[pt] O Tribunal Penal Internacional, apesar de ser um órgão essencial e indispensável para a aplicação de justiça no sistema internacional aos perpetradores dos crimes mais vis como o genocídio, crimes de guerra e crimes contra a humanidade, encontra-se em plena crise devido ao seu baixo poder de enforcement. Especialistas da área atribuem como origem do problema cinco principais questões: a) a ausência de previsão legal de aplicação de sanções para o descumprimento da obrigação de cooperar dos Estados-parte; b) por não possuir sua própria polícia; c) por ser visto como pouco democrático e intervencionista; d) por não ter como Estadoparte três dos cinco membros do Conselho de Segurança e também a ausência de nações de suma importância e, como derradeiro, e) ao ser boicotado por diversas nações e organizações por ser considerado anti-africano. O presente relatório levará em conta a última opção e trará como estudo de caso a expedição de dois mandados de prisão contra o então presidente do Sudão, Omar al Bashir, e a sua desenvoltura ao circular por diversos países. Para lidar com a presente situação a proposta é o desenvolvimento de uma campanha de advocacy com o objetivo de alçar o órgão à sua devida importância ao demonstrar o seu trabalho, funcionamento, resultados obtidos e principalmente ao esclarecer que a sua finalidade não é a persecução de quaisquer indivíduos, mas sim a de perpetradores de extrema violência contra a humanidade. Essa técnica utilizando redes transacionais envolvendo diversos atores já foi utilizada inúmeras vezes de forma exitosa por organizações de Direitos Humanos. Ao conscientizar toda a comunidade internacional demonstrando a devida importância da Corte, que se baseia na Declaração Universal de Direitos Humanos e na Convenção de Genebra, os indivíduos e organizações exigiriam um maior comprometimento de suas nações para com ela, aumentando, assim, o seu poder de enforcement. Não se pode continuar inerte diante tanto sofrimento, sangue e morte. / [en] The International Criminal Court, despite being an essential and indispensable body for the application of justice in the international system to the perpetrators of the most serious crimes such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity faces a big crisis due to its low enforcement power. Specialists in the area attribute five main issues to the problem: a) the lack of legal provision for the application of sanctions for non-compliance with the obligation of States Parties to cooperate; b) for not having its own police; c) being seen as undemocratic and interventionist; (d) because of the absence of three of the five Security Council members as its State Party and, lastly, (e) by being boycotted by various nations and organizations because it is considered to be anti-African. This report will take into account the latter option and will include as a case study the issuance of two arrest warrants against the then President of Sudan, Omar al Bashir, and his freedom when circulating in a number of countries. In order to deal with the present situation, the proposal is to develop an advocacy campaign with the aim of raising the body to its due importance by demonstrating its work, operation, results obtained and especially by clarifying that its purpose is not the pursuit of individuals, but rather perpetrators of extreme violence against humanity. This technique using transactional networks involving several actors has been used countless times in a successful way by human rights organizations. By making the entire international community aware of the importance of the Court, which is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Geneva Convention, individuals and organizations would demand a greater commitment from their nations to it, thereby increasing their power of enforcement. We cannot remain inert before so much suffering, blood and death.

