Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

<p>On a daily basis drivers have to share the roads with a great number of other road users. To make the driving task possible every driver has to take the intentions and behaviours of other road users into account. In other words, the road users have to interact with each other. The general aim of this thesis was to examine factors that regulate and influence the interaction between road users. To do so, three studies, applying a social psychological approach to driving, were conducted. In the first study it was investigated how the rules of priority, the design of the intersection, and the behaviour of other drivers influence yielding behaviour in intersections. The second study examined driver irritation and its relationship with aggressive behaviours. Finally, in the third study drivers’ attributions of their own and other drivers’ behaviour were investigated in relation to driver irritation. The thesis also includes a minor field study, aiming at examining to what extent informal traffic rules are used in intersections and in roundabouts, as well as measuring the validity of self-reports. The results indicate that, in addition to the formal rules, drivers rely on informal rules based on road design and on other drivers’ behaviour. Drivers also differ with respect to strategies of yielding behaviour. Irritability and aggressive behaviour on the roads appear largely to depend on drivers’ interactions and drivers’ interpretation of the behaviour of others. Some aggressive behaviour is an expression of irritation and may provoke irritation of other drivers. This means that an irritated driver might start a chain reaction, spreading irritation and aggressive behaviour from driver to driver. To diminish irritation and aggressive behaviour on the roads it is necessary to change drivers’ behaviour either by changing the road design or, which is probably a more possible remedy, by changing their general attitudes about driving. By providing drivers with insight into the cognitive biases they are subject to when judging other road users’ behaviour, both driver irritation and aggressive behaviours on the roads probably would decrease.</p>

On a daily basis drivers have to share the roads with a great number of other road users. To make the driving task possible every driver has to take the intentions and behaviours of other road users into account. In other words, the road users have to interact with each other. The general aim of this thesis was to examine factors that regulate and influence the interaction between road users. To do so, three studies, applying a social psychological approach to driving, were conducted. In the first study it was investigated how the rules of priority, the design of the intersection, and the behaviour of other drivers influence yielding behaviour in intersections. The second study examined driver irritation and its relationship with aggressive behaviours. Finally, in the third study drivers’ attributions of their own and other drivers’ behaviour were investigated in relation to driver irritation. The thesis also includes a minor field study, aiming at examining to what extent informal traffic rules are used in intersections and in roundabouts, as well as measuring the validity of self-reports. The results indicate that, in addition to the formal rules, drivers rely on informal rules based on road design and on other drivers’ behaviour. Drivers also differ with respect to strategies of yielding behaviour. Irritability and aggressive behaviour on the roads appear largely to depend on drivers’ interactions and drivers’ interpretation of the behaviour of others. Some aggressive behaviour is an expression of irritation and may provoke irritation of other drivers. This means that an irritated driver might start a chain reaction, spreading irritation and aggressive behaviour from driver to driver. To diminish irritation and aggressive behaviour on the roads it is necessary to change drivers’ behaviour either by changing the road design or, which is probably a more possible remedy, by changing their general attitudes about driving. By providing drivers with insight into the cognitive biases they are subject to when judging other road users’ behaviour, both driver irritation and aggressive behaviours on the roads probably would decrease.

This thesis challenges media claims that adolescent girls in New Zealand are becoming more aggressive and are therefore behaving like boys. Most early studies of aggression ignored girls entirely or presented them as a subset of boys. Although later studies did address issues around girls’ aggressive behaviour, these were largely focused on adults’ views of girls’ relational or social aggression. This doctoral study therefore used a small case study to explore adolescent aggression from the perspective of six adolescent girls whose behaviour had been described by their schools as aggressive. The girls’ accounts of their experiences and beliefs about gender-specific aggression were gathered via a series of individual conversational interviews, and initially analysed through the theoretical perspective of role theory and psychological perspectives on aggression. However, as the study progressed, the limitations of that approach became apparent and the girls’ transcripts were revisited via the lens of poststructural theory, using the tools of discourse analysis. The study found that these girls’ behaviours and beliefs did not fit the description of severe adolescent female aggression as described in the literature. Nor did the risk factors most commonly associated with aggression at adolescence appear to have affected them. Conversely, it would appear that their physicality influenced how they positioned themselves and how others positioned them; as “sporty girls”, “tomboys”, “loving daughters and siblings”, or as “righteous aggressors”. Their behaviours frequently challenged the dominant discourse of conventional schoolgirls. None of them thought that girls were becoming more aggressive and all stated that girls could behave how they wanted without being labelled de facto boys. This study was limited in terms of the number of participants and the range of cultures represented, therefore no generalisations can be drawn from it. Nevertheless, it does have some important implications for policy makers and practitioners: particularly that interactions of culture, class and gender impact on the way that individuals constitute themselves and others. Interpretations of behaviour are determined by the discursive context and the experiences and belief systems of both “actor” and “audience”.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004.

