CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As redes veiculares surgiram como um caso particular de redes mÃveis e passaram a formar um campo especÃfico de pesquisa na Ãrea de redes de computadores. Elas tÃm sido alvo de inÃmeras pesquisas cientÃficas nos Ãltimos anos, cujo principal foco à o desenvolvimento do Sistema Inteligente de Transporte. AlÃm disso, dado que os automÃveis sÃo cada vez mais importantes na vida das pessoas, embarcar softwares inteligentes em seus carros pode melhorar substancialmente a qualidade de vida dos usuÃrios. Esse fato, somado à significante demanda do mercado por mais confiabilidade, seguranÃa e entretenimento nos veÃculos, levou ao desenvolvimento e suporte significantes para as redes veiculares e suas aplicaÃÃes. Dentre estas aplicaÃÃes pode-se citar a utilizaÃÃo do VoIP. Entretanto, os aplicativos VoIP sofrem com problemas de atraso, perda de pacotes e jitter. Estes desafios tÃcnicos se agravam ainda mais quando utilizado em redes sem fio. Um fator que influencia diretamente a utilizaÃÃo de uma aplicaÃÃo em redes em fio à o protocolo de roteamento. O roteamento à uma tarefa desafiadora devido à alta mobilidade dos nÃs, à instabilidade dos enlaces sem-fio e a diversidade de cenÃrios. Por essa razÃo, diversos protocolos de roteamento foram projetados com o objetivo de solucionar um ou mais problemas especÃficos de cada cenÃrio. Entretanto, apesar de existirem vÃrias soluÃÃes propostas para o problema do roteamento em redes veiculares, nenhuma soluÃÃo geral foi encontrada, ou seja, nenhum protocolo proposto obteve desempenho considerÃvel nos diversos cenÃrios existentes nas redes veiculares. Sendo assim, nesta dissertaÃÃo, analisamos atravÃs de simulaÃÃes o impacto da densidade, do alcance de transmissÃo, da mobilidade e do tipo de protocolo de roteamento no desempenho de uma aplicaÃÃo VoIP nos cenÃrios urbano e de rodovia em redes veiculares. / Vehicular networks have emerged as a particular case of mobile networks and then became a specific field of research in computer networks. They have been the subject of numerous scientific research in recent years, whose main focus is the development of Intelligent Transport System. Furthermore, given that cars are increasingly important in people's lives, smart board software in their cars can substantially improve the quality of life of users. This fact and the significant market demand for more reliability, security and entertainment in vehicles, has led to significant development and support for vehicular networks and their applications. Among these applications we can mention the use of VoIP, however, VoIP applications suffer from problems of delay, packet loss and jitter. These technical challenges are further aggravated when used in wireless networks. One factor that directly influences the use of an application in wireless networks is the routing protocol. Routing is a challenging task due to the high node mobility, the instability of wireless links and the diversity of scenarios. For this reason, several routing protocols have been designed with the goal of solving one or more specific problems of each scenario. However, although there are several proposed solutions to the problem routing in vehicular networks, no general solution was found, in other words, any proposed protocol obtained considerable performance in the various scenarios that exist in vehicular networks. Thus, in this paper, we analyze through simulations the impact of density, of the reach of transmission, the mobility and the type of routing protocol on the performance of a VoIP application in urban and highway scenarios of vehicular networks.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are gaining momentum among researchers. ITS encompasses several technologies, including wireless communications, sensor networks, data and voice communication, real-time driving assistant systems, etc. These states of the art technologies are expected to pave the way for a plethora of vehicular network applications. In fact, recently we have witnessed a growing interest in Vehicular Networks from both the research community and industry. Several potential applications of Vehicular Networks are envisioned such as road safety and security, traffic monitoring and driving comfort, just to mention a few. It is critical that the existence of convenience or driving comfort services do not negatively affect the performance of safety services. In essence, the dissemination of safety services or the discovery of convenience applications requires the communication among service providers and service requesters through constrained bandwidth resources. Therefore, service discovery techniques for vehicular networks must efficiently use the available common resources. In this thesis, we focus on the design of bandwidth-efficient and scalable service discovery protocols for Vehicular Networks. Three types of service discovery architectures are introduced: infrastructure-less, infrastructure-based, and hybrid architectures. Our proposed algorithms are network layer based where service discovery messages are integrated into the routing messages for a lightweight discovery. Moreover, our protocols use the channel diversity for efficient service discovery. We describe our algorithms and discuss their implementation. Finally, we present the main results of the extensive set of simulation experiments that have been used in order to evaluate their performance.