Bakgrund: Hållbarhet och CSR är idag en självklarhet i många nordiska företag. Under de senaste åren kan även en ökning konstateras i konsumenters vilja att betala mer för hållbara produkter. De företag som upplevs hållbara är alltså mer attraktiva för konsumenter, vilket har lett till att företag i allt större utsträckning profilerar sig som hållbara. Det finns dock anledning att ifrågasätta huruvida ett företags engagemang är menade att gynna ändamålets eller företagets intressen och det kan därför anses viktigt att öka förståelsen för hur dessa företag kan befästa sin trovärdighet. Intern förankring av ett företags varumärke har visat sig bidra till positiva känslor och beteenden bland företags medarbetare, vilket vidare möjliggör employee advocacy bland dem. Employee advocacy kan i sin tur möjliggöra stärkt konkurrenskraft för företagen då budskap som förmedlas av medarbetare har stor genomslagskraft och upplevs trovärdiga. Syfte: Att förklara sambandet mellan internal-external brand alignment och employee advocacy i företag med ett hållbarhetsorienterat varumärke för att skapa förståelse för hur av företag kan gå tillväga för att befästa sin trovärdighet. Metod: Studien är av kvantitativ karaktär och utgår från en deduktiv forskningsansats. Studiens empiri består av 330 st insamlade enkätsvar. Slutsatser: Studien accepterar samtliga hypoteser och fastställer därmed ett samband mellan internal-external brand alignment och employee advocacy, både direkt och indirekt via de medierande variablerna förtroende och brand commitment. Studien bekräftar därmed tidigare anförda resonemang, där intern förankring av ett företags varumärke har visat sig avgörande för att skapa förtroende och advocacy- beteenden hos medarbetare. Detta möjliggör i sin tur för företag att befästa sin trovärdighet. / Introduction: Sustainability and CSR are today a matter of course in nordic companies. In recent years, an increase in consumers' willingness to pay more for sustainable products has also be observed. Companies that are perceived to be sustainable are thus more attractive to consumers, which has led companies to increasingly profile themselves as sustainable. However, there is reason to question whether a company's efforts are meant to benefit the purpose or the company’s interests. It can therefore be considered important to increase understanding of how these types of companies can consolidate their credibility. Internal alignment of a company's brand has proven to contribute to positive emotions and behavior among employees, which in turn enables employee advocacy among them. Employee advocacy can further enable a stronger competitiveness for companies, as messages conveyed by employees have a great impact and are perceived as credible. Purpose: To explain the relationship between internal-external brand alignment and employee advocacy in companies with a sustainability-oriented brand to create an understanding of how these types of companies can proceed to consolidate their credibility. Method: The study is of a quantitative nature and is based on a deductive research approach. The study's empirical data consist of 330 collected survey responses. Conclusions: The study accepts all hypotheses and thus confirms a relationship between internal-external brand alignment and employee advocacy, both directly and indirectly via the mediating variables of trust and brand commitment. The study thus confirms the previously stated reasoning, where internal alignment of a company's brand has proved crucial in creating trust and advocacy behaviors among employees. This in turn enables companies to consolidate their credibility.

The goal of this nonexperimental quantitative research study was to determine if the professional identity of a counselor educator (CE) predicted their perceived importance of professional advocacy. Social identity theory (SIT) constituted the framework for this study, which asked whether CEs would follow the established norms of the dominant professional group and thus consistently perceive the importance of professional advocacy. The Professional Counselor Advocacy Inventory (PCAI) was used to measure CEs' perceptions. The data of 92 participants were analyzed in SPSS 21 using an ordinal regression. Specialization, age, gender, primary setting, and years of experience were the predictor variables, and multiple elements of perceived importance were the outcome variables. While CEs overwhelmingly agreed that professional advocacy as a general concept was important as indicated by majority responses, there was less agreement on the importance of other elements, particularly concerning insurance coverage and job attainment. Of the five predictor variables examined, only gender and age produced significant results on study inquiries related to insurance, employment, and self-advocacy. The findings do not support SIT in the context of professional advocacy among CEs and additional research may be needed to determine if other variables predict the level of importance CEs assign to professional advocacy. As the results of this study demonstrated only age and gender produced a significant effect, this research could contribute to social change by sparking conversation about advocacy patterns and efforts in CEs, which may ultimately contribute to policy change and improve the reputation of the counseling and counselor education fields for its members and clients.

This educational study on building art education relationships between art educators and local community art agencies was conducted in early February of 2009. Data was collected by means of an art teacher survey, mailed to the homes of metro Atlanta art educators and by conducting face-to-face interviews with professionals working in the education departments of high profile metro Atlanta art agencies. The data analysis provides insight into the goals of local K-12 art educators, and they are compared to the goals of community art agencies. The findings of this study reveal that art teachers and art agencies share many common goals and face similar challenges. And together, through networking and close communication, they may better serve the needs of students K-12 as they become lifetime participants and supports of the visual arts.

