Th. 3e cycle--Urban.--Aix-Marseille 3, 1987.

Th. doct.--Géographie--Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. Titre de soutenance : Salonique et sa région urbaine : dynamique de croissance et restructuration d'une métropole méditerranéenne et balkanique. / Bibliogr. p. 284-295. Glossaire. Index.

Les grandes villes d’Afrique noire, à l’instar de toutes les villes du tiers-monde, connaissent une crise urbaine profonde. Entre une croissance urbaine galopante et un étalement territorial non maîtrisé, ces agglomérations sont en même temps confrontées au problème de la structuration de leur tissu urbain. Mais tous les facteurs qui fondent la crise des armatures urbaines africaines, ne sauraient être analysés en dehors du contexte spécifique de ces pays, tant historique que politique, et socioéconomique. La construction de l’urbain en Afrique noire s’est faite par phases successives et incohérentes. De la colonisation européenne du XIX° siècle aux indépendances du XX° siècle, l’organisation des villes africaines était caractérisée par une ségrégation spatiale opposant «la ville des blancs» à «la ville indigène». Au lendemain des indépendances, il a fallu aux dirigeants africains mettre en œuvre à la fois une gestion de l’héritage colonial et de nouvelles politiques urbaines. Près d’un demi-siècle plus tard, les villes d’Afrique noire présentent encore des paysages urbains contrastés, des infrastructures insuffisantes, des équipements défaillants. Toutes ces caractéristiques qui révèlent un certain déséquilibre dans la structuration et la construction du tissu urbain se retrouvent à différents endroits de la ville, créant ainsi des quartiers sous-équipés, presque oubliés au milieu ou à côté d’autres quartiers urbanisés et aménagés. Ces îlots urbains dans lesquels l’action publique est insuffisante voire inexistante, se situent aussi bien dans la ville qu’en marge des limites urbaines. La ville étant elle-même un objet difficile à définir, tant les villes diffèrent d’un contexte à un autre, la périphérie urbaine ne saurait avoir une définition universelle. Dans un contexte aussi particulier que l’Afrique noire, et au-delà de l’opposition classique centre-périphérie, il devient nécessaire de redéfinir et de caractériser la périphérie urbaine : Qu’est ce que la périphérie urbaine d’une ville d’Afrique noire ? Où se situe-t-elle ? Comment se caractérise-t-elle ? Au regard des dynamiques propres aux villes africaines, notamment la généralisation du secteur informel, le flou autour de la question foncière, et les incessantes crises politiques, l’organisation urbaine, aux limites bien approximatives, ne présente pas un schéma bien défini, opposant simplement le centre et la périphérie urbaine. La périphérie urbaine serait plutôt constituée par ces poches urbaines sous-équipées, marginalisées par l’action publique, que l’on retrouve à la fois dans « la ville-centre » et à la frontière du monde rural. Ces enclaves périphériques, dans lesquelles règnent l’informel et la coutume, constituent de véritables centralités secondaires, en termes de lieux d’échanges et de sociabilité. Telle est la conclusion principale de cette thèse qui s’attache à la définition des périphéries urbaines des villes négro-africaines, à partir du cas paradigmatique de Dakar. / The main cities in Black Africa, like all third world cities, are going through a major crisis. Besides and because of their rapid growth ans territorial spread that is clearly lacking control, these urban concentrations suffer from a lack of structure in their urban network. But all the elements at the core of the crisis of these African urban frameworks cannot be analysed outside the specific historical, political and socio-economic background of the studied countries. The urban development in Sub-Saharan Africa took place in successive and often incoherent phases. From the European colonisation in the 19th century until the moment the different countries became independent, the organisation of African cities was caracterised by a territorial segregation, dividing « the white men’s town » and the « indegenous town » . After the countries became independent, the African leaders had to take into account the colonial inheritance as they tried to implement new urban policies. Nearly half a century later, cities in Black Africa still display high contrasts in their urban landscapes, inadequate infrastructures ans precarious equipments. These features, which reveal some imbalance in the structure and building of the urban network, can be seen in different locations in the city, thus developing under-equipped neighbourhoods, that are nearly unaccounted for right in the middle of or next door to other urbanised and developed districts. These urban landlocks where the state authorities hardly ever intervene are as often located inside the city walls as outside, in the outskirts. Bearing in mind that the « city » as such is hard to define, since all cities are different, there is no universal definition for the concept of « outskirt ». In a context as specific as Sub-Saharan Africa, and beyond the classical divide « centre-outskirt » it has become necessary to re-define the suburb : What defines the suburb of a Sub-Saharan city ? Where is it located ? What are its main features ? If you consider the dynamics of African cities, in particular the recurring lack of legislation and taxes, the unsolved ans unclear question of the land, and the constant political crises, it is clear that urban development, with its approximate boundaries and frontiers, does not follow the plain « centre-outskirts » pattern. Rather, the suburbs are constitued by these under-equipped landlocks, deprived of any state intervention, that are sometimes seen in « inner-cities » and on the outskirts of rural places and villages. These suburban enclaves, under the command of local custom and informal rules, have become some sort of real secondary centres, as places of social and economical exchanges. This is the conclusion of this PhD which aims at defining the suburbs of Black cities, based on the case study of Dakar.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The purpose of the study is to investigate the dynamics explaining Kampala's urbanisation, with a view of analysing their implications for an alternative urban policy framework for this city. This study was motivated by the fact that information about these dynamics and their policy implications was scanty; yet its understanding in a comprehensive manner was necessary to develop a suitable urban policy for Kampala. Consequently, this study was set to meet four objectives, which focused on (1) analysing the informal dynamics explaining Kampala's urbanisation from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; (2) investigating the formal dynamics responsible for the urbanisation of Kampala City from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; (3) establishing residents' satisfaction dynamics defining Kampala City urban changes resulting from official dynamics undertaken from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; and (4) identifying the dynamics that needed to be integrated in a policy framework that can be used to effectively prevent or halt Kampala's unplanned urbanisation while promoting planned urbanisation. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a mixed methods design. The sample constituted 24 purposively selected key informants and 720 city residents selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed using narrative and thematic techniques complimented by the descriptive method. This method was also used together with the factor analysis method to analyse quantitative data. Findings revealed that the informal dynamics that explained Kampala's unplanned urbanisation during the period 1990-2013 included unofficial administrative dynamics; unofficial political influence; political unrest caused by internal and regional civil wars; the city's attractiveness to jobseekers, job-makers and migrants from war-ravaged areas; and excessive rural poverty and underdevelopment. The formal dynamics which explained Kampala's urbanisation during the same period included official administrative dynamics, government political intervention, modernisation agenda implemented through government investment promotion programme, legal framework, and urban policy dynamics.

