This study sought to provide more complete information on the relationship of male and female voice-overs to male and female role portrayals in advertisements, patterns between the use of voice-overs and the product advertised, and a comparison of findings with the results of previous research. The content of a sample of television advertisements broadcast during the summer of 1988 was examined. Voice-overs were found to be predominately male with female voice-overs occurring in just ten percent of those advertisements that used voice-over talent. It was also found that female voice-overs are more likely to be heard in household and hygiene commercials than in an advertisement for any other product. The roles portrayed by men and women in this sample remained consistent with traditional sex-stereotyped norms. The data show that women are still most frequently represented in non-salaried occupations and when represented as professionals fall into traditional accepted occupations such as nursing and caterering. The data indicate that for most of the variables the image of women portrayed in these commercials has changed little in the past ten years.

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by Cheung Wing-wah, Johnny ; Chiu Chi-wai, Kelvin. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 154-156. / Abstract --- p.ii / Tables of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.viii / Acknowledgements --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER I -- --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rationale of Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Interest --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER II -- --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Western Countries --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Taiwan and Hong Kong --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Use of Sexual Appeals --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Processing of Visual and Verbal Stimuli --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER III -- --- METHODOLOGY --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Definition --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Hypotheses --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Methods --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Interviews --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Phase I: Magazine Content Analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Phase II - Experiment Research --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Experiment Method --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Data Analysis Method --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4 --- Phase III - Questionnaire Survey --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Data Collection Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Population --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Sampling Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Sample Size --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1.4 --- Sampling Procedure --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Questionnaire Design --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER IV -- --- HIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS FROM PHASE I --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER V -- --- HIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS FROM PHASE II --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1 --- Respondent Profile --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Sex --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Age --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Education Level --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Occupation --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Annual Personal Income --- p.39 / Chapter 5.2 --- Findings --- p.40 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Experiment Recall --- p.40 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Open Ended Question --- p.42 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Experiment: The Behaviour and Perception Different Between Sex and Non-sexual Ads --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER VI -- --- HIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS FROM PHASE III --- p.51 / Chapter 6.1 --- Respondent Profile --- p.51 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Sex --- p.51 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Age --- p.51 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Education Level --- p.52 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Occupation --- p.53 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- Annual Personal Income --- p.53 / Chapter 6.2 --- Findings --- p.54 / Chapter 6.3 --- Other Demographics Findings --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER VII -- --- SUMMARY AND DISCUSSIONS --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER VIII -- --- LIMITATIONS --- p.60 / Chapter 8.1 --- Content Analysis of Magazines --- p.60 / Chapter 8.2 --- Experiment & Questionnaires --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER IX -- --- IMPLICATIONS & CONCLUSION --- p.63 / APPENDICES / Chapter Appendix 1 : --- Literature Review on Gender --- p.67 / Chapter Appendix 2 : --- List of Registered Newspapers & Periodicals --- p.69 / Chapter Appendix 3 : --- Phase II - Experiment Procedures & Schedule --- p.92 / Chapter Appendix 4 : --- Phase II - Photos --- p.94 / Chapter Appendix 5 : --- Phase III - Location and Time for Conducting the Questionnaire Survey --- p.99 / Chapter Appendix 6 : --- Phase II - Questionnaire --- p.100 / Chapter Appendix 7 : --- Phase II - English translation of questionnaire --- p.113 / Chapter Appendix 8 : --- Model Gender and Communication Effectiveness --- p.125 / Chapter Appendix 9 : --- Female Role Portrayal and Communication Effectiveness --- p.126 / Chapter Appendix 10 : --- Female Role Portrayal - Product Category Interactions and Communication Effectiveness --- p.127 / Chapter Appendix 11 : --- Phase III - Questionnaire --- p.128 / Chapter Appendix 12 : --- Phase III - English Translation of Questionnaire --- p.129 / Chapter Appendix 13 : --- Phase I - Type of Magazines: Finance/Commerce --- p.131 / Chapter Appendix 14 : --- Phase I - Type of Magazines: Family/Entertainment --- p.132 / Chapter Appendix 15 : --- Phase I - Type of Magazines: Hobby/Sports & Adult --- p.133 / Chapter Appendix 16 : --- Phase I - Type of Magazines: Juvenile/Young --- p.134 / Chapter Appendix 17 : --- "Phase I - Type of Magazines: Foreign Magazines-Canada, USA and Europe)" --- p.135 / Chapter Appendix 18 : --- Phase II - Summary of Brand Recall --- p.136 / Chapter Appendix 19 : --- Phase II - Analysis of Free Writing Contents --- p.138 / Chapter Appendix 20 : --- Phase II - Computer Result of Respondents' Behavior Cross Sex for Each Ad --- p.140 / Chapter Appendix 21 : --- Phase II _ Computer Result: T-Test of Respondents' Behavior by Sex for Each Ad --- p.145 / Chapter Appendix 22 : --- Phase III - Computer Result of Respondents' Behavior Cross Demographic Data --- p.150 / Chapter Appendix 23 : --- Phase III - Computer Result: T-Test of Respondents' Behavior by Sex --- p.152 / Chapter Appendix 24 : --- Phase III - Computer Result of ANOVA of Respondents' Behavior by Demographic Data --- p.153 / Bibliography --- p.154