The principal theory in the field of public relations, grounded in the landmark Excellence Study headed by J.E. Grunig (1992), has moved from viewing activist groups as posing a threat to organizational effectiveness, to recognizing their positive influence on the development of Excellent public relations practices, to incorporating the activist perspective into the main research agenda. The public relations practices of activist groups are similar to those of their target organizations, and research has demonstrated that both parties are more likely to achieve their respective goals if both use symmetrical strategies. Factors that have been found to be critical to the success of activist groups include their ability to maintain the viability and legitimacy of the organization and the issue(s) it pursues, and their ability to build relationships of trust with its members, complementary organizations, legislative bodies, and the press. Since web-based communication has become a principal source of counterbalancing their disadvantage in resources vis-à-vis the targeted institution(s), the ability to take advantage of the potential of online media has also become critical to the success of activist groups. Another important source for counterweighing the “deep pockets” of their corporate or governmental adversaries, and thus a critical factor for success, is the “motivation and fervor” of the members of activist groups. Whereas the public relations behavior of corporations and governments is primarily cued by highly rational and regulated guidelines at the organizational (meso) level, activist public relations behavior is often grounded in highly emotional considerations at the personal (micro) level. This raises the question: how can the public relations practices of an activist group affect its members at the personal level? Bandura’s model of self-directed change (1990) offers a promising framework for addressing this question, as it facilitates the evaluation of an activist group’s public relations campaign in terms of its effectiveness in reinforcing the motivation, social and self-regulatory skills, and self-efficacy of individual members. The model suggests that effective activist public relations practices are not only successful in preserving viability and legitimacy at the meso level, but also enhance empowerment at the micro level. / text

This educational study on building art education relationships between art educators and local community art agencies was conducted in early February of 2009. Data was collected by means of an art teacher survey, mailed to the homes of metro Atlanta art educators and by conducting face-to-face interviews with professionals working in the education departments of high profile metro Atlanta art agencies. The data analysis provides insight into the goals of local K-12 art educators, and they are compared to the goals of community art agencies. The findings of this study reveal that art teachers and art agencies share many common goals and face similar challenges. And together, through networking and close communication, they may better serve the needs of students K-12 as they become lifetime participants and supports of the visual arts.

Cette thèse interroge les processus de construction de la réalité́ à l’oeuvre lors de l’émergence duproblème politique de l’autisme. Un mécanisme largement bottom-up s’est imposé, sousl’impulsion déterminante de « coalitions de causes » (notamment celle des associations deparents) qui ont opéré un véritable travail de capacitation et d’expertisation pour s’approprier destravaux de recherche, contester la légitimité du pouvoir médical, revendiquer des droits auprès despouvoirs publics en utilisant différentes armes, médiatiques, et judiciaires principalement.Expliquer pourquoi l’autisme est devenu un problème politique au milieu des années 1990 jusqu’àêtre reconnu « grande cause nationale » en 2012 suppose d’analyser, sur un temps long, lesprocessus qui changent le statut de l’autisme (d’un problème familial d’abord, social ensuite,politique enfin) et en définissent les traitements publics possibles. / This thesis questions the processes and mecanisms in the emergence of the political problem ofAutism in France. A bottom-up movement has emerged, thanks to the actions of "coalitions ofcauses" (especially those of parents' associations) which have carried out a work of empowerment,in order to appropriate the research work, legitimate themself against the medical power, and claimrights with the public authorities.This reasearch explore the reasons why Autism became a political issue in the mid-1990s untilbeing recognized as a "Great national cause" in 2012. It elaborate an analysis of the process thatchange the status of autism (family problem first, social problem then, and political problem at end)and define the possible public treatment.

