Having outlined the requirements of the heat pump, water and sodium hydroxide are selected as a suitable working fluid and absorbent. The advantages and disadvantages of this particular combination are outlined before dealing with the experimental work. The various components in the system are then discussed with particular attention to the absorber. From the results, suitable improvements to the design are suggested before describing possible alternative absorption systems. The technical details are all presented separately from the main text, in the Appendices.

Idag spenderas en stor del av vår tid inomhus, det ställer krav på inomhusluften.  Koldioxid och andra föroreningar, som stannar i luften vid dåligt ventilerade  lokaler, påverkar negativt och är bevisat att påverka prestationen och produktiviteten  hos människor i specifika uppgifter. Idag läggs mycket fokus på miljösmarta  lösningar och effektiviseringar, men ibland glöms inomhusklimatet bort. För att  människor ska få en behaglig upplevelse av inomhusklimatet krävs  kvalité på inomhusluften men också på den termiska komforten. Huvudsyftet med examensarbetet är att förklara hur det går att uppnå  förbättrat inomhusklimat och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen. Genom att minska energibehovet kan företag bli mer konkurrenskraftiga och samtidigt rusta sig mot de stigande elpriserna. Det finns även en ekonomisk fördel för företag såväl som för privata bostäder. Examensarbetet består utav en fallstudie, där luftenstemperatur och fuktighet kommer at loggas och data genereras. Loggning kommer att  ske vid två tillfällen. Först i början för att få en uppfattning om varför  personalen upplever dåligt inomhusklimat och sedan efter justering av luftflödena  för att se skillnaden i förändringen av inomhusklimatet och energipåverkan.   Genom att justera systemet och sammanställa resultat har forskningsfrågan ”Kan inomhusklimatet förbättras samtidigt och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen?”  besvarats. Litteraturstudien visar att om alternativa ventilationsprinciper  används, istället för det konventionella omblandande systemet, går det att minska  energiförbrukningen samtidigt som inomhusklimatet förbättras. Detta har gjorts  genom att golvventilation använts där tilluften tillförts lågt och undertempererad för att luften ska stiga genom de termiska krafterna. Resultatet visar att termisk komfort försämrats enligt enkätstudierna, men samtidigt visar det en förbättring av  inneklimatet i enskilda frågor. Mätresultaten indikerar även på förbättrad  ventilation och inomhusklimat. Slutligen presenterades energibesparingsåtgärder som företaget kan göra för att minska energibehovet och samtidigt förbättra den termiska komforten.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nursing Johannesburg, 2017 / The purpose of this study was to describe the role of specialist nurses in mechanical ventilation management. The intention of the study was also to make recommendations for clinical practice and education of intensive care nurses. The setting of the study was ten (n = 10) adult intensive care units of two public hospitals in the Gauteng province. Included were trauma ICUs, cardiothoracic ICU, coronary care ICUs, major burns ICU, major injuries ICU, neurosurgery ICU and multidisciplinary ICUs. A non-experimental, descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional survey design was used to describe the specialist nurses role in ventilation management. The final sample comprised 110 (out of 165) respondents, which yielded a response rate of 66.6% for the study. Data were collected from specialist intensive care nurses using a validated questionnaire developed by Rose et al. (2011). Data was analysed using descriptive (frequencies, means and standard deviation) and comparative statistical tests using t-tests and Chi-square analysis. Testing was done at the 0.05 level of significance. Of the 165 surveys distributed, 110 were returned (response rate 66.6%). Ninety-seven percent stated that a 1:1 ratio was used for patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Eighty-nine percent reported ventilation education for nurses was provided during ICU orientation, and 86.4% indicated ICUs provided opportunities for on-going ventilation education. Eighty-six percent of nurses reported that they had not worked in ICUs with automated weaning modes. Fifty-nine percent stated that weaning protocols were present in ICUs, and 56.4% reported the presence of protocols for weaning failure. Most nurses agreed that nurses and doctors collaborated in key ventilation decisions, but not when decisions to extubate and initial ventilation settings are made. This study showed a marginal (2%) number of nursing autonomous input made in key ventilator decisions. Seventy percent of nurses in this study agreed that responsibility for ventilation decisions lies at the level of senior registrars and above, and in their absence, only senior nurses (>80%) were perceived to be responsible for key ventilator decisions. Regarding independent titrations of ventilator settings, without medical consultation, findings showed that nurses in this study reported a frequency of >50% of the time for titration of respiratory