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are gaining momentum among researchers. ITS encompasses several technologies, including wireless communications, sensor networks, data and voice communication, real-time driving assistant systems, etc. These states of the art technologies are expected to pave the way for a plethora of vehicular network applications. In fact, recently we have witnessed a growing interest in Vehicular Networks from both the research community and industry. Several potential applications of Vehicular Networks are envisioned such as road safety and security, traffic monitoring and driving comfort, just to mention a few. It is critical that the existence of convenience or driving comfort services do not negatively affect the performance of safety services. In essence, the dissemination of safety services or the discovery of convenience applications requires the communication among service providers and service requesters through constrained bandwidth resources. Therefore, service discovery techniques for vehicular networks must efficiently use the available common resources. In this thesis, we focus on the design of bandwidth-efficient and scalable service discovery protocols for Vehicular Networks. Three types of service discovery architectures are introduced: infrastructure-less, infrastructure-based, and hybrid architectures. Our proposed algorithms are network layer based where service discovery messages are integrated into the routing messages for a lightweight discovery. Moreover, our protocols use the channel diversity for efficient service discovery. We describe our algorithms and discuss their implementation. Finally, we present the main results of the extensive set of simulation experiments that have been used in order to evaluate their performance.

The combination of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle communications, namely the multi-hop Vehicular Communications Network (VCN) , appears as a promising solution for the ubiquitous access to IP services in vehicular environments. In this thesis, we address the challenges of multi-hop VCN, and investigate the seamless provision of IP services over such network. Three different schemes are proposed and analyzed. First, we study the limitations of current standards for the provision of IP services, such as 802.11p/WAVE, and propose a framework that enables multi-hop communications and a robust IP mobility mechanism over WAVE. An accurate analytical model is developed to evaluate the throughput performance, and to determine the feasibility of the deployment of IP-based services in 802.11p/WAVE networks. Next, the IP mobility support is extended to asymmetric multi-hop VCN. The proposed IP mobility and routing mechanisms react to the asymmetric links, and also employ geographic location and road traffic information to enable predictive handovers. Moreover, since multi-hop communications suffer from security threats, it ensures that all mobility signalling is authenticated among the participant vehicles. Last, we extend our study to a heterogeneous multi-hop VCN, and propose a hybrid scheme that allows for the on-going IP sessions to be transferred along the heterogeneous communications system. The proposed global IP mobility scheme focuses on urban vehicular scenarios, and enables seamless communications for in-vehicle networks, commuters, and pedestrians. The overall performance of IP applications over multi-hop VCN are improved substantially by the proposed schemes. This is demonstrated by means of analytical evaluations, as well as extensive simulations that are carried out in realistic highway and urban vehicular scenarios. More importantly, we believe that our dissertation provides useful analytical tools, for evaluating the throughput and delay performance of IP applications in multi-hop vehicular environments. In addition, we provide a set of practical and efficient solutions for the seamless support of IP tra c along the heterogeneous and multi-hop vehicular network, which will help on achieving ubiquitous drive-thru Internet, and infotainment traffic access in both urban and highway scenarios.

