It has been discovered during the past few years that demosponges of the order Verongida such as Aplysina cavernicola exhibit chitin-based skeletons. Verongida sponges are well known to produce bioactive brominated tyrosine derivatives. We could recently demonstrate that brominated compounds do not exclusively occur in the cellular matrix but also in the skeletons of the marine sponges Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta. Our measurements imply that these yet unknown compounds are strongly, possibly covalently bound to the sponge skeletons. In the present work, we determined the skeletal amino acid composition of the demosponge A. cavernicola especially with respect to the presence of halogenated amino acids. The investigations of the skeletons before and after MeOH extraction confirmed that only a small amount of the brominated skeleton-bound compounds dissolves in MeOH. The main part of the brominated compounds is strongly attached to the skeletons but can be extracted for example by using Ba(OH)2. Various halogenated tyrosine derivatives were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS in these Ba(OH)2 extracts of the skeletons.

The Human Genome Project, initiated in 1990, creates an enormous amount of excitement in human genetics—a field of study that seeks answers to the understanding of human evolution, diseases and development, gene therapy, and preventive medicine. The first completion of a human genome in 2003 and the breakthroughs of sequencing technologies in the past few years deliver the promised benefits of genome studies, especially in the roles of genomic variability and human health. However, intensive resource requirements and the associated costs make it infeasible to experimentally verify the effect of every genetic variation. At this stage of genome studies, in silico predictions play an important role in identifying putative functional variants. The most common practice for genome variant evaluation is based on the evolutionary conservation at the mutation site. Nonetheless, sequence conservation is not the absolute predictor for deleteriousness since phylogenetic diversity of aligned sequences used to construct the prediction algorithm has substantial effects on the analysis. This dissertation aims at overcoming the weaknesses of the conservation-based assumption for predicting the variant effects. The dissertation describes three different integrative computational approaches to identify a subset of high-priority amino acid mutations, derived from human genome data. The methods investigate variant-function relationships in three aspects of genome studies—personal genomics, genomics of epilepsy disorders, and genomics of variable drug responses. For genetic variants found in genomes of healthy individuals, an eight-level variant classification scheme is implemented to rank variants that are important towards individualized health profiles. For candidate genetic variants of epilepsy disorders, a novel 3-dimensional structure-based assessment protocol for amino acid mutations is established to improve discrimination between neutral and causal variants at less conserved sites, and to facilitate variant prioritization for experimental validations. For genomic variants that may affect inter-individual variability in drug responses, an explicit structure-based predictor for structural disturbances is developed to efficiently evaluate unknown variants in pharmacogenes. Overall, the three integrative approaches provide an opportunity for examining the effects of genomic variants from multiple perspectives of genome studies. They also introduce an efficient way to catalog amino acid variants on a large scale genome data.

Chemical biology encompasses the study and manipulation of biological system using chemistry, often by virtue of small molecules or unnatural amino acids. Much insight has been gained into the mechanisms of biological processes with regards to protein structure and function, metabolic processes and changes between healthy and diseased states. As an ever expanding field, developing new tools to interact with and impact biological systems is an extremely valuable goal. Herein, work is described towards the synthesis of a small library of heterocyclic-containing small molecules and the mechanistic details regarding the interesting and unexpected chemical compounds that arose; an alternative set of non-toxic copper catalyzed azide-alkyne click conditions for in vivo metabolic labelling; and the synthesis of an unnatural amino acid for further chemical modification via [3+2] cycloadditions with nitrones upon incorporation into a peptide of interest. Altogether, these projects strive to supplement pre-existing methodology for the synthesis of small molecule libraries and tools for metabolic labelling, and thus provide further small molecules for understanding biological systems.

