within KM flow. To prevent the discussion of ¡§knowledge¡¨ limited to ¡§technology¡¨, this study is based on the objective and subjective opinions to discuss the shift context of the tacit and explicit knowledge. The formation of the knowledge cycle based on this context, the generation, transformation and shift of knowledge from the knowledge cycle. The organizational KM activities include acquiring, re-engineering and extending. The personal KM activities include creating, application and sharing. The results show that organizational knowledge management has positive correlation with individual knowledge management, but the knowledge type and focus of the knowledge management differ. Therefore, the key of successful knowledge transformation is to keep the individual and organizational goal consistent. The organizational and individual knowledge management should both focus on improving the work. The scenario interference results show that employees¡¦ perception of organizational culture has significant interference effect on work performance due to knowledge management. During the knowledge management promotion process, the organizational culture perception is reflected on the mental perception and behaviors of the employees, thus, the context performance and task performance. As verified by research hypotheses, higher ¡§perception of innovative culture¡¨ leads to more obvious interference to ¡§individual creation and sharing of knowledge¡¨ and ¡§task and context performance¡¨. Higher ¡§perception of supportive culture¡¨ leads to more obvious interference to ¡§individual utilization and sharing of knowledge¡¨ and ¡§task and context performance¡¨. On the other hand, though the direct effects of ¡§growth need strength¡¨ on ¡§Job performance¡¨ has been supported, it shows that its reciprocal interaction with ¡§individual creation and sharing of knowledge¡¨ has no effect on ¡§task and context performance¡¨.

Abstract The development of engineering business enterprises in Taiwan began around 1960 to meet the demands of economic development. In the early days, the majority were judicial organizations with government involvement, their growth were slow and small in operation scale. It is only in recent years that few engineering enterprises became capable of handling complete facility turnkey projects, and be able to participate in larger projects internationally. The so-called ¡§engineering enterprises¡¨ in the early days were a blend of engineering consultants and constructors. The services provided by both entities are oriented toward public works. The engineering consultants would be responsible for engineering planning, design, supervision and tender administration. The constructors would be responsible for supply of materials and construction works. This research is a case study of the business strategy of a turnkey engineering enterprise in Taiwan. The subject enterprise is the only full engineering, procurement and construction service turnkey enterprise domestically. Relevant literatures, both locally and abroad, were reviewed and discussed, and, senior management of the subject enterprise interviewed. The industry in which the subject enterprise operates and its competitiveness were analyzed. Research findings were collated and discussed. Eight conclusive points and eight recommendations were tabled for the subject enterprise. This report provides a reference for domestic turnkey engineering enterprises in drafting their business strategy. Eight conclusive points were raised: (1) success comes from seizing internal and external environmental opportunities, more importantly is to have core competitive strength, (2) a superior business culture nurtures superior staff, (3) growth is derived from a long term loyal relationship with clients and subcontractors, (4) adopt key diversification strategies with high probabilities of success, (5) oligopoly of domestic market and competition in the international market, (6) participation of renowned international enterprises in the domestic market will enhance the competitive advantage, (7) attaining accreditation of ISO management system facilitates entering the international engineering market, and (8) the next five years are great opportunities for the subject enterprise to grow domestically and internationally. Eight recommendations were made to the subject enterprise: (1) acquisition of upstream product processes and patents, (2) adopt a product concentration strategy in the international market, (3) adopt a ward-off strategy in the domestic market, abandon the medium and small competitors, (4) development of new products and branch into new discipline, (5) elevate working level and expand operations, (6) expand international market, promote international exposure, (7) focus more on product R&D and quality, and (8) adopt a water reservoir management method. Two suggestions for future research: (1) comparative study of business strategy of internationally renowned engineering enterprises, and (2) risk management of turnkey projects.