La présente recherche démontre une reconnaissance progressive des impacts du phénomène de mondialisation et d’urbanisation rapide sur les femmes et les filles dans les villes du Sud. La violence envers les femmes et les filles en milieu urbain est de plus en plus reconnue comme un enjeu de développement par les organisations internationales. Afin d’explorer et d’analyser cet enjeu, quatre théorisations visant une réduction de la violence envers les femmes et les filles à faible revenu en milieu urbain sont exposées en insistant sur la dimension de genre. L’étude de cas de Jagori, une organisation indienne, permet de cerner les liens entre ces théorisations (droits humains, sécurité humaine, accès direct aux services et droit à la ville) et les interventions sur le terrain. La documentation et les entretiens avec des personnes-clés ont permis de démontrer que l’utilisation plurielle de ces théorisations se fait graduellement et de façon stratégique. La structure d’opportunité politique et la structure de mobilisation exposent les différents facteurs qui viennent influencer le lien théorisation-intervention. Dans le cas de Jagori, ces structures complexifient la pratique et amènent des changements importants dans leurs interventions tout en lui conférant une plus grande visibilité auprès des acteurs influents. L’accès aux ressources matérielles et symboliques accordé par l’État et les organisations internationales est indispensable et fait en sorte que Jagori doit arrimer ses interventions avec les discours et les priorités établies par ces acteurs.

There are currently millions of domestic workers as vulnerable and underclass workers in China. The demand for domestic workers will continue to increase in another millions of urban families in time of ageing and labour shortage. Domestic workers are predominantly working poor female, low-skilled migrant and informal: these three characteristics have determined their poor conditions in the cities. When such a large body of domestic workers live in the improvised, disadvantaged and discriminated conditions in urban China, it is crucial to undertake a critical analysis of this issue to explore why this has happened and why it has been so hard to change their conditions. This thesis seeks to explain: why is there a persistent lack of social and legal protection for these vulnerable workers in urban China? To do so, I first explore two lines of theoretical frameworks to construct the issues of domestic workers in 1) the gender implications of domestic work and 2) the relationship between migration and labour market mechanism. Second, I analyse the larger socioeconomic structures that shape the working and living conditions of domestic workers. The process of reconstructing the dual labour system integrated with the institutionalized urban registration system in China has exacerbated the divergence between countryside and cities, between men and women, and between formal and informal labour. Third, I use the case studies to present the consequences of the informality of domestic work service in China, including the unrecognition of labour law, the unequal power relationship between service employers and domestic workers, and the media’s biased position in promoting the in-home care model. I find that the state has designed multiple institutions to secure a pool of cheap labour from the rural regions to facilitate the urbanisation at a low price. In particular, the central government has prioritised the urban development by encouraging more women to participate in the labour force and justified its absence in the provision of public elderly care by outsourcing the care services to the private market of domestic workers.