Das Ziel des Fütterungsversuches war es, zu ermitteln, wie sich das Wachstum von Reitpferdehengsten in der Aufzucht im Alter von 11 bis 27 Monaten, abhängig von der Energie- und Proteinversorgung darstellt. Die Tiere wurden in zwei Gruppen mit je sechs Tieren in Laufställen mit täglichem Auslauf gehalten. Die Aufwertung der Proteinversorgung im Sinne des Idealproteinkonzeptes erfolgte in der Supplement-gruppe über ein pelletiertes Ergänzungsfuttermittel in welchem hochwertige Proteinträger sowie kristalline Aminosäuren eingesetzt wurden. Die Trocken-substanzaufnahmen waren in allen Rationen in beiden Gruppen identisch. Gemäß Versuchsziel war die Protein- und Aminosäurenversorgung der einzige unterschiedliche Versuchsfaktor, die Energieaufnahme beider Gruppen war ausgeglichen. Effekte der optimierten Versorgung wurden durch Wachstums-, Gewebe- und Stoffwechselparameter über einen Zeitraum von 72 Wochen im Vergleich der Gruppen erhoben und ausgewertet. Die Zunahmen an Lebendmasse und in der Widerristhöhe waren über den gesamten Versuchsverlauf in der Supplementgruppe höher. Bei Betrachtung von kürzeren Zeiträumen waren signifikante, rationsabhängige Effekte in diesen, aber auch mittels anderer Wachstumsparameter, nachweisbar. Der Zuwachs im Muskelumfang war im entsprechenden Betrachtungszeitraum signifikant erhöht, die weiteren Gewebeparameter BIA und Röntgen lieferten dem Alter der Tiere entsprechende Ergebnisse. Im Parameter des Harnstoff-Stickstoff im Serum wurde an einem Zeitpunkt des Versuches im Mittel der Tiere der Supplementgruppe ein signifikant niedrigerer Wert ermittelt. An weiteren Zeitpunkten und auch bei der Indikatorsubstanz 1-Methyl-Histidin waren keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen nachweisbar. Eine höhere Absorption der unentbehrlichen Aminosäuren aus dem Ergänzungsfutter in der Supplementgruppe wurde durch die Analyse der freien Aminosäuren im Blut in mehreren Versuchsabschnitten nachgewiesen. Die verbesserte Proteinqualität in der Ration der Supplementgruppe beeinflusste das Wachstum der Tiere positiv. Eine Verwendung von hochwertigen Proteinträgern und kristallinen Aminosäuren gemäß Idealproteinkonzept konnte in Ergänzungs-futtermitteln für die Aufzucht von Pferden und für Zeiträume erhöhter Leistungsabforderungen empfohlen werden. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf zum Idealprotein Pferd für zukünftige Untersuchungen wurde im Bereich der knappen relativen Versorgungslage an Methionin, Histidin und den verzweigtkettigen Aminosäuren nachgewiesen.

The degradation of wool keratin under conditions relevant to those of wool dyeing was investigated using the techniques of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ion exchange gel chromatography, and amino acid analysis. Physical testing of the treated and untreated wool was also carried out to determine the physical changes occurring, parameters used being percentage elongation at the break, and the breaking strain of the fibre. Samples of wool keratin were immersed in various aqueous solutions at 1000C for 24 hours and the filtered, aqueous, oxidised extracts were analysed* The solutions used varied only in the dye, or dye intermediate present in the treatment solution. All treatment baths contained 10% owf 1.02 x 10 -2 MSulphuric VI acid; 10%owf 7.04x 10 -3 MSodium sulphate VI ; A 100 :1 liquor ratio was used in each case. Some of the dye intermediates showed a marked catalytic effect, particularly in their effect on breaking strain, a decrease of 40% in some cases. The GPC profiles of the extracted proteins were examined in detail and compared against previous workers' results. An explanation of the behaviour of the dyes and intermediates was proposed. The amino acid composition data of the extracted and fractionated proteins were compared against various morphological components extracted by other workers, as was the total gelatin obtained from each treatment.

In this thesis, we developed Bayesian models and machine learning algorithms for protein secondary structure and beta-sheet prediction problems. In protein secondary structure prediction, we developed hidden semi-Markov models, N-best algorithms and training set reduction procedures for proteins in the single-sequence category. We introduced three residue dependency models (both probabilistic and heuristic) incorporating the statistically significant amino acid correlation patterns at structural segment borders. We allowed dependencies to positions outside the segments to relax the condition of segment independence. Another novelty of the models is the dependency to downstream positions, which is important due to asymmetric correlation patterns observed uniformly in structural segments. Among the dataset reduction methods, we showed that the composition based reduction generated the most accurate results. To incorporate non-local interactions characteristic of beta-sheets, we developed two N-best algorithms and a Bayesian beta-sheet model. In beta-sheet prediction, we developed a Bayesian model to characterize the conformational organization of beta-sheets and efficient algorithms to compute the optimum architecture, which includes beta-strand pairings, interaction types (parallel or anti-parallel) and residue-residue interactions (contact maps). We introduced a Bayesian model for proteins with six or less beta-strands, in which we model the conformational features in a probabilistic framework by combining the amino acid pairing potentials with a priori knowledge of beta-strand organizations. To select the optimum beta-sheet architecture, we analyzed the space of possible conformations by efficient heuristics, in which we significantly reduce the search space by enforcing the amino acid pairs that have strong interaction potentials. For proteins with more than six beta-strands, we first computed beta-strand pairings using the BetaPro method. Then, we computed gapped alignments of the paired beta-strands in parallel and anti-parallel directions and chose the interaction types and beta-residue pairings with maximum alignment scores. Accurate prediction of secondary structure, beta-sheets and non-local contacts should improve the accuracy and quality of the three-dimensional structure prediction.