The aims of this research are to design an experimental testing mechanism and process for measuring the scattering strength and the pattern induced by an underwater target. The experimental data are to compare with existing theoretical results to insure the integrity of experimental design. The experiment is conducted in a water tank of dimension 1.8 m x 1.8 m x 1 m. The main work is to measure the sound field scattered by a copper sphere of diameter 60mm. There is one type of directive source employed in this analysis: 192 kHz iTP-192k transducer as the receiver and projector. The transducer transmits sine waves with the pulse duration roughly equal to 0.143 msec (equivalent to 64 waves). The scattering field theory is based on the formulation developed by Hickling (JASA, 1962, pp.1582-1592). In order to get more precise measurement results, this research designs a high strength and accurate mechanism with a ball-ring and aluminum workpieces. The mechanism can be used to measure target scattering signals circularly with same radius. The experimental process has demonstrated that it is more difficult to measure the forward scattering field than the backward scattering field, due to the fact that the forward scattering field is likely to be mingled with the direct waves. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results shows that the discrepancy in the backward scattering sector is within 3 to 4 dB; however, generally speaking, the variation of the curves show a good agreement. These results indicate that the design of this experiment is basically practicable, and with further improvements, it could be applied to measure other underwater targets. As a whole, the thesis is composed by basic theory deduction, experimental instrumentation, mechanism design, and experiment data analysis. The emphases place on the design and observation of the scattering experiment, data analysis, and further improvement.The aims of this research are to design an experimental testing mechanism and process for measuring the scattering strength and the pattern induced by an underwater target. The experimental data are to compare with existing theoretical results to insure the integrity of experimental design. The experiment is conducted in a water tank of dimension 1.8 m x 1.8 m x 1 m. The main work is to measure the sound field scattered by a copper sphere of diameter 60mm. There is one type of directive source employed in this analysis: 192 kHz iTP-192k transducer as the receiver and projector. The transducer transmits sine waves with the pulse duration roughly equal to 0.143 msec (equivalent to 64 waves). The scattering field theory is based on the formulation developed by Hickling (JASA, 1962, pp.1582-1592). In order to get more precise measurement results, this research designs a high strength and accurate mechanism with a ball-ring and aluminum workpieces. The mechanism can be used to measure target scattering signals circularly with same radius. The experimental process has demonstrated that it is more difficult to measure the forward scattering field than the backward scattering field, due to the fact that the forward scattering field is likely to be mingled with the direct waves. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results shows that the discrepancy in the backward scattering sector is within 3 to 4 dB; however, generally speaking, the variation of the curves show a good agreement. These results indicate that the design of this experiment is basically practicable, and with further improvements, it could be applied to measure other underwater targets. As a whole, the thesis is composed by basic theory deduction, experimental instrumentation, mechanism design, and experiment data analysis. The emphases place on the design and observation of the scattering experiment, data analysis, and further improvement.

In this study, we measured the binding constant, KCOC, between several humic acids and benzo(h)quinoline, a nitrogen contained PAHs via using fluorescence quenching method. KCOC of humic acids and phenanthrene, a parent PAHs, is also studied in comparison. Moreover, pH and ionic strength effect on the KCOC were investigated. According to our results, the phenanthrene¡¦s KCOC decreases as the pH increases due to the lower hydrophobicity of humic acid in higher pH values. The variation of benzo(h)quinoline¡¦s KCOC with pH exhibits a more complicated trend, with a maximum value at pH close to the pKb of benzo(h)quinoline. For pH lower than pKb, benzo(h)quinoline is protonated to be benzo(h)quinolinium, a cation, so that the ionic exchange is the dominant prosess in sorption mechanism. Therefore, the binding sites of humic acid increase with pH such that the KCOC increases with pH. In contrast, different mechanism involved in the binding for pH higher than pKb, neutral benzo(h)qunoline becomes dominant and hydrophobic interaction controls the binding prosess in sorption mechanism. At last, the composition of different functional groups of humic acid is also found significant in the binding affinity of benzo(h)qunoline or phenanthrene. Moreover, the benzo(h)qunoline¡¦s KCOC exhibits decreasing trend with increasing magnesium ionic strength because of the reduction of molecular size as well as the benzo(h)qunoline binding sites of humic acid. Findings from this study could provide valuable information for numerical simulation of transport and fates of HOPs in aquatic environment.