Thesis (MA(Psychology))-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-164). Also available via the World Wide Web.

The purpose of this research is to determine the extent of standardization of cosmetics advertising in Taiwanese and American magazines and to determine the brands and products most prevalently advertised in these two countries. The advertisements sampled were from Vogue and Cosmopolitan women's magazines, issues September 2004 to February 2005.

The thesis examines attitudes towards outdoor advertising, with strong emphasis on gender-based differences. The research intends to reveal the most influencing factors, including gender, format, different images and recall. Earlier researchers have argued that females are inclined to rate advertisements more positively than men. Five different, but interconnected studies, one content analysis and four surveys, were implicated in order to measure the responses to advertising. It is further suggested that positive attitude towards outdoor advertising affects the purchase intent. The theme of sexualised advertising is also discussed within this research. After detailed examination of the advertisements in the centre of St. Petersburg it was concluded that females’ rating is considerably more positive compared to males in the situation of high processing opportunity. However, men were more positive when respondents were asked about more general attitudes to outdoor advertising. Recall of advertising was studied within the field settings and showed that women indeed demonstrate better visual memory. Such factors as format, content were proved to have influence on the recall. In addition, different visual preferences were tested within one study. The findings prove that gender differences in perception of outdoor advertising do exist and should be taken into consideration by advertisers in order to raise the effectiveness of advertising campaigns.

D.Phil. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the cognitive orientation in consumer behaviour, and thereby move towards a consumer-oriented context for the analysis of the communicated effects of advertisements. Advertising theory and research were reviewed, and the conclusion was drawn that the different variables studied by researchers represent unidimensional approaches which are seldom analysed within the integrated cognitive framework of the consumer. The various dimensions of the consumer's cognitive orientation were specified within an integrated theoretical framework formulated from various theories and findings with regard to cognitive factors such as attitudes, self-concept, motivation and learning. From this emerged two cognitive orientations, viz. a rational orientation which is characterized by price consciousness, performance risk, formal information seeking, etc. and a social orientation which is characterized by self-enhancement, normative and informal social influences, etc. It was hypothesized that the consumer's cognitive orientation is predictive of his evaluation of products (and consequently also of advertisements about products). It was, however, postulated that the cognitive orientation will also be influenced by the nature of particular products. A further implication of the theory was also taken into account, namely that the effects of advertising on cognition do not necessarily imply attitude change, but that the consumer's involvement with the product plays an important role. This resulted in another proposition, namely that the higher the product involvement, the greater the amount of information seeking, evaluation of alternatives, etc. The study was conducted according to these guidelines. The factorial structure of consumer orientation was firstly determined.