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Skugglandskap - Att svara på terrorism i det internationella samfundet Diskussionen är fokuserad på det problematiska förhållandet mellan en ny hotnivå från internationell terrorism, och internationell rätt som den är utformad idag. En utgångspunkt för diskussionen är antagandet att internationell rätt inte ger användbara verktyg för en internationell kontra-terrorism. Den statiska fokusen på mellan-statliga relationer och krigsbrott lämnar en bred grå-zon där både internationell terrorism och kontra-terrorism kan utvecklas under okontrollerade former. Saken kompliceras ytterligare av både krig och terrorisms förandrade natur. Det är ett slags "skugglandskap" där gränserna mellan internationell terrorist och kontra-terrorist, likaväl som mellan kombatant och icke-kombatant, riskerar att suddas ut bortom igenkänning. Internationell rätt har kommit att förlita sig på nationella lagar för för att handskas med förövarna av internationell terrorism. Det här beroendet har skapat en situation där stater som inte är villiga, eller förmögna, att stoppa terrorister från att operera från baser på deras territorium, har blivit fristader. Det verkar komma en förändring, men det är en förändring framdriven av stater med nog styrka att agera, inte av det internationella samfundet självt. Den underliggande tesen är att internationell rätt behöver anpassas till denna nya verklighet. Uppsatsen försöker besvara hur detta kan genomföras genom att granska de verktyg och konventioner som finns idag, samt diskutera angreppsvinklar och lösningar på problem inte täckta i, eller rent av skapade av, dessa. SLutligen föreslås en modell för en domstol för internationell terrorism som ett konstruktivt sätt att föra situationen under det internationell samfundets kontroll innan antingen terrorism eller kontra-terrorism spinner bortom kontroll. / Shadow Lands-Responding to Terrorism in the International Community- The discussion is focused on the problematic relationship between a new level of threat from international terrorism, and international law as it is shaped today. A basis for the discussion is the assumption that international law does not provide applicable tools for an international counter terrorism. The static focus on inter-state relations and wartime offences leaves a wide grey area where both international terrorism and counter terrorism can evolve in uncontrolled conditions. Matters are complicated further by the changing nature both of war and terrorism. It is a “Shadow Lands” of sorts, where the demarcations between international terrorist and counter terrorist, as well as between combatant and non-combatant, could become blurred beyond distinction. International law has come to rely on national legislation to take care of perpetrators of international terrorism. This dependency has created a situation where states not willing, or able, to stop terrorists operating from bases in their territory become safe havens.There appears to be a change to this on the rise, but it is a change driven onwards by states powerful enough to take action, not the international community itself.The underlying thesis is that international law needs to adapt to this new reality. The discussion attempts to answer the question how this can be achieved by examining the tools and conventions available today and discuss approaches and solutions to problems not covered by, or originating in, these. Finally, there is suggested a type model for a court on international terrorism as a constructive way to bring the situation under the control of the international community before either terrorism, or counter terrorism, spins out of hand.

The world is an extraordinarily dangerous place with an array of escalating threats. Reports of terrorism, natural disasters, and political unrest are stark reminders of the dangerous context in which businesses must perform. To learn more about what firms can do to perform despite these dangers, we conduct two studies about the relationship between organizational preparedness and performance. The research question addressed by our first study is whether international businesses somehow convert previous terrorism exposures and/or experience operating in high-risk locations into an ability to bounce back quickly from future terrorist attacks. Our second study looks within the firm to see whether efforts to ensure workplace safety translate into performance. Our research addresses gaps in the literature concerning how firms maintain performance in a dangerous, uncertain world, and specifically into what organizational preparedness efforts help firms maintain performance despite unexpected disruptions. Our research contributes to a theory of organizational resilience and suggests to managers that business continuity planning and safety preparedness enhance resilience and performance in a dangerous world. / Business Administration/Strategic Management

Do current landscape security practices provide sufficient protection to support building sustainability in the event of a terrorist attack? By exploring the relative effectiveness of current landscape security practices and methodologies, this thesis proposes to provide the landscape architect with sufficient background to define security objectives; participate in vulnerability assessments and design functional solutions while maintaining an open, aesthetically pleasing environment. This research thesis supports the study of site security as a discipline within the landscape architecture profession. Recent events have resulted in a rush to install various types of permanent and temporary security measures such as barriers, barricades, surveillance systems, etc., in the landscape. Typically, the placement of security components in the landscape has resulted in negative visible impacts on the environment, reinforcing an image of a siege, or fortress, mentality. This study will examine whether these security components, as currently employed, are effective deterrents against terrorist activities. This thesis will provide landscape architects with a broad understanding of security objectives and design options. Security objectives can only be met if the client, engineers, architects and landscape architects work together as a team. This thesis will provide the landscape architect with sufficient knowledge concerning security vulnerability, facility blast survivability, and emergency response capabilities to coordinate site security requirements with the design team. A thorough knowledge of security component capabilities and facility site vulnerability will assist the landscape architect in making design decisions which are both functional and aesthetic, while meeting security objectives. / Master of Landscape Architecture

