Estudos de gêmeos e famílias demonstram que os transtornos do espectro do autismo (TEA) apresentam um grande componente genético (~50%), porém sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida, possivelmente devido aos TEA serem caracterizados como doenças complexas, poligênicas e multifatoriais. Recentemente, variações no número de cópias (CNVs, do inglês Copy Number Variations) e mutações pontuais (SNV, do inglês Single Nucleotide Variant) raras, de novo e herdadas foram associadas com TEA, sugerindo novos loci e genes candidatos. No entanto, a grande maioria das alterações descritas são individuais, de forma que analises por agrupamento das mesmas em genes, e busca de funções biológicas ou vias hiper-representadas tem sido uma abordagem para a compreensão dos possíveis mecanismos etiopatológicos dos TEA. Como os TEA são muito heterogêneos clinicamente o uso de endofenótipos específicos para agrupamento das alterações gênicas pode auxiliar a discriminação de vias e processos biológicos relacionados a dimensões fenotípicas. Considerando os estudos realizados em autismo, e a natureza das variações comuns e raras, nesse trabalho foi realizado o sequenciamento do exoma de 1 família de dois irmãos com TEA sindrômico (sequenciamento piloto) e 18 trios de casos esporádicos de TEA, em busca alterações muito raras e/ou de novo com provável impacto funcional nos pacientes; Além disso, foi analisado se existe diferença entre as vias biológicas hiper-representadas de redes gênicas crescidas a partir dos genes que apresentavam variações raras e de novo, comparando pacientes de TEA com: (1) pouca ou nenhuma comunicação, chamados de não verbais e (2) média a boa comunicação, chamados de verbais. No sequenciamento piloto da família dos irmãos com TEA sindrômico, encontramos 1 duplicação em 4p16.3 e 1 deleção em 8p23.3, em ambos os irmãos; alterações estas encontradas em estudos previos em pacientes com características sindrômicas e TEA; na análise de SNVs e Indels foi encontrada 1 variação de novo e 117 variações não-sinônimas raras herdadas de um dos pais na irmã e 150 variações não-sinônimas raras herdadas de um dos pais no irmão; a análise de vias revelou que os genes com as mutações pontuais raras estavam hiper-representados em regiões cromossômicas diferentes em cada irmão (no cromossomo 1 na paciente do sexo feminino e no cromossomo 16 no paciente do sexo masculino), o que pode estar relacionado às diferenças fenotípicas por eles apresentadas. No sequenciamento do exoma dos trios foram encontradas alterações de novo em 9 dos pacientes: 1 CNV de novo (deleção) de 1,5Mb na região 3q29, região previamente associada com síndrome e transtornos do desenvolvimento; e 8 genes alterados por mutações pontuais de novo, dos quais um dele é o GABBR2, que apresenta evidência de associação com TEA. A análise de vias e redes das variantes herdadas raras, mostrou que muitos dos genes relacionados aos dois grupos verbais e não verbais são genes já associados com TEA ou que apresentam interação com aqueles genes associados ao TEA. As analises de vias e redes precisam ser replicadas em amostras maiores, mas com nossos resultados preliminares podemos perceber que nosso estudo contribui com alterações em genes de vias relacionadas a neurogênese e sinaptogênese, independentemente do fenótipo, que possam refletir um conjunto de genes específicos e ou numero de alterações relacionadas a gravidade do TEA / Studies of twins and families have shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable (~50%), but its etiology is still unknown, possibly because it is a very heterogeneous phenotype and have multiple genes involved in its development, what characterizes a complex disease such as ASD. Recently, copy number variations (CNVs) and point mutations (SNVs) rare, inherited e de novo, were associated with ASD, suggesting new candidate genes and loci. Because they are very rare, the vast majority of the changes described are individual, so the analysis of different variations grouped by genes and searching for biological functions or hyper represented pathways has been an approach for understanding possible pathogenic mechanisms of ASD. As ASD is clinically very heterogeneous, the use of endophenotypes, specific grouping of genomic changes can help discriminating pathways and biological processes related to phenotypic dimensions. Considering the studies in autism, and the nature of common and rare variants, we sequenced all exons (exome) of 1 family with syndromic ASD (pilot sequencing) and 18 trios of sporadic ASD cases to search for de novo and rare variations with probable functional impact on Brazilian patients; Also, we analyzed whether there is a difference in the enrichment of biological pathways