Els microsat el lits s on seq u encies d'ADN formades per repeticions en t andem de motius curts. Les curtes seq u encies repetides en t andem s on ubiq ues en els genomes dels eucariotes, tant en les regions codi cants com en les regions no codi cants. Aquestes seq u encies tenen un nivell molt elevat de polimor sme i de diverg encia interespec ca. Hem investigat si les dades obtingudes mitjan cant la seq uenciaci o de nova generaci o del Projecte Pilot dels 1000 Genomes s on utils per quanti car la variabilitat dels microsat el lits en les poblacions humanes i per descobrir nous loci hipot eticament implicats en malalties causades per l'expansi o de repeticions de trinucle otids. Hem analitzat la conservaci o ologen etica dels microsat el lits per entendre el rol que juga la selecci o en l'evoluci o dels microsat el lits. El primer estudi conclou que en els llinatges dels vertebrats, les repeticions en t andem d'amino acids estan m es conservades que altres seq u encies similars localitzades a les regions no codi cants. Aix o ens porta a concloure que l'evoluci o ha mantingut les repeticions a les regions codi cants de les prote nes. En una segona fase hem analitzat la conservaci o dels microsat el lits en diferents regions gen omiques, comparant-les amb la conservaci o dels microsat el lits a les regions interg eniques. Concloem que la selecci o no mant e nom es els microsat el lits als exons, sin o que tamb e a altres regions gen omiques. / Microsatellites are DNA sequences formed by tandem repetition of short motifs. Short sequence tandem repeats are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes both in coding and non-coding regions. They show a very high level of polymophism and interspeci c divergence. We investigated the use of next generation sequencing data, from the 1000 Genomes Pilot Prjects, to quantify microsatellite variability in the human population and discover putative new loci involved in trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases. We analysed microsatellites phylogenetic conservation to learn about the role of selection in shaping microsatellite evolution. The rst study con- cluded that in vertebrate lineages amino acid tandem repeats were more conserved than similar sequences located in non-coding regions. This lead us to the conclusion that evolution was preserving repeats in protein-coding regions. In a second stage we analzed the conservation of microsatellites in di erent genomic regions, comparing them with the of microsatellite in inter- genic region. We concluded that selection was not preserving microsatellites only in exons but also in other genomic regions. 1

Snake venoms are a complex mixture of polypeptide and other molecules that adversely affect multiple homeostatic systems within their prey in a highly specific and targeted manner. Amongst the most potently toxic venoms in the world are those of the Australian venomous snakes, which belong almost exclusively to the elapid family. Their venoms posses a number of unique properties by which they target the mammalian cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and are the focus for the identification of novel pharmacologically interesting compounds which may be of diagnostic or therapeutic benefit. Although much is known about the biochemical properties of Australia snake venoms as a whole, little research attention has focused upon individual components at the molecular level. This thesis describes the cloning, characterisation and comparative analysis of a number of unique toxins from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and a total of seven other related Australian snakes. These include the factor X- and factor V-like components of a prothrombin activator that causes a highly coagulable state in mammals. Comparative analysis of the sequences identified in this study, along with recombinant expression of an active form of the factor X-like component, provides important information on the structural, functional and evolutionary relationships of these molecules. Numerous other toxins were similarly identified and characterised including a pseudechetoxin-like protein, multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes and neurotoxin isoforms as well as vasoactive venom natriuretic peptides. Identified transcripts included not only toxin sequences but also other cellular peptides implicated in toxin processing, including a calglandulin-like protein. This thesis is the first description of the majority of these molecules at either the cDNA or protein level, and provides a means to study the activity of individual components from snake venoms and probe their function within the systems they specifically target. This study represents the most detailed and comprehensive description to date of the cloning and characterisation of different genes associated with envenomation from Australian snakes.

http://www.pharmacol.usyd.edu.au/thesis This thesis is primarily concerned with a class of chemical compounds known as pyridazinediones, being 6-membered aromatic rings containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms (pyridazine), doubly substituted with oxygen. In particular, the work focuses on pyridazine-3,6-diones, derivatives of maleic hydrazide (1). Understanding of the chemistry of these compounds is extended, using theoretical and synthetic techniques. This thesis is also concerned with two very important classes of receptors which bind amino acids in the brain: firstly, the inhibitory GABA receptor, which binds g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2) in vivo, and for which muscimol (3) is an agonist of the GABAA subclass; secondly, Excitatory Amino Acid (EAA) receptors, which bind glutamate (4) in vivo, and in particular the AMPA subclass, for which (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) (5) is an agonist. The connection between pyridazinediones and amino acid receptors is the design, synthesis, and evaluation of structures based on pyridazinediones as potential GABA and EAA receptor ligands. Techniques of theoretical chemistry, molecular modelling, synthetic chemistry, and in vitro pharmacology are used to explore pyridazine-3,6-dione derivatives as ligands.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.