The proliferation of electronic devices supporting sensing, actuation, and wireless communication enables the monitoring and/or control of a variety of physical systems with digital communication. Such “cyber physical systems” blur the boundaries of the digital and physical worlds, where correct information about the physical world is needed for the correct operation of the digital system. Often in these systems the physical source or destination of information is as important as the information itself. However, the omni-directional and invisible nature of wireless communication makes it difficult to determine communication endpoints. This allows a malicious party to intercept wireless messages or pose as other entities in the system. As such, these systems require new protocols to associate the endpoints of digital communication with physical entities. Traditional security approaches that associate cryptographic keys with names can help verify endpoints in static systems where a string accurately describes the role of a device. In other systems, the role of a device depends on its physical properties, such as location, which change over time. This dynamic nature implies that identification of an endpoint based on a static name is insufficient. Instead, we can leverage devices’ sensing and actuation capabilities to verify the physical properties and determine the physical endpoints of communication. We investigate three different scenarios where the physical source and/or destination is important and propose endpoint verification techniques: verifying the physical endpoints during an exchange between two smartphones, verifying the receiver of information is in a physical space to enable location-based access control, and verifying the source of information to protect Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) applications. We evaluate our proposals in these systems and show that our solutions fulfill the security requirements while utilizing existing hardware. Exchanging Information Between Smartphones Shake on it (SHOT) allows users to verify the endpoints during an exchange of information between two smartphones. In our protocol, the phones use their vibrators and accelerometers to establish a human-observable communication channel. The users hold the phones together while the phones use this channel to bootstrap and verify the authenticity of an exchange that occurs over the higher-bandwidth wireless channel. Users can detect the injection of information from other devices as additional vibrations, and prevent such attacks. Our implementation of SHOT for the DROID smartphone is able to support sender and receiver verification during an exchange between two smartphones in 15 seconds on average. Location-Based Access Control We propose using location-based access control to protect sensitive files on laptops, without requiring any effort from the user to provide security. With a purely wireless electronic system, verifying that a given device is in a physical space is a challenge; either the definition of the physical space is vague (radio waves can travel beyond walls) or the solution requires expensive hardware to measure a message’s time of flight. Instead, we use infrared as a signal that walls can contain. We develop key derivation protocols that ensure only a receiver in the physical room with access to the signal can derive the key. We implement a system that uses the laptop’s webcam to record the infrared signal, derive a key, and decrypt sensitive files in less than 5 seconds. Source Verification for V2V Networks A number of V2V applications use information about nearby vehicles to prevent accidents or reduce fuel consumption. However, false information about the positioning of vehicles can cause erroneous behavior, including accidents that would not occur in the absence of V2V. As such, we need a way to verify which vehicle sent a message and that the message accurately describes the physical state of that vehicle. We propose using LED lights on vehicles to broadcast the certificate a vehicle is currently using. Receivers can use onboard cameras to film the encoding of the certificate and estimate the relative location of the vehicle. This visual channel allows a receiver to associate a physical vehicle at a known location with the cryptographic credentials used to sign a location claim. Our simulations indicate that even with a pessimistic visual channel, visual verification of V2V senders provides sufficient verification capabilities to support the relevant applications.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are gaining momentum among researchers. ITS encompasses several technologies, including wireless communications, sensor networks, data and voice communication, real-time driving assistant systems, etc. These states of the art technologies are expected to pave the way for a plethora of vehicular network applications. In fact, recently we have witnessed a growing interest in Vehicular Networks from both the research community and industry. Several potential applications of Vehicular Networks are envisioned such as road safety and security, traffic monitoring and driving comfort, just to mention a few. It is critical that the existence of convenience or driving comfort services do not negatively affect the performance of safety services. In essence, the dissemination of safety services or the discovery of convenience applications requires the communication among service providers and service requesters through constrained bandwidth resources. Therefore, service discovery techniques for vehicular networks must efficiently use the available common resources. In this thesis, we focus on the design of bandwidth-efficient and scalable service discovery protocols for Vehicular Networks. Three types of service discovery architectures are introduced: infrastructure-less, infrastructure-based, and hybrid architectures. Our proposed algorithms are network layer based where service discovery messages are integrated into the routing messages for a lightweight discovery. Moreover, our protocols use the channel diversity for efficient service discovery. We describe our algorithms and discuss their implementation. Finally, we present the main results of the extensive set of simulation experiments that have been used in order to evaluate their performance.