of gene networks from the list of genes affected with de novo and rare deleterious variants in two groups of ASD patients: (1) cases with little or no communication, called nonverbal and (2) cases with average to good communication, called verbal. In the pilot exome sequencing (ASD syndromic family), we found a duplication in 4p16.3 and a deletion in 8p23.3 in both siblings, alterations that were found in patients with syndromes and ASD in previously studies; the analysis of SNVs showed 1 variation de novo and 117 nonsynonymous rare variations inherited from only 1 of the parents in the female sibling, and 150 nonsynonymous rare variations inherited from only 1 of the parents in the male sibling; Pathway analysis revealed enrichment differences of chromosomal regions for each sibling (chromosome 1 for the female patient and chromosome 16 for the male patient), what may be related to their phenotypic differences. In the exome sequencing of trios, as expected, it was found de novo variation in 9 of the patients: 1 de novo CNV (deletion) of 1.5 Mb in the region 29 of the long arm of chromosome 3, a region previously associated with syndrome and developmental disorders; and 8 genes altered by de novo variations, one of those is in the GABBR2, gene with previous evidence of association with ASD. The pathways and networks analysis of rare inherited variants showed that many of the genes related to the two groups verbal and nonverbal are already associated with ASD or interacts with those genes associated with ASD. This pathway and gene network analyses need to be replicated in larger samples, but our preliminary results shows that our study contributes with variations in genes related to neurogenesis and synaptogenesis pathways, regardless of phenotype, with probable impact to specific genes that may be related to severity of clinical presentation

The subject of diploma thesis is the evaluation of commercial chains, cheese category, in Czech Republic. The methodology is based on the multicriteria rating of alternatives. In the evaluation of commercial chains may take into account the large number of criteria are used, here are 26, which evaluates 14 alternatives (stores). To evaluate the commercial chains are used preferences of general public and experts. The main objective of the diploma thesis is to determine which store is the best for customers (general public) and for professionals, and then to compare the results.Secondary objective is to explore the possibility of using the multicriteria rating of alternatives methods in praxis.

L’approche analytique d’interrogation sur puce par spectrométrie de masse est une techniqueparticulièrement bien adaptée à l’analyse multiplexée requise pour la recherche de biomarqueurs dansle diagnostic moderne. L’objectif a été de contribuer aux développements technologiques etméthodologiques d’une plateforme d’analyse baptisée SUPRA-MS (Imagerie par Résonance desPlasmons de Surface en array combinée à la Spectrométrie de Masse). Des puces d’or compatiblesavec la SPRi et la MS ont été conçues et réalisées à l’aide des techniques de dépôt sous vide. Uneétude originale couplant la SPRi avec l’AFM a permis d’établir une relation entre le signal SPRmesuré et la quantité réelle de protéines fixées sur des puces nanostructurées. Nous avons ensuitedéveloppé une procédure d’immobilisation en format array (16 à λ6 spots) par liaison covalente enmonocouche des anticorps spécifiques, dirigés contre un biomarqueur du cancer du sein (LAG3) pourune analyse multiplexée d’échantillons biologiques. Du plasma humain contenant 300 ng/mL deLAGγ est injecté à la surface de la puce. L’injection est suivie en temps réel par SPRi et conduit à unecapture du biomarqueur à l’échelle de la femtomole par spots. Un traitement collectif des spots parspray pour la digestion in situ des protéines et le dépôt de matrice en vue d’une interrogation MS enMALDI-TOF a été mis au point par l’équipe du Dr Patrick Ducoroy (CLIPP-CHU Dijon). Lesrésultats MS obtenues ont permis 100 % d’identification du biomarqueur. Cette technologie sansmarquages spécifiques est particulièrement bien adaptée à la caractérisation fine des biomarqueurs et àla discrimination de variants protéiques. / The analytic approach of interrogation on chip by mass spectrometry is a suitable technique tomultiplexed analysis required for biomarker research in modern diagnosis. The aim was to contributeto the technological and methodological developments of analysis platform called SUPRA-MS(Surface Plasmon Resonance in Array coupled to Mass Spectrometry) whose goal is to provideadditional data to assay on the target protein by mass spectrometry. At first, gold chips compatiblewith SPRi and MS were designed and fabricated