Periphyton are an important group of primary producers in stream ecosystems and are commonly used as indicators of water quality and ecosystem status. Periphyton biomass accumulation in streams is influenced by a number of factors, including nutrient supply, shading by riparian vegetation, substrate properties, and hydrological conditions. Urban land use potentially influences all of these factors in ways that may promote or constrain periphyton growth. Such influences may be further altered by efforts to restore urban streams within parks and residential settings. To test this, I compared patterns of stream periphyton biomass among rural (forested), urban, and restored urban streams within and around Umeå. I found that periphyton biomass varied up to 50-fold among sites but did not differ significantly among stream classes (i.e., rural vs. urban vs. urban restored). Periphyton biomass did tend to increase among sites with greater nutrient concentrations and warmer temperature. Yet, these patterns were influenced by substrate conditions within and among streams, with significantly greater biomass observed on larger cobbles when compared to sand. Results indicate that sedimentation in the studied urban streams (and likely in streams in general) may restrict algal growth, even if other conditions are otherwise favourable. Conversely, urban restoration involving the placement of course substrate on the stream bottom may enhance algal growth locally, particularly where light and nutrients are both elevated. My findings illustrate that periphyton biomass depends on a multi-scale framework of factors that should be considered when managing streams, especially in urban areas where streams are often influenced by both local and catchment-scale stressors.

Yes / Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the alleged association between urbanisation and violence and to take some preliminary steps towards an exploration of the role of trust in improving urban governance and thus reduce violence. In this paper, violence is interpreted broadly to include both active or direct violence but also passive and social violence in terms of lack of voice, and as a symptom of governance failure. The paper includes a cross section analysis based on data for some 123 countries and an in-depth case study of India. I will also examine what may be termed as the Kerala-Bihar paradox. Kerala is well-known for its achievements in human development and according to India human development report of 2001, Kerala is ranked 1 on human development indicators while Bihar is among the states lagging behind in terms of human development. However, state level analysis of crime suggests that Kerala is more criminalised than Bihar. In examining this paradox, some inferences are drawn on the role of trust in improving accountable governance and how this may result in reducing violent crime. Some issues for further research are identified.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Münster--Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität d 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 601-646. Index.

Les Systèmes d'Information Hospitaliers (SIH) sont par nature des systèmes complexes. Aujourd'hui, les SIH doivent être conçus en adéquation avec les objectifs stratégiques définis en fonction de l'évolution des pratiques de soin et de l'optimisation de leurs coûts. En particulier, la conception doit permettre que les fonctionnalités offertes par les SIH collent au maximum aux besoins réels des processus métiers qui régissent les activités du Système Hospitalier (SH). Pour contribuer à répondre à ces exigences, et devant les limites des approches actuelles de développement de SI, notre objectif dans cette thèse est de développer une approche méthodologique complète et outillée permettant la conception de SIH intégré, urbanisé et aligné sur les objectifs stratégiques de l'hôpital. Cette approche doit satisfaire trois objectifs opérationnels principaux : (1) permettre l'analyse de l'alignement stratégique du SIH mettant en évidence les objectifs stratégiques du SH, les objectifs du SIH et les liens entre ces objectifs ; (2) permettre l'analyse du SH et la modélisation de ses aspects métiers (les processus, l'organisation, etc.). (3) permettre la conception du SIH intégré et urbanisé en se basant sur les aspects métiers du SH. Les résultats obtenus suite à l'application de l'approche méthodologique à un cas de SH réel confortent les orientations choisies pour le développement de cette approche. / The Hospital Information Systems (HIS) are naturally complex systems. Today, HIS should be designed in line with the strategic objectives defined in terms of care practices changing and their costs optimization. In particular, the design must allow the functionality offered by HIS stick up to the real needs of business processes that govern the activities of the hospital system (HS). To help meet these requirements, and given the limitations of current approaches of Information System (IS) development, our goal in this thesis is to develop a complete and instrumented methodological approach for design of HIS that are integrated, urbanized and aligned and aligned with the strategic objectives of the hospital. This approach must meet three main operational objectives: (1) allow analysis of the strategic alignment of HIS highlighting the strategic objectives of the HS, the objectives of the HIS and the links between these objectives; (2) allow HS analysis and modeling of its business aspects (the business processes the organization, etc.); and (3) allow the design of integrated and urbanized HIS based on the HS business aspects. The results obtained following the application of the methodological approach to a real case of HS confirm the orientations chosen for the development of this approach.