[pt] Este trabalho possui como principal propósito a utilização da teoria dos jogos para modelar interações estratégias entre participantes de atos de bullying. Primeiramente, exporemos tópicos e conceitos importantes no campo da teoria dos jogos, tais como jogo, classificação de estratégias, formas de encontrar soluções dos jogos, dentre outros. Em seguida, abordaremos de forma introdutória aspectos referentes a temática do bullying, particularmente quanto a definição e estatísticas de ocorrência. Finalmente, os jogos modelados são apresentados, onde os comportamentos dos jogadores são avaliados em diferentes cenários, uma vez que esses possuem diferentes características que variam em função do grau de atenção que as autoridades escolares atribuem ao bullying. / [en] This work has as main purpose the use of game theory to model strategic interactions between participants in acts of bullying. To begin with, we will expose important topics and concepts in the field of game theory, such as games, classification of strategies, and ways to find game solutions, among others. Then, we will exhibit in an introductory way aspect related to the theme of bullying, particularly regarding the definition and statistics of occurrence. Finally, the modeled games are presented, where the behaviors of the players are evaluated in different scenarios, since they have different characteristics that vary according to the degree of importance that the school authorities attribute to bullying.

This thesis is aimed at aggressive and violent behaviour of patients towards general nurses. Theoretical part of this thesis contains chapters which are dealing with direct aggression, its' causes and also with possible defences, preventive elements and principles, which are necessary to be used in contact and communication with conflicting patient. Because this research is focused on general nurses, one chapter is also dedicated to this profession and its' difficulties. The practical part was realized by means of quantitative research. Created questionnaire was placed on the webpage of České Budějovice hospital where it could be filled by nurses for a period of one month. Data obtained from respondents were subsequently processed into tables and graphs and statistically evaluated. The aim of this thesis was to map the problem of violence and aggression of patients towards general nurses in their profession at České Budějovice Hospital a. s., to describe the problematics of patient aggression in healthcare and through method to find out the experience of general nurses with aggressive behaviour of their patients. According to this research, 95 % of respondents encountered aggressive behaviour of the patient during the last year. 94,5 % of respondents encountered aggressive behaviour of verbal character and 70 % with aggressive behaviour of physical character. According to the research, it was also found that respondents had more experience with aggressive behaviour from male population than from female population. Respondents from the hospital are regularly trained in dealing with conflicting patient. However, the research showed that the respondents would welcome a greater intensity of training on this subject. More than half of respondents perceive the deficit in training in communication with a conflicting patient.

Šio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti kaip įsitraukimas į kompiuterinių žaidimų žaidimą siejasi su paauglių agresyviu elgesiu bei kaip gimimo eiliškumas siejasi su įsitraukimu į kompiuterinių žaidimų žaidimą ir priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimu. Atliktame tyrime dalyvavo 224 10, 11 ir 12 klasių Jurbarko Giedraičio-Giedriaus gimnazijos mokiniai, kurių amžius 16 - 19 m. 14 apklausoje dalyvavusių paauglių yra mergaitės, 75 – berniukai. Kiekvienas tiriamasis turėjo užpildyti po keletą klausimynų: Įsitraukimą į kompiuterinius žaidimus matuojančią skalę ir Buss – Durkee klausimyną paauglio agresyvumo lygiui vertinti. Tiriamųjų buvo paprašyta atsakyti į 116 anketos klausimų. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad didesnis įsitraukimas į kompiuterinių žaidimų žaidimą siejasi su didesne fiziniu agresyviu elgesiu tarp merginų. Fizinis agresyvus elgesys tarp vaikinų nesiskiria skirtingo įsitraukimo į kompiuterinius žaidimus grupėse. Verbalinis agresyvus elgesys vienodai būdingas tiek mažiau įsitraukusiems į kompiuterinius žaidimus paaugliams, tiek ir daugiau įsitraukusiems. T skirtų paaugliams ir M skirtų subrendusiesiems kategorijų kompiuterinių žaidimų žaidimas nesisieja su didesniu paauglių agresyviu elgesiu. Taip pat didesnis įsitraukimas į kompiuterinių žaidimų žaidimą nesisieja su didesniu priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimu tarp vaikinų. Didesnis įsitraukimas į kompiuterinių žaidimų žaidimą siejasi su didesniu merginų alkoholio ir kitų narkotinių medžiagų vartojimu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work was to determine how involvement in computer game play is associated with adolescent aggressive behaviour and how birth order refers to the access to computer game play and consumption of addictive substanes. The research was conducted with 224 students from 10, 11 and 12 classes in Jurbarkas Giedraitis - Giedrius High School, aged 16 - 19. There were 14 girls and 75 boys among surveyed teenagers. Each had to answer several questionnaires: involvement in computer games, measuring scale and Buss – Durkee questionnaire to access the level of adolescent aggression. Subjects were asked to answer 116 questions. The results showed that greater involvement in computer game play associated with greater physical agressive behaviour among girls. The physical aggressive behaviour among boys is no different to the involvement of different groups of computer games. Verbal aggressive behaviour is equally inherent for less or more involving in computer games among teenagers.T for teens and M for mature categories, computer games play is not associated with greater aggressive behaviour among teenagers. It is also greater involvement in computer game play is not associated with higher consumption of addictive substance using among boys. Increased involvement in comouter game play is associated with increased female using of alcohol and other drugs. Birth order in the family is not associated with higher consumption of addictive substance using and greater... [to full text]