The combination of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle communications, namely the multi-hop Vehicular Communications Network (VCN) , appears as a promising solution for the ubiquitous access to IP services in vehicular environments. In this thesis, we address the challenges of multi-hop VCN, and investigate the seamless provision of IP services over such network. Three different schemes are proposed and analyzed. First, we study the limitations of current standards for the provision of IP services, such as 802.11p/WAVE, and propose a framework that enables multi-hop communications and a robust IP mobility mechanism over WAVE. An accurate analytical model is developed to evaluate the throughput performance, and to determine the feasibility of the deployment of IP-based services in 802.11p/WAVE networks. Next, the IP mobility support is extended to asymmetric multi-hop VCN. The proposed IP mobility and routing mechanisms react to the asymmetric links, and also employ geographic location and road traffic information to enable predictive handovers. Moreover, since multi-hop communications suffer from security threats, it ensures that all mobility signalling is authenticated among the participant vehicles. Last, we extend our study to a heterogeneous multi-hop VCN, and propose a hybrid scheme that allows for the on-going IP sessions to be transferred along the heterogeneous communications system. The proposed global IP mobility scheme focuses on urban vehicular scenarios, and enables seamless communications for in-vehicle networks, commuters, and pedestrians. The overall performance of IP applications over multi-hop VCN are improved substantially by the proposed schemes. This is demonstrated by means of analytical evaluations, as well as extensive simulations that are carried out in realistic highway and urban vehicular scenarios. More importantly, we believe that our dissertation provides useful analytical tools, for evaluating the throughput and delay performance of IP applications in multi-hop vehicular environments. In addition, we provide a set of practical and efficient solutions for the seamless support of IP tra c along the heterogeneous and multi-hop vehicular network, which will help on achieving ubiquitous drive-thru Internet, and infotainment traffic access in both urban and highway scenarios.

MATEUS, Bruno Góis. Análise sobre o impacto da densidade veicular, da carga da rede e da mobilidade no desempenho de protocolos de roteamento para redes veiculares. 2010. 136 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ciência da computação)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T19:49:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_bgmateus.pdf: 3335220 bytes, checksum: 4b0144b0ee1b7f925c7bb9fe44a92e9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2016-07-14T15:18:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_bgmateus.pdf: 3335220 bytes, checksum: 4b0144b0ee1b7f925c7bb9fe44a92e9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-14T15:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_bgmateus.pdf: 3335220 bytes, checksum: 4b0144b0ee1b7f925c7bb9fe44a92e9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Advances in mobile computing and wireless communications have made possible the development of the Intelligent Transportation System, which contain the vehi- cular networks. There, routing is a challenging task due to the high node mobility, the instability of wireless links and the diversity of scenarios. For this reason, several routing protocols have been designed with the goal of solving one or more speci c problems of each scenario. However, although there are several proposed solutions to the routing problem in vehicular networks, none of them has achieved a satisfac- tory performance in more than one scenario, such as urban and highway. Thus, in this work, we rst analyze with simulations the impact of density, the network load and the mobility pattern in the performance of routing protocols for these networks. Then, we provide new directions for designing e cient vehicular network routing protocols, able to adapt to urban and highway scenarios. To achieve this goal, four existing protocols were evaluated in urban and highway scenarios. / Os avanços alcançados na computação móvel e na comunicação sem o levaram ao desenvolvimento do Sistema Inteligente de Transporte, onde se pode destacar as redes veiculares. Nelas, o roteamento é uma tarefa desa adora devido à alta mobi- lidade dos nós, à instabilidade dos enlaces sem- o e a diversidade de cenários. Por essa razão, diversos protocolos de roteamento foram projetados com o objetivo de solucionar um ou mais problemas especí cos de cada cenário. Entretanto, apesar de existirem várias soluções propostas para o problema do roteamento em redes veicu- lares, nenhuma delas alcançou um desempenho satisfatório em mais de um cenário, como urbano e rodovia. Sendo assim, nesta dissertação, analisamos através de si- mulações o impacto da densidade, da carga da rede e da mobilidade no desempenho de um protocolo de roteamento para fornecer diretrizes para os projetistas de redes veiculares desenvolverem protocolos de roteamento e cientes, capazes de se adaptar aos cenários urbano e de rodovia. Para alcançar esse objetivo, quatro protocolos existentes na literatura foram avaliados nos cenários urbano e de rodovia, dois deles voltados diretamente para redes veiculares e os outro dois tradicionais de redes —d ho™.