rate, tidal volume, decreasing pressure support, increasing pressure support, titration of inspiratory pressure and ventilation mode changes. The self-perceived nursing autonomy and influence in decision making revealed a median score of 7 out of 10 points, respectively. Nurses with higher levels of autonomy, influence in decision making and years of experience scores, frequently (>50% of the time) made independent changes to ventilation settings (p<0.05). Conversely, nurses with fewer years of experience scores, infrequently (<50% of the time) made independent changes to ventilation settings without first checking with the doctor. The study concludes that nurses to re-evaluate their role in ventilation management and focus on key ventilation settings, nurses could strengthen their contribution in the collaboration of key ventilator settings. Recommendations are made for clinical practice and education of specialist nurses. / MT2018

ABSTRACT South Africa has a high incidence of violence and death due to unnatural causes. Gunshot and/or multiple stab wounds to the trunk are consequently injuries commonly seen in South African hospitals. Penetrating injuries often necessitate explorative surgical intervention to identify and treat injuries to the internal organs. Patients are managed in the intensive care unit and frequently return to theatre for abdominal lavage prior to eventual wound closure. Critical illness with prolonged mechanical ventilation and immobilization results in some degree of muscle dysfunction. Survivors of critical illness suffer from poor functional capabilities and decreased quality of life. No formal rehabilitation programmes exist in South Africa for these patients following discharge. Purpose: To determine if patients that survived penetrating trunk trauma recover adequately spontaneously following critical illness over the first six months following discharge from the hospital. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted. Patients with penetrating trunk trauma were recruited from four intensive care units in Johannesburg. Patients who received mechanical ventilation < 5 days were placed in Group 1 and those who received mechanical ventilation 5 days were placed in Group 2. Lung function tests, dynamometry, quality of life, six-minute walk distance and oxygen uptake tests were performed over six months following discharge from the hospital. The obtained results for dynamometry, exercise capacity and quality of life were compared between groups and to that measured for a healthy (age and sex-matched) control group. Results and Discussion: No pulmonary function abnormalities were detected for subjects in Groups 1 or 2. Distance walked during 6MWD test was significantly reduced for subjects in Group 2 compared to the control group [one-month (p = 0.00), three-months (p = 0.00)]. Morbidity correlated significantly with distance walked by subjects in Group 2 during 6MWD test [three-months (p = 0.03), six-months (p = 0.02)]. No statistically significant differences were found between subjects during the VO2peak test although subjects in Group 1 performed better clinically than those in Group 2. At one-month there was a significant reduction in upper and lower limb strength for subjects in Group 2 compared to those in Group 1 and the controls (p = 0.00 – 0.04). Similar results were detected at the three- and six-month assessments. ICU and hospital length of stay did demonstrate a significant relationship with muscle strength at one and three months following discharge for subjects in Group 2. Severity of illness and morbidity in ICU did not have a significant relation to muscle strength for subjects in Groups 1 or 2 at any of the assessments. Subjects in Group 1 had a significant reduction in right deltoid and triceps strength compared to the controls at one-month (p = 0.00 respectively) only. No significant differences in upper and lower limb muscle strength were detected between the control group and subjects in Group 1 three and six months after discharge. Subjects in both groups had similar limitations in physical and mental aspects of quality of life one-month after discharge. Subjects in Group 1 reported a quality of life comparable to the control group by three-months. Subjects in Group 2 had significant limitations in the physical components of quality of life at three- and six-months compared to those in Group 1 and the controls [p = 0.00 – 0.02]. Conclusion: Subjects in Group 1 recovered adequately on their own within three months after discharge from hospital with regard to muscle strength, exercise capacity and all aspects of quality of life. Subjects in Group 2 presented with significant limitations in exercise capacity, muscle strength and the physical aspects of quality of life even at six months after discharge. Impaired function was related to the duration of critical illness and immobility. A physiotherapist-led rehabilitation programme may be indicated for survivors of penetrating trunk trauma that received prolonged mechanical ventilation to address cardiovascular endurance and peripheral muscle strength retraining between one and three months after discharge to address the physical disabilities observed in these subjects.