The diploma work focuses on a topic which is often discussed in the Czech Republic as well as worldwide. The topic in question is the influence of computer games with elements of aggression and violence on aggressive behaviour of teenagers. The work consists of two parts - a theoretical and an empirical one. The theoretical part has four chapters dealing with theoretical knowledge on the subject. In the empirical part the qualitative research strategy was used - questionnaire method and semi structured interview. The research sample consisted of five pupils from the 9th grade of an elementary school. The main aim of the diploma work will be to establish the subjective perception of the influence of computer games with elements of aggression and violence on aggressive behaviour of pupils of older school age. The secondary aim will be establishing the attitudes of the pupils of older school age to violent and aggressive scenes in computer games and mapping the intrusion of computer games into everyday life of pupils from the point of view of computer games preferences and the time they spend playing computer games during the day. Qualitative research showed that four out of five respondents really subjectively feel that computer games with elements of violence and aggression strengthen their...

Ce mémoire s’intéresse aux processus cognitifs sous-tendant les comportements agressifs réactifs auprès d’une population possédant des traits de la personnalité limite (TPL), mais pas nécessairement le diagnostic TPL. Une association a été démontrée entre le biais d’attribution d’intention hostile (BAIH) et les comportements agressifs, mais cette relation n’a pas encore été considérée auprès d’une population possédant des traits TPL. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une réplication méthodologique de l’étude de Gagnon et coll. (2016) qui propose une méthode d’évaluation du BAIH par le biais de la méthode de potentiel relié aux évènements (PRÉ) a été effectuée. La tâche de violation des attentes hostiles utilisée permet d’éliciter une composante N400, représentant une déflexion négative dans le tracé des PRÉs lorsque les attentes du sujet sont violées. Le second objectif visait à vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle le BAIH aurait un effet médiateur dans la relation entre les traits TPL et l’agressivité réactive. Soixante-trois personnes ont participé à l’étude. Le Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline (PAI-BOR) a permis de mesurer les traits TPL des participants et le Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) de mesurer leur tendance à réagir de manière agressive. Les résultats ont permis de confirmer la relation entre les traits TPL et l’agressivité réactive, et entre le BAIH et l’agressivité réactive. L’effet médiateur attendu n’a pas été retrouvé entre l’effet N400 de la condition non hostile mesurant la violation des attentes hostiles, et la relation entre les traits TPL et l’agressivité réactive. D’autres études seraient nécessaires avant de pouvoir affirmer que des interventions basées sur les interprétations en situation sociale seraient efficaces. / This thesis examined cognitive processes underlying aggressive behaviour in a population with borderline personality traits (BPD), but not necessarily the diagnosis. The association between hostile attributional bias (HAB) and aggressive behaviour has been demonstrated in the literature, but this relationship has never been considered in people with BPD traits that show reactive aggressive behaviour. Our first aim was to conduct a methodological replication of the results of Gagnon and al. (2016) that used an event-related potential (ERP) method to evaluate HAB. The hostile expectancy violation paradigm elicits an N400 component, representing a negative-going ERP deflection when intention expectations are violated. The second aim was to verify the hypothesis that HAB would mediate the relationship between BPD traits and reactive aggressive behaviour. Sixty-three participants participated in the study. The Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline (PAI-BOR) was used to measure BPD traits and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) was used to measure their tendency to react in aggressive manner. The results confirmed the existing relationship between BPD traits and reactive aggression, and between HAB and reactive aggression. The expected N400 effect in the non-hostile condition measuring the violation of hostile expectations, on the relationship between BPD traits and reactive aggression was not found. Other studies are necessary before suggesting that treatment based on biased interpretations in social interaction is effective.