using vacuum deposition techniques. An originalstudy coupling SPRi with AFM has established a relationship between the SPR signal measured andthe real amount of proteins bound to nanostructured chips. We developed an immobilization procedurein array format (spots 16-96) by covalent monolayer of specific antibodies directed against the proteinLAG3, a biomarker of breast cancer for multiplex analysis of human biological samples (plasma).Human plasma containing 300 ng/mL of LAG3 is injected to the chip surface. The injection ismonitored in real time by SPRi and leads to the biomarker capture at the femtomole scale. After thebiosensing step, a collective treatment of spots by spray for in situ protein digestion and matrixdeposition in view of a MS analysis was developed by Dr. Patrick Ducoroy's team (CLIPP-CHUDijon). The MS and MS-MS analysis by MALDI-TOF was developed to analyze all spotsautomatically and determine their peptide mapping leading to 100% of the biomarker identification.This technology does not require the use of specific markers, is suitable to the biomarkerscharacterization and discrimination of protein variants.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to prepare the financial plan of the selected company for the planned period 2018 – 2020. The financial plan is based on analysis of company´s data of past periods for the 5 periods in retrospect. The preparation of the financial plan is preceded not only by the financial analysis of past years' data and the strategic analysis of the environment but also by the determination of the company's strategies and objectives. The financial plan for the period 2018 - 2020 will be completed in two variants. In the last part an assessment of the financial plan variant with objectives will be made.

This master´s thesis is focused on the proposal of financial business plan for the company HEDVA, a.s. for years 2020 to 2023. First chapter is aiming goals and approaches of processing this thesis. Second chapter contains theoretical solution, which is needed for financial planning. The third part contain introduction of the company and its strategic and financial analysis. Last part of master´s thesis is focused on suggestion of the financial plan in optimistic and pessimistic variant, including their evaluation.

This diploma thesis concerns in design and realization of assembling line of a 2/2 seat valve for commercial vehicles sector. Design is using Autodesk Inventor. Thesis describes phases and goals of project management – in this case management of technological/manufacturing transfer.

Diploma thesis is based on finding out main financial planning issues. The first part of thesis is dealing with theoretical aspects, which are necessary to know for setting up a financial plan. After this part is the practical part, which includes detailed procedure for setting up a financial plan for company H.A.Kovochem. Financial plan is created in an optimistic and pessimistic alternative. The final part of the thesis is evaluation and control of these two alternatives of plans

Les cancers du sein et de l’ovaire apparaissent dans 5 à 10% dans un contexte de prédisposition génétique, dont seule une faible part est expliquée par la présence d’un variant pathogène sur les gènes BRCA1, BRCA2 et PALB2. Le séquençage à haut-débit permet d’explorer cette hérédité manquante, mais représente un nouveau défi à la fois informatique, statistique et biologique. Trois approches utilisant cette nouvelle technologie ont été employées pour rechercher de nouveaux facteurs de prédisposition. En premier lieu, les risques associés à 34 gènes connus ou suspectés d’être impliqués dans les prédispositions ont été estimés à partir de l’analyse de 5 131 cas index et le développement d’une nouvelle approche statistique. Aussi la participation des néo-mutations en mosaïque dans le syndrome a été explorée à partir de 1 750 cas index issus de l’étude précédente, avec un logiciel de détection des variants faiblement représentés développé spécifiquement: outLyzer. Enfin, l’exploration par séquençage de l’hérédité manquante a été étendue à un panel de 201 gènes impliqués dans le cancer, à partir de 118 patientes sélectionnées pour la précocité d’apparition de leur maladie, élément fortement évocateur d’un facteur de prédisposition. Les résultats de ces travaux ont permis de valider la pertinence de l’étude de PALB2, RAD51C et RAD51D pour la prise en charge des patients, et suggèrent aussi une implication sous-estimée des variants en mosaïque. Cependant il reste encore très probablement d’autres facteurs génétiques fortement pénétrants à découvrir mais dont la modulation du risque répond à un modèle oligogénique. / Breast and ovarian cancers appear in 5 