A numerical investigation, based on mathematical modelling of some important phenomena relating to the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process in a furnace, has been undertaken. This thesis is concerned with investigating the furnace design which results in the maximum possible recovery of the material in the form of flat deposition flux profiles. A finite difference technique is used to solve the Navier-Stokes and the diffusion equations which arise from the CVD process. In Chapter One, the main ideas of the problem are introduced. The investigation of the rectangular duct furnace is discussed in Chapter Two, and the importance of the axial diffusion term is studied. Chapter Three deals with the Plane Parallel wall furnace and the effect of varying certain parameters (i.e. Re, Pe and a) on the deposition flux profiles and the percentage recovery of the material. In Chapter Four, we investigate the impingement jet furnace, while in Chapter Five we study several furnace designs including the cylindrical furnace, the Plane Parallel wall furnace with various outlet configurations and the angled wall furnace. Also the effects of surface kinetics are discussed. Chapter Six describes the multigrid method as a fast method to solve the Navier-Stokes and the diffusion equations.

Detta examensarbete har utförts av Sadik Ameti, Magnus Sandberg och Kristian Fazakas påInstitutionen för Ingenjörshögskolan på Högskolan i Borås, på uppdrag av YIT Sverige AB.Den västsvenska klimattjänstsmarknaden präglas av en väldigt hård konkurrens både från nyaoffensiva företag samt gamla mer etablerade företag. Därför vill YIT upprätta enkonkurrensanalys för den västsvenska marknaden. Konkurrentanalysen skall ge insikt i vilkadet är som är konkurrenter och hur de arbetar på marknaden, skillnaden mellan företagen samthur konkurrensen skall bemötas av YIT.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och kartlägga vilka som är YIT:skonkurrenter. Tyngden ligger på bedömningen av företagens finansiella ställning mellan åren2005 till och med 2007. Anledningen till att analysen fokuserar på åren 2005 till 2007 ärbland annat för att dessa år var högkonjunkturår, vilket gör att man kan bilda sig enuppfattning av hur konkurrenterna agerar när det är bra ekonomiska tider och därmed ingastörningsmoment från omvärlden. Förutom den ekonomiska ställningen är bedömningen avföretagen även grundad på andra faktorer såsom konkurrenternas strategi, övergripande mål,vision, affärsidé, framtidsutsikter mm. Vi genomför även en företagsanalys av YIT som syftartill att utveckla och anpassa företaget. För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställning har vi utgåttfrån en fundamental analys som bland annat innehåller själva konkurrentanalysen sommynnar ut i en kartläggning av konkurrenterna, kombinerat med en företagsanalys,omvärldsanalys, räkenskapsanalys och Michael Porters SWOT-analys.I Uppsatsen kommer vi fram till att det finns fyra större konkurrenter som YIT skall hållaögonen på samt diverse förbättringar YIT kan göra i sin organisation.