VIEIRA, Leandro Kravczuk. Análise de desempenho de uma aplicação VoIP em redes veiculares. 2011. 136 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ciência da computação)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-11T17:42:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lkvieira.pdf: 2177171 bytes, checksum: b12f234dbae0e70d63d4ffaacdf15aa0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2016-07-18T15:59:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lkvieira.pdf: 2177171 bytes, checksum: b12f234dbae0e70d63d4ffaacdf15aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T15:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lkvieira.pdf: 2177171 bytes, checksum: b12f234dbae0e70d63d4ffaacdf15aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Vehicular networks have emerged as a particular case of mobile networks and then became a specific field of research in computer networks. They have been the subject of numerous scientific research in recent years, whose main focus is the development of Intelligent Transport System. Furthermore, given that cars are increasingly important in people's lives, smart board software in their cars can substantially improve the quality of life of users. This fact and the significant market demand for more reliability, security and entertainment in vehicles, has led to significant development and support for vehicular networks and their applications. Among these applications we can mention the use of VoIP, however, VoIP applications suffer from problems of delay, packet loss and jitter. These technical challenges are further aggravated when used in wireless networks. One factor that directly influences the use of an application in wireless networks is the routing protocol. Routing is a challenging task due to the high node mobility, the instability of wireless links and the diversity of scenarios. For this reason, several routing protocols have been designed with the goal of solving one or more specific problems of each scenario. However, although there are several proposed solutions to the problem routing in vehicular networks, no general solution was found, in other words, any proposed protocol obtained considerable performance in the various scenarios that exist in vehicular networks. Thus, in this paper, we analyze through simulations the impact of density, of the reach of transmission, the mobility and the type of routing protocol on the performance of a VoIP application in urban and highway scenarios of vehicular networks. / As redes veiculares surgiram como um caso particular de redes móveis e passaram a formar um campo específico de pesquisa na área de redes de computadores. Elas têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas científicas nos últimos anos, cujo principal foco é o desenvolvimento do Sistema Inteligente de Transporte. Além disso, dado que os automóveis são cada vez mais importantes na vida das pessoas, embarcar softwares inteligentes em seus carros pode melhorar substancialmente a qualidade de vida dos usuários. Esse fato, somado à significante demanda do mercado por mais confiabilidade, segurança e entretenimento nos veículos, levou ao desenvolvimento e suporte significantes para as redes veiculares e suas aplicações. Dentre estas aplicações pode-se citar a utilização do VoIP. Entretanto, os aplicativos VoIP sofrem com problemas de atraso, perda de pacotes e jitter. Estes desafios técnicos se agravam ainda mais quando utilizado em redes sem fio. Um fator que influencia diretamente a utilização de uma aplicação em redes em fio é o protocolo de roteamento. O roteamento é uma tarefa desafiadora devido à alta mobilidade dos nós, à instabilidade dos enlaces sem-fio e a diversidade de cenários. Por essa razão, diversos protocolos de roteamento foram projetados com o objetivo de solucionar um ou mais problemas específicos de cada cenário. Entretanto, apesar de existirem várias soluções propostas para o problema do roteamento em redes veiculares, nenhuma solução geral foi encontrada, ou seja, nenhum protocolo proposto obteve desempenho considerável nos diversos cenários existentes nas redes veiculares. Sendo assim, nesta dissertação, analisamos através de simulações o impacto da densidade, do alcance de transmissão, da mobilidade e do tipo de protocolo de roteamento no desempenho de uma aplicação VoIP nos cenários urbano e de rodovia em redes veiculares.