Doctor of Education / Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology / Kenneth F. Hughey / Advocacy is an increasingly integral role for school counselors, and advocacy dispositions, knowledge, and skill competencies are critical for school counselors to function effectively in the contemporary school setting. This study assessed the perceptions of school counselor educators regarding the degree of importance of including advocacy dispositions, knowledge, and skill competencies (Trusty & Brown, 2005) in master’s degree school counseling programs; the extent to which the advocacy competencies are taught in the program; and the relative readiness of program graduates to apply the advocacy competencies. Additionally, this study also investigated whether there were significant differences between the responses of participants associated with CACREP-accredited and those with non-CACREP-accredited school counselor preparation programs. Stratified proportional sampling was used to identify study participants. A sample of 250 counselor educators teaching in master’s degree programs in school counseling was identified and a survey was sent to each participant. One-hundred thirty six surveys were returned (54.4%); this represented 69 CACREP-accredited programs and 67 non-CACREP-accredited programs involving respondents in each region of Association for Counselor Education and Supervision. Mean ratings for respondents indicated that counselor educators perceived inclusion of the 15 advocacy competencies in master’s programs in school counseling as moderately to very important, moderately taught in their programs, and their graduates to be moderately ready to apply the advocacy competencies. Using independent samples t-tests to compare the mean ratings, the results showed no statistically significant differences between CACREP-accredited and non-CACREP-accredited respondents. It was concluded that the advocacy disposition, knowledge, and skill competencies delineated by Trusty and Brown (2005) are appropriate for inclusion in master’s degree programs in school counseling, and that additional focus on advocacy competencies might be needed within programs to ensure that all school counseling graduates learn and are able to apply the competencies. It was also concluded that the perceptions of counselor educators in CACREP-accredited and non-CACREP-accredited programs are more similar than different relative to the importance of including the competencies in graduate programs, the extent to which they are taught, and the readiness of graduates to apply the competencies.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the development of the policy of inclusive education in the Czech Republic from the 1990s to 2018. Its objective is to describe this development and at least partially clarify the reasons for the controversy created by this policy and the increase in the public interest about this topic after the amendment of the education law in 2015. Using the process tracing method, it is testing if these reasons can be described by the theory of the advocacy coalition framework. The work finds out that considering the set hypotheses the explanation using this theory cannot be disproved. During this testing, main actors are identified and divided into advocacy coalitions. Therefore, an overview of the theory of advocacy coalition framework is included in this work, set in the context of the inclusive education policy, together with a quantitative media analysis looking at the number of relevant articles in the three most-read newspapers, a description of the interviews with the involved actors and an extensive qualitative analysis of available resources. In the last part of this work, there is an attempt to suggest measures that could at least partially calm down the discussion about the current inclusive education policy. The attachment to this work includes the scenario...

Problématique : L’infertilité – considérée par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) comme une maladie du système reproducteur – affecte de plus en plus d’hommes et de femmes, soit un couple sur six en âge de procréer au Canada et au Québec. Elle a un impact sur le bien-être physique et mental des patient.e.s, souvent stigmatisé.e.s et isolé.e.s socialement parce que, pour plusieurs, l’infertilité demeure un sujet tabou. L’infertilité est traitée en procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) où les patient.e.s-familles sont accompagné.e.s par des infirmières dont la pratique est complexe et diversifiée, mais méconnue. But : L’étude avait pour but d’explorer la pratique infirmière en PMA dans un établissement de santé québécois. Méthode : Le devis retenu est une autoethnographie où l’étudiante-chercheuse a mis à profit son expérience comme patiente et comme infirmière en PMA. Des entretiens semi-dirigés, une observation participante et un journal de terrain ont été employés pour la collecte des données. Une analyse thématique a été réalisée. Résultats : L’expérience des patient.e.s-familles en infertilité est au cœur de la pratique infirmière et l’une des principales dimensions de cette pratique est le soin relationnel, peu importe les sphères d’activités auxquelles les infirmières sont affectées au sein de la clinique. Les autres dimensions rapportées sont le leadership/advocacy, l’apprentissage/enseignement, la collaboration et les interventions techniques. Ces résultats correspondent à l’expérience de l’étudiante-chercheuse, tant à titre de patiente que d’infirmière en PMA. Retombées : L’étudiante-chercheuse a documenté la pratique infirmière en PMA, mettant en valeur une méthode peu usitée en sciences infirmières : l’autoethnographie. / Problem: Infertility – classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a reproductive system disease – affects an ever-increasing number of women and men. Today, one couple out of six of reproductive age struggles with this condition in Canada and in Quebec. It has an impact on the patients’ physical and psychological well-being, often leaving both partners stigmatized and socially isolated as infertility remains a societal taboo for many. Infertility can be treated via Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) where the patients-families are cared for by fertility nurses, whose practice is both complex and diversified, but remains little-known. Purpose: This study explores the field of fertility nursing as it is practised in a Quebec healthcare institution. Method: The student-researcher chose to do an autoethnography in order to draw from her own experience as both a fertility nurse and a fertility patient. Semi-directed interviews, participant observation and field journal were used to collect data. A thematic analysis of data then followed. Results: The patients-families’ infertility experience is at the heart of the fertility nurse’s practice and relational care is the main dimension of that practice, regardless of which nursing activities are assigned to them in the clinic. These other dimensions were also reported : leadership/advocacy, learning/teaching, collaboration and technical interventions. These results coincide with the student-researcher’s experience, both as a fertility patient and as a fertility nurse. Impact: The student-researcher documented the practice of fertility nursing and showcased a method rarely used in nursing science: autoethnography.