Capio Lundby Sjukhus finns i flera olika byggnader vid Wieselgrensplatsen på Hisingen i Göteborg. Detta är på grund av att sjukhuset växt sig större och att det idag inte får plats i en byggnad. I huvudbyggnaden finns det gynekologi, kirurgi, medicin, neurologi, operation, vårdavdelning, ortopedi/handkirurgi, urologi, öron-näsa-hals, och hörcentral. Ögonkliniken ligger separat i en byggnad nära huvudbyggnaden. En bit bort ligger psykiatriavdelningen och administrationen.Capio Lundby Sjukhus är idag ISO-certifierat enligt ISO 9001:2000 och fick som första sjukhus i Sverige hela sin verksamhet certifierad 2005. Sjukhuset är miljömedvetna och är sedan juli 2008 miljö certifierade enligt ISO 14001:2004.I denna rapport klartläggs energiförbrukningen på ögonkliniken som tillhör Capio Lundby Sjukhus. Hela arbetet har författarna fokuserat på fyra delar av energiförbrukningen, apparatur, belysning, klimatskal, och ventilation. Genom undersökningar och studier har det tagits fram lämpliga åtgärdsförslag som kan minska på energiförbrukningenPersonalens upplevelse av inomhusklimatet har kartlagts med en enkätundersökning.Med hjälp av denna undersökning har man kunnat konstatera att inomhusklimatet upplevs negativt på grund av alltför varierande inomhustemperaturer under året. Fastighetens energiberäkningar har tagits fram med hjälp av platsbesök, beräkningar samt genom information från muntliga och elektroniska källor.Ett generellt råd är att alltid i första hand försöka minska energibehovet och i andra hand att återvinna energi.När det gäller apparaturerna är det mest den mänskliga faktorn som är avgörande att man stänger av apparaturer så ofta det går. Eller räkna på pay-off kalkyler för investering av ny apparatur som oftast är mer energisnål. Vid mätningar av klinikens apparatur med hjälp av Mätman framkom det att energiförbrukningen inte var så omfattande område att prioritera, då det inte uppmättes ovanligt mycket energi.När det gäller belysningen är förslag på åtgärder för ögonkliniken att installera timer eller närvarogivare för att minska energikostnaderna. Då Capio Lundby Sjukhus idag inte använder sig av energisnål belysning är detta även ett åtgärdsförslag. För detta krävs det att man byter ut äldre armaturer mot nyare som passar till energisnåla lysrör.Att förbättra klimatskalet ger en lönsamt på lång sikt. Detta beror på att det kostar en hel del att isolera och renovera utvändigt men det skulle bidra med bättre inomhusklimat. Då upprustningar gjorts av klimatskalet inom åtta år är detta ingen kritisk faktor som råds att titta närmare på.En intressant post som Capio Lundby Sjukhus rekommenderas starkt att titta närmare på är ventilationen. I dagsläge har ögonkliniken ett från- och tillufts, FT-system vilket förbrukar mer energi än ett FT-system med värmeväxlare. Åtgärdsförslag som är relativa här är att tillföra värmeväxlare till befintliga aggregat. Ventilationsritning som studerats visar att det senaste tillkomna aggregatet styrs av el. Då elen faktureras sjukhuset separat skulle detta kunna vara en viktig punkt för sjukhuset att studera närmare.Slutsatsen som kan dras är därmed att det rekommenderas starkt att sjukhuset ifrågasätter fastighetsägaren och tar upp en diskussion angående vilken elförbrukning som sjukhuset faktiskt faktureras. Åtgärdsförslag som har getts riktar sig mestadels till fastighetsägaren Kellfälts men även till viss del för brukarna av lokalerna på ögonkliniken.