La communication véhiculaire permet le développement de nouvelles applications multicast émergentes telles que la gestion de la flotte et la distribution des Points d'Intérêt (POI). Ces deux catégories d'applications nécessitent une communication multicast de l'Internet vers les réseaux véhiculaires (VANET). Afin de mettre en place une communication multicast adaptée au contexte de la communication Internet-vers-réseaux véhiculaires, notre travail traite de deux aspects différents. Tout d'abord, l'accessibilité des véhicules en mouvement au service Internet et en deuxième lieu, la dissémination du message dans les VANET. Nous introduisons un schéma d'adressage multicast basé sur les coordonnées géographiques des véhicules qui leur permet de s'auto-configurer d'une façon dynamique sans aucun besoin d'échanger des messages de signalisation avec Internet. Nous proposons aussi une approche simplifiée de gestion de la mobilité des véhicules dans le cadre des architectures Mobile IP et Proxy Mobile IP. Le but de cette approche est d'optimiser l'échange des messages avec les entités responsables de la gestion de la mobilité dans Internet. Afin d'étudier les mécanismes de dissémination appropriés aux applications de gestion de flottes, nous nous proposons de revisiter les techniques de routage multicast traditionnelles basées sur une structure de diffusion en arbre. Pour cela, nous étudions leur application aux réseaux véhiculaires. Nous présentons une étude théorique portant sur la durée de vie des liens entre les véhicules en milieux urbains. Ensuite, en utilisant la simulation, nous étudions l'application de Multicast Adhoc On Demand Vector, MAODV et proposons Motion-MAODV, une version adaptée de MAODV qui a pour objectif d'établir des routes plus robustes Enfin, concernat la dissémination multicast géolocalisée dans les applications POI, nous proposons le protocole de routage Melody qui permet une diffusion geocast en milieu urbain. A partir de simulations, nous constatons que, comparé aux protocoles de géo-brodcasting dans les milieux urbain très denses, Melody assure plus de fiabilité et d'efficacité lors de l'acheminement des données vers les zones géographiques de destination. / Vehicular communications allow emerging new multicast applications such as fleet management and point of interest (POI). Both applications require Internet-to-vehicle multicasting. These approaches could not be applied to vehicular networks (VANET) due to their dynamic and distributed nature. In order to enable such multicasting, our work deals with two aspects. First, reachability of the moving vehicles to the multicast service and second, multicast message dissemination in VANET. We introduce first a self-configuring multicast addressing scheme that allows the vehicles to auto-configure a dynamic multicast address without a need to exchange signalling messages with the Internet. Second, we propose a simplified approach that extends Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IP. This approach aims at optimizing message exchange between vehicles and entities responsible for managing their mobility in Internet. To study the dissemination mechanisms that are suitable for fleet management applications, we propose to revisit traditional multicast routing techniques that rely on a tree structure. For this purpose, we study their application to vehicular networks. In particular, as vehicular networks are known to have changing topology, we present a theoretical study of the link lifetime between vehicles in urban environments. Then, using simulations, we study the application of Multicast Adhoc On Demand Vector, MAODV. We propose then Motion-MAODV, an improved version of MAODV that aims at enhancing routes built by MAODV in vehicular networks and guarantee longer route lifetime. Finally, to enable geographic dissemination as required by POI applications, we propose a routing protocol Melody that provides a geocast dissemination in urban environments. Through simulations, Melody ensures more reliable and efficient packet delivery to a given geographic area compared to traditional geo-brodcasting schemes in highly dense scenarios.