In the coming knowledge-based economy era, knowledge structure map (KSM) has becoming more and more important. If learners doing learning without the support of knowledge structure map, it will cause learning alone problem. In order to construct a real KSM, we targeted the MIS domain. By using the National Dissertation and Thesis Abstract System as input source, we first extract different research subjects from keywords and then calculate the relation strength between each keyword pairs. An automatic approach has been developed for constructing KSM for different periods of time. The constructed KSM can help learners to reduce learning alone and provide a good reference for new researchers to seek for related research directions. The proposed method can also be applied to enterprises. They can adopt this method to construct any specific KSM corresponding to their professional domain, the constructed KSM would help new employee to learn better. Furthermore, with the support of KSM, CEO can make a better decision as the KSM would contain internal and external competitive advantages about future directions.

A flux declination predication model for nanoparticle-containing wastewaters treated by a simultaneous electrocoagulation/electro- filtration (EC/EF) process was investigated by perceiving blocked membrane pores, concentration polarization layer, cake layer, and applied electric field strength in this study. As nanotechnology develops, it has been used in many applications. However, its environmental impacts have not been extensively studied. Membrane technology is one of the direct and effective treatment methods for removing nanoparticles from wastewater. But nanoparticle-containing wastewater treated by membrane technology would face the problem of membrane fouling. In this study, oxide chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewater, copper CMP wastewater, and nanosized TiO2-containing wastewater were treated by a EC/EF treatment module. In the EC/EF treatment module, iron, aluminum, and stainless steel were respectively selected as th anode and cathode. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a nominal pore size of 0.1 £gm and carbon/Al2O3 tubular inorganic composite membranes with a pore size ranging from 2 to 10 nm were used in this work. In this work, the changes of the relevant performance of membrane with changes of applied pressure (9.8-19.6 kPa), crossflow velocity (0.3-0.5 m/s) and applied electric filed strength (25-233 V/cm) were studied. The simulation results of a modified mathematic model showed that the flux declination would be fitted finely by an exponential function. Experimental results showed that a higher transmembrane pressure would yield a higher cake concentration and a higher crossflow velocity would yield the steady flux quickly. Overall speaking, the flux declination for nanoparticle-containing wastewaters treated by a simulataneous EC/EF process was described properly as a exponential form. The exponential function could simply show the flux declination of different samples treated by different modules in different situations.