Energy consumption by human enhanced activities has led to distinctive environmental problems; in particular, climate change and global warming. In hot regions, the main reason for energy consumption comes from the cooling of many buildings. The intensity and duration of the sunshine in hot regions have a direct relation with the usage of cooling systems. The energy used for cooling purpose is continuously increasing and expected to increase in the following years. Evaporative cooling is one of the passive cooling method which has been used throughout history. As it is cheaper, environmentally-friendly and simpler compared to vapour compression systems, it is more widely used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings in hot and dry regions. Since this method is less efficient and limited under hot and humid climate, the desiccant based evaporative cooling system is preferred in such areas in order to dehumidify the air. The pad material used for evaporative cooling system is important as it helps to evaporate the water. Therefore, the material should be porous enough to absorb water which enhances the rate of evaporation. Moreover, the material should be available and cheap. This study shows the potential of using different materials for evaporative cooling systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, suitability and potential of using local materials such as eucalyptus fibres, as cooling pads for evaporative cooling system in hot and dry regions. In addition to this, the liquid desiccant evaporative cooling systems by using potassium formate is also studied for hot and humid areas in Cyprus. Since Cyprus has multi-climate regions due to the topography and different weather condition, different cooling systems can be used for each region. The results are reported in terms of temperature difference, cooling output, COP, etc. The wind tunnel is used to test the eucalyptus fibres with an inlet air temperature of 35 °C to simulate the climate in Cyprus. It was found that the maximum reduction of air temperature was between 11.3 °C and 6.6 °C, while the maximum cooling efficiency was in the range of 71% and 49% at 0.1 and 0.6 m/s air velocity respectively. Corresponding cooling capacities were also calculated as 108 and 409 W indicating a directly proportional relation between air velocities and cooling performance. Following this, the conceptual design ideas of integrated eucalyptus fibres based evaporative cooling panel (EFECP) into building elements are considered to meet the demand for cooling and the architectural requirements of the building. These design ideas were developed for shutter, fenestration, toplighting elements, wind catcher-solar chimney and wall design of the building. The cooling performances of the hollow fibre integrated by using potassium formate desiccant based evaporative cooling system were experimentally investigated under the incoming air temperature in the range of 35 ˚C to 40 ˚C. The cooling capacity is increased as the air velocity is increased. At 3.5m/s, the cooling capacity is 1340 W, 1530 W and 1920 W respectively for incoming air relative humidity of 60%, 65% and 70%. Both evaporative cooling systems performances are discussed and clearly presented in this study. From the experimental testing in this thesis, it is concluded that local eucalyptus fibres can be used for hot-dry areas and liquid desiccant evaporative cooling systems can be used for hot-humid areas of Cyprus. Since using of eucalyptus fibres for evaporative cooling system is locally available, simple construction and easy to apply, the design ideas for integrating eucalyptus fibres with evaporative cooling system are developed within the scope of the thesis. The usage of local eucalyptus fibres and Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fibres as evaporative cooling pad, the evaporative cooling process designed by using fibres and the conceptual building design ideas integrated local eucalyptus fibres combined with evaporative cooling system are all the novel ideas of this thesis.

No description available.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2016 / Underground chilling installations have an important role in deep mining operations because the total cost of cooling a mine is minimized when underground machines deliver as high a proportion of the required cooling as practicable. Thus the refrigerating load of an underground installation should be maximized to the extent permitted both by the environment in which the installation operates, and by the physical characteristics of the machines in the installation. This study analyses how, and to what extent, the refrigerating load of older, already installed water chilling machines rejecting heat into a limited supply of return water may be maximized through configuration of their water circuits and capacity control of their compressors. Multiple-machine installations are simulated in a range of scenarios, using the thermodynamically efficient series-counterflow arrangement, to predict both the potential maximum refrigerating load and the expected refrigerating load of such installations. The simulation results indicate significant potential for installations to chill water more efficiently and thus deliver larger, maximized, refrigerating loads. For scenarios where a larger-than-design flowrate of return water is available, so permitting machines to be operated with little or no capacity control, the simulated chilling efficiency and thus the expected refrigerating loads tend toward, and in some cases almost match, the potential maximum values. For simulations in which compressor capacity control is used to prevent the return water temperature from exceeding its maximum permitted value, expected refrigerating loads fall short of their potential values, by varying amounts, due to the low machine cycle efficiency caused largely by reduced compressor isentropic efficiency at part load. For a limited supply of return water for heat rejection, the simulations indicate that load maximization efforts should focus on the machines in an installation being connected in a series-counterflow arrangement and operated, as far as practicable, at or near full capacity to create the best prospect for approaching potential maximum refrigerating load.