This thesis engages the question of the impact of religion on civic nationalism in the western European context. Civic nationalism, it suggests, is an identarian nationalist construct that is pursued by a liberal state's population through various historical linkages, myth construction, modern outlook, and propaganda. (Smith 2001) (Gellner 1997) The central question is whether civic nationalism, as a method of unifying a population, can compete with the concentrated cultural influence of an equally viable identity construction. Radical Islam is the focus point of this comparison. A powerful religious identity, radical Islam instills in its members a similar sense of unity through belief in core values and utilizes the existence of external threats to reinforce its allegiances. Through this theoretical and empirical exercise, the profound challenge of the civic nation to maintain feelings of unity without inspiring the imagination and mysticism usually inherent in nationalism is investigated. A victim of its own values, the civic nation aspires to harness the unifying force of more negative forms of nationalism without the hateful and exclusive practices usually associated with such group identities while also denying the deep theocratic roots that give nationalism its impermeable quality. The competition of these identarian constructions is empirically examined through a multi-form analysis of reactions to the July 7th, 2005 terrorist bombings of the London transportation system. / Master of Arts

The latest report Mapping the Global Future on US national security by the National Intelligence Council suggests that a major threat to the country right through to 2020 will be a terrorist biological weapons attack.1 Given the recent intelligence failures concerning biological weapons in Iraq, it might be considered that there are reasonable grounds for suspicion about that conclusion. This paper attempts to answer the question of what the real threat of bioterror is by reference to the open scientific literature. Section 2 of the paper discusses the nature of the agents of concern and in section 3 various potential attack scenarios are reviewed. The overall conclusion is that there are real threats from terrorists with the capability to carry out a range of attacks with biological agents today, but that these threats do not include the one most commentators probably have in mind when they discuss the issue ¿ a weapons of mass destruction scale of attack on people. In the final section of this paper the implications of the analysis for the risk questions we have been posed are addressed.

The following thesis project is an investigation in the topic of security through design. The study sought a site and program susceptible to attack in the public environment in order to design an appropriate response to the inherent tension from those attributes. The work represents an architectural reaction to the engineered assessments and solutions that permeate the post 9/11 world. The seemingly indiscriminate deployment of bollards, planters, and jersey barriers choke the representation of openness and freedom as well as the perception of safety from contemporary cities and buildings. My personal design approach attempts to re-present a constraint through the experience of a user to celebrate the inherent potential of that perceived limitation. The presented solution has embraced security and other "limiting" considerations in the dialogue of design beyond base utilitarian functions. Acknowledging "security through design" solutions in this context requires consideration of various building archetypes and particular sites as independent design variables. The vehicle for this research was found as an institute to counter terrorism located in the Washington D.C. region. / Master of Architecture

This thesis examines the impact of changing views of legitimate Islamic authority on conceptions of jihad. Spearheaded by militant Sunni movements, jihad in the modern era has taken on new purposes and practices that more closely resemble general understandings of terrorism than the regulated forms of warfare cemented during the classical period of Islam. Contrasting the historical authority of the caliph or political leader and the ulama over the concept of jihad with the modern state and ulama's lack of control over the concept offers a partial explanation of the divergence of contemporary jihad from the classical or traditional views. This thesis uses the concept of individual jihad as communicated through the jihadist magazine Inspire, to counter the dismissal of radical articulations of jihad as un-Islamic and therefore illegitimate, and to demonstrate how such forms instead reflect the opportunistic replacement of traditional political and religious authority by the jihadist as the true defender of Islam and consequently the rightful interpreter of Islamic law. / Master of Arts

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Yes / Digital integration and the emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are providing new tools for insurgents to use in spreading their propaganda through violent extremism. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has come to represent a conduit for insurgents in planning and carrying out their extreme agendas. This article provides a deeper understanding of the double-edged sword effect of AI in relation to violent extremism in the ASEAN context. It reveals that, even though AI has been very important in countering violent extremism, it has simultaneously facilitated terrorists in spreading their propaganda in more innovative and covert ways. The legal framework governing AI is still in its infancy and challenges such as the double-edged sword effect in the use of the technology require specific guidelines or legislation for use in effective governance.