This thesis contains two parts. In the first part, four kinds of dental baseplates were obtained after curing at 70 ¢XC in water bath or curing in microwave oven. Pressure vent polymerizing Meta-cera (PVPM) methods were performed at 500 watts using Y-Z flask, then the specimens in the flasks were cooled in two different ways. Additionally, the samples in GC FRP flask were separately cured by three different microwave-energy powers: 85, 255 or 595 watts. Each of these curing conditions has six specimens. Adaptation, porosity, and fracture strength of these specimens were evaluated. Optilon-399, a rubber-toughed dental baseplate, was chosen to study the effect of curing conditions on the morphology of the stained specimens using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate that dispersed rubber- enriched phase is observed. Most of the dispersed phase has a mean-diameter ranging from 210 to 1440 nm and smaller domains have a mean-diameter of 80-100 nm. These dispersed domains observed in TEM micrographs are statistically analyzed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The specimens cured in water bath (reference) have the largest mean-diameter, 456 ¡Ó 131 nm, for the dispersed phase. There is no significant difference in mean-diameters between the reference method and 595-watts method. Mean-diameters of the specimens (408~442 nm) cured by the other four methods are significantly less than that of the reference method. Differences are also found among three different microwave-energy powers. Mean-diameter increases from 408 to 432 to 454 nm and the number of domains drops from 35.7 to 34.1 to 32.1 per TEM micrograph when microwave-energy power increases from 85 to 255 to 595 watts. However, 595-watts specimens have the problem of porosity and 85-watts specimens have the highest adaptation discrepancy. Therefore, 255-watts specimens have a relatively high fracture strength (388 kgf versus 354 or 369 kgf). There is no difference in mean-diameter (440 versus 442 nm) and the number of domains (32.9 per TEM micrograph) between PVPM systems. Low adaptation discrepancy and no porosity result in a higher fracture strength (395 and 381 kgf) compared with the reference method (284kgf). From this study, PVPM method in a bench cooled type is suggested to prepare dental baseplates. In the second part, restorative materials for tooth were polymerized and cured using a blue light emitting diode (LED) unit. Five kinds of light-curing hybrid composite resins (Premisa, Esthet-X micro matrix restorative, Z100 Restorative, Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350) were processed by four different operating modes of LED as follows: control mode- 500 mW/cm2 for 20 s; pulse cure mode - 500 mW/cm2 for 10s, 0 mW/cm2 for 10s, then 500 mW/cm2 for the next 10 s; soft-start (ramp) mode- initially 600 mW/cm2 for 10 s, then jump to 1400 mW/cm2 for 10 s; turbo (high) mode-1400 mW/cm2 for 10 s. Each of light-curing dental materials and LED operating modes has six specimens. Temperature variation of resins in a period of 60 s was measured during and after activating the light. Vicker¡¦s hardness of both top and bottom sides of specimens after curing was measured. Both temperature rise and hardness of specimens are statistically analyzed and compared using two-way ANOVA method. Soft-start mode induced an average temperature rise of 7.70 ¡Ó 0.77 ¢XC which is significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other three modes. Pulse cure mode yielded average 4.49 ¡Ó 0.84 ¢XC rise which is lowest (P<0.05). There is no difference in temperature rise between control and turbo modes (P>0.05). Comparing five dental materials, Z350 had an average temperature rise of 7.04 ¡Ó 1.10¢XC that is the highest and significantly different from the other materials (P<0.05). Average temperature rise of the other materials was about 5.3 ¢XC without significant difference, except Premise versus Z100. Both top and bottom sides¡¦ hardness of the cured specimens are determined by dental materials (P<0.05), not by LED operating modes (P>0.05). Z100 has the highest hardness (top: 181.6¡Ó8.9kgf/mm2, bottom: 149.1¡Ó6.0 kgf/mm2). Hardness decreases in the order of Z250, Esthet-X, Premise, Z350. Additionally, the results of isothermal polymerization and curing of resins at 165 ¢XC for 3 hr indicate that the high temperature rise (7 ¢XC) of Z350 resins is due to the high exothermic enthalpy (- 61 J/g). The trend of temperature rise of other dental materials can also be explained from the exothermic value which is measured using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Degree of polymerization conversion of resins after light-curing was also evaluated using DSC. Z100 specimens yielded the complete conversion (100%) for all of LED operating modes. From the viewpoints of complete conversion and high hardness, it is suggested to process Z100 specimens in a pulse cured mode because the temperature rise is only 4.65 ¢XC.

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名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(論文) 学位授与年月日:平成8年7月12日 服部洋兒氏の博士論文として提出された

ABSTRACT AS4/PEEK (APC-2) is a thermoplastic composite materials consisting of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) reinforced with AS4 carbon fibers. APC-2 has been widely used in many weight critical applications because of high specific strength and stiffness, good corrosion resistance, good formability and high temperature durability. However, the susceptibility of composite materials to damage result from low-velocity impacts (for example, from dropped tools, runway stones or hailstones) is a major problem. Low-velocity impact induces internal damage in the composite laminate without any visible sign on the surface, but it is result in a loss of laminate strength. This paper is aimed to investigate the mechanism and mechanical performance of [0/90] and [0/+45/90/-45] laminates subjected to Drop-Weight Impact by a cylindro-conical, a cylindro-hemisphere and a cylindrical impactor tip at temperature of 25¢J, 75¢Jand 125¢J. The study of impact response and post impact strength of composite laminates subjected to low velocity impact shows that the failure mechanism is predominantly delamination and fiber breakage. Generalizing the results of experiment, we can conclude that an impactor with a small nose (cylindro-conical) induces a larger impact-induced damage than one with a large nose (cylindrical), as well as a greater degree of fiber breakage. But for the reduction of post-impact strength, the cylindro-hemisphere impcator induces the most reduction of strength than the cylindro-conical and the cylindrical impactors. The post-impact residual strength of [0/90] specimens is higher than [0/+45/90/-45] specimens. But, [0/+45/90/-45] specimens are better to resist the impact effect. As for the effect of elevated temperature, we found that when the temperature increases, the damage extent reduces slowly. Keywords: composite, low-velocity impact, temperature effect, young's modulus, ultimate strength