to 10% of cases in a context of genetic predisposition, of which only a small proportion is explained by the presence of a pathogenic variant on the BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 genes. High throughput sequencing can explore this missing heredity, but represents a new challenge both in computing, statistics and biology. Three approaches using this new technology have been used to investigate new predisposition factors. First, the risks associated with 34 known or suspected genes involved in predispositions were estimated from the analysis of 5,131 index cases and the development of a new statistical approach. Also, the participation of mosaic neo-mutations in the syndrome was explored from 1,750 index cases from the previous study, with a software developed specifically for detecting poorly represented variants: outLyzer. Finally, the exploration by sequencing of the missing heredity was extended to a panel of 201 genes involved in cancer, from 118 patients selected for the early onset of their disease, a highly suggestive element of a predisposition factor. The results of this work validated the relevance of the PALB2, RAD51C and RAD51D study for patient management, and also suggested an underestimated involvement of mosaic variants. However, there are still very likely other highly penetrating genetic factors to be discovered, but whose risk modulation is based on an oligogenic model.

Massive parallel sequencing (MPS) data analysis tasks are often computationally demanding and their execution time would take too long using standard computing machines. Thus there is a need for parallelization of this tasks and ability to execute them on a sufficiently powerful computing machines. In the first chapter we describe a newly created platform for resequencing analysis of MPS data - MOLDIMED and novel annotation tool, which is ready to deploy on HPC infrastructure. The second chapter describes MPS approaches in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA), which is predominantly underlined by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RP); however, its etiology remains unexplained in approximately 25% of patients. We performed panel sequencing of all ribosomal genes in DBA patient without previously known molecular pathology. A novel heterozygous RPS7 mutation coding RPS7 p.V134F was found in one female patient and subsequently confirmed in two asymptomatic family members, in whom mild anemia were detected on further examination. Subsequently, we performed whole transcriptome analysis in all family members and patient with RPS7 mutation in comparison with healthy control group and with DBA patients with known mutation in RPS19. We observed dysregulation mainly in signal pathways of translation,...

La mélatonine est une neurohormone produite principalement par la glande pinéale de manière circadienne et agissant par l’activation de deux récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) appelés MT1 et MT2. La mélatonine régule de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques importantes. La régulation des niveaux de dopamine (DA) et de glucose en font partie mais nous ne savons pas clairement comment la mélatonine les régule.Les niveaux de DA extracellulaire sont principalement régulés par son transporteur (DAT) responsable de sa recapture dans les neurones présynaptiques afin de prévenir d’une hyperactivation des récepteurs dopaminergiques. Par conséquent, nous avons vérifié le rôle de DAT dans la régulation du système dopaminergique par le système mélatoninergique. Nous avons montré qu’en interagissant avec la forme immature non-glycosylée de DAT, MT1 et MT2 le retiennent dans le réticulum endoplasmique régulant ainsi son expression à la surface cellulaire et donc la recapture de la DA. De la même manière, les souris déficientes en MT1 ou MT2 ont montré une augmentation de la recapture de la DA dans les synaptosomes de striatum et une baisse de l’hypermotilité induite par l’amphétamine. Dans ce projet nous avons ainsi révélé un nouveau lien entre les systèmes mélatoninergiques et dopaminergiques basé sur la formation de complexes moléculaires entre les récepteurs de la mélatonine et DAT.Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de la mélatonine dans la régulation des niveaux de glucose, nous avons ensuite étudié l’implication de variants génétiques de MT2 dans le développement du diabète de type 2 (DT2). Des études antérieures avaient montré que des variants naturels défectueux fonctionnellement étaient associés à un risque de développer le DT2. Afin de déterminer plus précisément les propriétés défectueuses en lien avec le DT2, nous avons mesuré l’activation spontanée et celle induite par la mélatonine de 40 variants MT2. Nous avons ainsi montré que des défauts d’activation des protéines Gαi et Gαz induite par la mélatonine et de recrutement spontané de la βarrestine-2 sont significativement reliés à un risque de développer le DT2. Les résultats expérimentaux corrélaient avec les prédictions de l’analyse sur le score d’évolution. Ce travail permettra de nouvelles avancées dans la recherche de traitements personnalisés pour les personnes portants les mutations sur MT2 afin qu’il retrouve une réponse non défectueuse.Le séquençage de 9393 personnes a permis l’identification de 32 variants naturels MT1. Le récepteur MT1 sauvage et les variants ont ainsi été caractérisés grâce aux techniques de transfert d’énergie par résonnance de bioluminescence (BRET). Nous avons montré que MT1 active les protéines Gαi/o, Gα12 et Gα15 et recrute la βarrestine-2. L’analyse des résultats par factorisation matricielle non linéaire a révélé l’existence de 5 clusters caractérisés par différents profils de signalisation. La modélisation 3D par homologie de MT1 a permis de déterminer l’impact de chaque variant sur l’activation du récepteur et ses interactions avec les protéines G et la βarrestine-2. Ce projet a ainsi permis de démontrer que des variants naturels sont très intéressant afin de comprendre les mécanismes d’action des RCPGs. En résumé, ce travail contribue à la compréhension des fonctions des récepteurs à la mélatonine et souligne leur importance dans la régulation du système dopaminergique et de l’homéostasie glucidique. Nos résultats offrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la recherche de nouveaux traitements personnalisés pour les patients souffrant d’un dérèglement du système dopaminergique ou de DT2. / Melatonin is a neurohormone mainly released from the pineal gland in a circadian manner acting through two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called MT1 and MT2. Melatonin regulates many important physiological functions. Regulation of dopamine (DA) and glucose levels are two of them but how they do this is not clear.Extracellular DA levels are mainly regulated by its transporter (DAT) which mediates DA re-uptake into presynaptic nerve termini to prevent DA receptor hyperactivation in the presynaptic cleft. Consequently, we verified the role of DAT in the regulation of the DA system by melatonin. We showed that MT1 and MT2, by interacting with the immature non-glycosylated form of DAT retain DAT in the endoplasmic reticulum thus regulating DAT cell surface expression and DA reuptake. Consistently, mice with targeted deletion of MT1 and MT2 show markedly enhanced DA uptake in striatal synaptosomes and decreased amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. Collectively, we revealed here a molecular link between the melatonin and DA systems, which is based on the formation of a molecular complex between melatonin receptors and DAT.To better understand the role of melatonin on the regulation of glucose levels, we studied the involvement of genetic variants of MT2 in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous studies showed that natural loss-of-function variants of MT2 associate with T2D risk. To determine more precisely the defective properties linked to T2D risk we monitored spontaneous and melatonin-induced activation of different signaling pathways by 40 MT2 variants. We show that defects in melatonin-induced Gαi and Gαz activation and spontaneous βarrestin-2 recruitment are most significantly associated to T2D risk. Experimental results correlated well with those predicted by evolutionary lineage analysis. This work will help to propose personalized treatments for MT2 variant carriers to recover their defective responses.Sequencing of 9393 individuals resulted in the identification of 32 natural MT1 variants. MT1 wild-type and variants were functionally characterized in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays. We showed that MT1 activates Gαi/o, Gα12 and Gα15 proteins and recruits βarrestin-2. Analyzes of results by non-linear matrix factorization revealed the existence of 5 clusters characterized by different signaling profiles. Computational homology modeling of the 3D model of MT1 helped to determine the impact of each variant on receptor activation and interaction with G proteins and βarrestin-2. Collectively, our data illustrate that natural variants are powerful tools to understand the molecular basis of GPCR function. Overall, this work contributes to our understanding of the function of melatonin receptors and highlights their importance in the regulation of the DA system and glucose homeostasis. Our results will open new, personalized therapeutic options for patient suffering from a defective DA system or T2D.